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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2226649
INSTALLATION FOR COMBUSTION OF SOLID HOUSEHOLD AND OTHER ORGANIC WASTES WITH ANGLE
The name of the inventor: Kalinin Alexander Valerevich; Kalinina Olesya Valeryevna; Tikhonov Alexander Vladimirovich; Tikhonova Ekaterina Vladimirovna
The name of the patent owner: Kalinin Alexander Valerevich; Kalinina Olesya Valeryevna; Tikhonov Alexander Vladimirovich; Tikhonova Ekaterina Vladimirovna
Address for correspondence: 660079, г.Красноярск, ул. Sverdlovskaya, 3, LLC "SibstromEco", V.I. Kalinin
Date of commencement of the patent: 2002.06.10
The invention relates to the field of heat power engineering using non-traditional fuels - organic waste products of industry and human life, for example, solid household waste, wood waste, lignin, plastics, cellulose, tires. The invention can be applied in boiler houses and municipal enterprises along with solid Traditional fuel - coal. The task of the proposed technical solution is to increase the completeness of combustion of solid domestic and other organic waste with coal, which ensures a higher energy efficiency of the process and its environmental safety. The problem is solved by the fact that an installation for burning solid domestic and other organic waste with coal, including a waste and coal supply system, an air supply system, a slag removal mechanism, a coal feeder, further includes a coal and air supply system mounted to a pyrolysis chamber representing In a horizontal channel in such a way that the flaring of powdered coal is provided, and the waste supply system is mounted in such a way that it provides for throwing the waste into the flare, the slag removal mechanism is located in the lower part of the vertical cyclone chamber of oxidative combustion of pyrolysis gas, a mixture of coal combustion products and The thermal decomposition of the waste provided with a secondary air supply system and communicated with a sequentially located catalytic afterburner operating on the principle of a flameless burner for complete oxidation of the residual carbon and an ash precipitation chamber for separating the finely dispersed mineral portion of the combustion products from the gas.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the field of heat power engineering using non-traditional fuels - organic waste products of industry and human life, for example, solid household waste, wood waste, lignin, plastics, cellulose, tires. The invention can be applied in boiler houses and municipal enterprises along with solid Traditional fuel - coal.
The problem of utilization of solid domestic and other organic wastes is that to achieve autogenous oxidation, i.e. Combustion due to the internal energy of the waste itself without attracting additional energy is difficult enough because of the high humidity and, as a rule, the large content of mineral inclusions in them.
Therefore, in most known technical solutions, solid domestic and other organic waste is burned using additional energy sources.
A device is known in the method for the thermal processing of domestic waste (as in 1836603, F 23 G 5/00), including a shaft with a charging device, plasma burners, a tap for discharging the slag, a flue gas duct further provided with a bath for discharging a metal melt, Equipped with vertical partitions with windows, and along the perimeter of the mine above the plasmatrons there are burners.
The disadvantage of the known device is the need to use pure hydrogen for the production of plasma, and the use of high-voltage currents of 1200 V on an electric discharge device, which makes the device difficult to design and unsafe in operation, while it is obvious that the technical and economic parameters of the known device are low, to. The cost of pure hydrogen used to produce plasma is incomparably higher than the selling price of commodity heat energy as a result of the operation of the device.
A plant is known in the process for the thermal processing of organic waste (AS 2140611, 6 F 23 G 5/08, 5/14, 7/00), made in the form of a reactor in which thermal processing of waste is carried out due to the energy of burning the combustible gas, Obtained by applying an electric arc to the heating oil.
The disadvantage of the installation is the use of a scarce and rather expensive fuel oil, for the use of which it is necessary to have special storage facilities with heating, and the use of an electric arc for the gasification of fuel oil requires the organization of highly reliable equipment, primarily in terms of safety. In real conditions of modern boiler houses, it is practically impossible to implement such a technical solution.
The closest technical solution adopted for the prototype is "The furnace for burning solid domestic waste with coal" by aut.sv. №2125206, 6 F 23 G 5/00, containing the waste and coal supply system, grate grids, air supply system, slag removal mechanism, feeder for coal supply to waste layer with heat and damper, pre-furnace with coal supply under the waste layer connected to Feeder of coal supply to the waste layer with the possibility of their operation and (or) in series by means of dampers installed at corresponding points controlled by a temperature sensor located at the furnace outlet and an ash removal mechanism.
The disadvantage of the prototype is the incompleteness of combustion of coal and waste, which is typical for any thermal devices with layer combustion of fuel, as a result of which, as practice shows, 15 to 30% of the unburned organic fuel substance, in this case waste and coal, with slag. As a result, the energy efficiency of the furnace decreases and the emission of harmful substances increases.
The task of the proposed technical solution is to increase the completeness of combustion of solid domestic and other organic waste with coal, which ensures a higher energy efficiency of the process and its environmental safety.
The problem is solved by the fact that an installation for burning solid domestic and other organic waste with coal, including a waste and coal supply system, an air supply system, a slag removal mechanism, a coal feeder, further includes a coal and air supply system mounted to a pyrolysis chamber representing In a horizontal channel in such a way that the flaring of powdered coal is provided, and the waste supply system is mounted in such a way that it provides for throwing the waste into the flare, the slag removal mechanism is located in the lower part of the vertical cyclone chamber of oxidative combustion of pyrolysis gas, a mixture of coal combustion products and The thermal decomposition of the waste provided with a secondary air supply system and communicated with a sequentially located catalytic afterburner operating on the principle of a flameless burner for complete oxidation of the residual carbon and an ash precipitation chamber for separating the finely dispersed mineral portion of the combustion products from the gas.
1 shows a longitudinal section AA of the installation.
2 is a sectional view of the B-B in plan.
The installation for burning solid domestic and other organic waste with coal consists of a pyrolysis chamber 1, a cyclone chamber of oxidative afterburner 2, a catalytic afterburning chamber 3, an ash deposition chamber 4.
To the pyrolysis chamber 1 representing the horizontal channel, the air duct of the blasting machine 6 is mounted with a hopper of crushed coal 7 and a coal feeder 8. On the pyrolysis chamber 1, a waste bin 9 and a waste feeder 10 are mounted.
A lance of pyrolysis gas 11 and a secondary air lance 12 through which air is supplied by an air blast machine 13 are formed in the cyclone oxidative afterburner and represents a vertical cylinder. In the lower part of the oxidizing afterburner cyclone chamber 2 there is a hydraulic scoop assembly 14. The catalytic afterburning chamber 3 is in the form of vertical slit Gas ducts, the walls of which are lined with aluminosilicate refractories. The ash deposition chamber 4 has in the lower part a collection of solid dispersed particles and an ash removal mechanism 5.
INSTALLATION OPERATIONS ARE FOLLOWING THE FOLLOWING
Pre-shredded waste is fed to hopper 9. The crushed coal is fed to hopper 7. The blowing machine 6 pumps air into the pyrolysis chamber 1. From the hopper 7, the feeder 8 coal enters the air stream, mixes with air and the fuel mixture burns with a torch 15 in the pyrolysis chamber 1 From the hopper 9 by the feeder 10, the waste 16 is thrown into the torch 15 and, when the gas flow through the pyrolysis chamber 1 moves, is subjected to intense thermal action, which results in pyrolysis, i.e., pyrolysis. The disintegration of the organic substance into volatile products (including evaporated waste water) and a solid residue - a mixture of carbon and mineral slag. The mixture of coal combustion products and products of thermal decomposition of waste - conditionally pyrolysis gas - 17 is tangentially introduced through the tuyere 11 into the cyclone chamber of oxidative afterburner 2 where it is mixed with the secondary air coming from the blowing machine 13 through the tuyere 12. As a result of oxidative afterburning, combustion products 18 , Consisting of nitrogen, CO 2 , H 2 O, SO 2, with a small admixture of unoxidized hydrocarbons. The large slag is collected at the bottom of the cyclone oxidation afterburner chamber 2 and is removed through the hydraulic slag collector 14. The combustion products 18 pass a catalytic afterburning chamber 3 in which irreversible oxidation of residual hydrocarbons including polychlorodibenzodioxins occurs. Further, passing through the ash deposition chamber 4, as a result of a sharp drop in the flow rate from the combustion products, an ash 19 is dropped which is periodically removed by the ash removal mechanism 5. From the ash deposition chamber 4, the combustion products are sent to a heat exchanger, for example, a heat recovery boiler.
Examples of practical use of the proposed technical solution, built on the basis of experimental work
Example 1
There is an operating boiler house with a capacity of 50 Gcal of thermal energy per hour. The boiler works on a brown coal with a calorific value of 3740 kcal / kg and spends 16 tons of coal per hour.
It is planned to replace 50% of coal with solid household waste with an average moisture content of 40% and an average calorific value of 2500 kcal / kg.
Under the conditions of the example, the output power of the boiler house of 50 Gcal / h should be maintained. This condition is fulfilled with the ratio of components: waste - 12 t / h, coal - 8 t / h.
When pyrolysis waste is disintegrated: for volatile - 80.9%; Carbon-15%; Mineral residue - 4.1%.
The volatiles consist of: resin - 8.4%; Water - 64.3%; СО 2 - 7,5%;
СО - 5,9%; Light hydrocarbons - 9%; Other - 4.9%.
For burning 1 kg of brown coal, 6.28 kg (5.2 m 3 ) of air is required, with the composition of the combustion products being as follows: CO 2 - 20.5%; H 2 O 8.1%; SO 2 - 0.04%; О 2 - 4,1%; N 2 - 67.26%; Ash - 0.1 kg.
Thus, for 1 hour of operation of the boiler house, 1: air 8000 kg · 6.28 kg = 50240 kg (42000 m3) from the blowing machine 6, crushed coal 8 t from the hopper 7 through the feeder 8. As a result of combustion A torch of 15 and 57440 kg of gaseous and 800 kg of ash products with a temperature of about 1100 
C. At the same time, the pyrolysis chamber 1 is directly fed into the torch 15 from the hopper 9, the feeder 10 waste 12 tons, which as a result of pyrolysis will decompose into the components indicated above. A mixture of coal combustion products and waste decomposition products with a total mass of 70240 kg consists of a conventional pyrolysis gas of 67,148 kg and a coal-mineral residue of 3,092 kg, in which the content of pure carbon is 58.2%.
As part of the conventional pyrolysis gas, combustible substances are: resins, carbon monoxide and light hydrocarbons, totaling 3.35% of the mass of the gas. In the composition of the coal-mineral residue, the fuel is carbon.
From the pyrolysis chamber 1, a mixture of gases and solid residue flows through the tuyere 11 into the cyclone oxidative afterburner chamber 2, where it mixes with 43,000 kg (35800 m 3 ) of air necessary to burn out the pyrolysis gas and carbon components supplied by the blowing machine 13 through the tuyere 12.
As a result of oxidative afterburning, 111948 kg of gaseous combustion products are formed with a temperature of about 1050 ° C and 1292 kg of ash.
Approximately half of the mass of the ash-slag (the largest particles) settles in the cyclone chamber of the oxidizing afterburner 2 and will be discharged by the hydraulic slag. 14. The other half of the fine slag leaves together with the gas stream through the catalytic afterburning chamber 3 and falls into the ash deposition chamber 4, Ash 5.
In the gaseous substance of the combustion products, after oxidative afterburning, up to 5% of light hydrocarbons and up to 10% of carbon (soot) remain unburnt. Passing through the catalytic afterburner, the combustion products are completely freed from unburned products and, bypassing the ash deposition chamber 4, enter the heat exchanger, where the commercial heat energy is 50 Gcal / h.
The technical and economic advantages of the proposed technical solution are obvious from a simple calculation. A boiler house with an hourly consumption of 16 tons of coal per year consumes no less than 140,000 tons. With an average price for coal of 200 rubles per ton, the cost of purchased coal is 28 million rubles. in year. If half of coal is replaced by waste, then the cost of purchasing coal will be reduced by half, i.е. Will amount to 14 million rubles. in year. However, taking waste for recycling, the company receives about 100 rubles from waste producers. For 1 ton (in different regions of the Russian Federation the cost is different), therefore, having recycled 105,000 tons of waste, the boiler-house will receive 10.5 million rubles. If this money is spent to purchase coal, then the actual expenses of the boiler house for the purchase of 70,000 tons of coal will not be 14 million rubles, and 14-10.5 = 3.5 million rubles. in year.
Thus, the 50 Gcal / h boiler house that implemented the proposed technical solution will save:
28 million rubles. - 3.5 million rubles. = 24.5 million rubles. annually.
Example 2
There is an operating boiler house with a capacity of 50 Gcal of thermal energy per hour. The boiler works on brown coal (Q = 3740 kcal / kg) and spends 16 tons of coal per hour.
It is planned to replace 50% of coal with hydrolytic lignin - the waste of biochemical wood processing enterprises - with a moisture content of 65% and an average calorific value of 1,650 kcal / kg.
Under the conditions of the example, the output power of the boiler house 50 Gcal / h should be maintained. This condition is fulfilled at a component ratio: lignin - 19 t / h, coal - 8 t / h.
During pyrolysis, lignin breaks down: for volatile - 80%; Carbon - 20%; The mineral residue is practically close to zero. The volatiles consist of: tar - 3.1%; Water - 68.5%; СО 2 - 5,5%; СО - 2.8%; Light hydrocarbons - 7.7%; Other - 12,4%.
The air consumption for burning coal is similar to Example 1.
Thus, for 1 hour of operation of the boiler house, 50240 kg (42,000 m3) of air, 8 tons of coal and 19 tons of lignin are supplied to the pyrolysis chamber 1. From the pyrolysis chamber 1 through the tuyere 11, 72640 kg of conditionally pyrolysis gas and 4600 kg of coal-slag residue enter the cyclone chamber of the oxidizing afterburner 2.
To burn combustible volatile and carbon, 62000 kg (51700 m 3 ) of air are supplied to the oxidation afterburner chamber 2. As a result of oxidative afterburning, there are formed 138440 kg of gaseous combustion products with a temperature of approximately 950 ° C and 800 kg of ash.
Further, the combustion products pass the catalytic afterburning chamber 3, the ash deposition chamber 4 and, as in Example 1, enter the heat exchanger for the production of commercial heat energy -50 Gcal / h.
The technical and economic advantages of the proposed technical solution, calculated in the same way as in example 1, will result in a savings of 30.6 million rubles under the item "purchase of fuel"; For 2.6 million rubles. More than the original cost of coal. This circumstance is due to the fact that the amount of lignin and the payment for its processing per year is 16.6 million rubles.
CLAIM
A system for burning solid domestic and other organic waste with coal, including a waste and coal supply system, an air supply system, a slag removal mechanism, a coal feeder, characterized in that the coal and air supply systems are mounted to a pyrolysis chamber constituting a horizontal channel, In such a way that the flaring of coal powdered to powder is provided, and the waste supply system is mounted in such a way that it provides for throwing of the waste into the flare, the slag removal mechanism is located in the lower part of the vertical cyclone chamber of oxidative combustion of pyrolysis gas - a mixture of coal combustion products and thermal decomposition of waste Equipped with a secondary air supply system and communicated with a sequentially located catalytic afterburner operating on the principle of a flameless burner for complete oxidation of residual hydrocarbons and an ash precipitation chamber for separating the finely dispersed mineral portion of the combustion products from the gas.
print version
Date of publication on February 21, 2007
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