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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2265773
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR COMBUSTION OF SOLID HOUSEHOLD WASTES
The name of the inventor: Arsentiev V.A. (RU); Petrov Anatoly Vasilyevich (UA)
The name of the patent holder: OAO "Mekhanobr-tekhnika"
Address for correspondence: 199106, St. Petersburg, 22nd Line, 3, building 5, OAO "Mekhanobr-tekhnika"
Date of commencement of the patent: 2003.05.13
The invention relates to methods and apparatus for burning solid municipal wastes (MSW) with preliminary separation of useful components therefor for subsequent processing. It can be most useful for the thermal destruction of solid domestic waste generated in large settlements. The method of incineration of solid domestic waste includes laying them on a grate, supplying a coolant, burning waste, using heat from combustion and cleaning off the waste gases. Under the burned waste, a layer of limestone is laid in the form of a crumb of a fraction of 5-15 mm, which is simultaneously a heat absorber and a sorbent of toxic components of the waste gases and converted during the combustion process into building lime, the ratio of the thicknesses of waste layers to limestone is 9: 2.5, This coolant is passed through both layers from the side of the waste layer. The device for implementing the method is characterized. The technical result: provision of utilization of the main amount of heat released during the incineration of solid waste, directly in the kiln unit with the conversion of limestone into building lime and the elimination of harmful gas phase components from the kiln unit, simplification of the mechanism for supply of solid waste to the furnace and complete removal of combustion products.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to methods and apparatus for burning solid municipal wastes (MSW) with preliminary separation of useful components therefor for subsequent processing. It can be most useful for the thermal destruction of solid domestic waste generated in large settlements.
Combustion of solid waste is fraught with difficulties in neutralizing the toxic components of flue gases and utilizing the generated heat. Filters of incinerators are usually comparable in value to the furnace itself. The energy received in such furnaces does not compensate for the costs of incineration of solid waste. The subsidy expenses are from 50 USD per 1 ton of solid household waste (Moscow) to 80 USD per 1 ton of SDW (Germany). This is due to the fact that the capital costs for the heat recovery system are 3-5 times higher than the costs for furnace units.
The tendency to increase the combustion temperature to 1150 ° C or more allows to destroy dioxins and furans, but toxic oxides, although in smaller volumes, still persist. In this regard, the urgency of creating the combustion process, accompanied by the sorption of toxic gases, is still preserved.
A device is known (US Patent No. 5,143,000, F 23 G 05/00 of 09/01/1992), which allows the implementation of a method for incineration of solid waste in a container. The container is filled with solid waste and the coolant from the gas burners is supplied under their layer. The combustion products exit through the opening in the lid of the tank and are sent to the filters.
The disadvantage of the method is the need for complex and expensive filters, as well as the difficulty of ash removal from the tank.
A method for producing a fluxed agglomerate (SU 692875 A1, C 22 B 1/16, October 25, 1997) is known, comprising layerwise placement of limestone and a pelletized mixture of coke and iron ore crumb, ignition of the pelletized mixture, limestone absorption of toxic combustion components and partial thermochemical conversion Limestone in lime.
The disadvantage of the known method is only a partial conversion of limestone to lime and the need to return the unburned limestone to the grate with the accompanying this process of incomplete neutralization of the flue gases.
A method of burning solid waste in a device is also known (US Patent No. 5,265,587, F 23 N 07/04 of 30.11.1993). The method includes the laying of TBT by a layer on the grate, the incineration of solid waste, the use of heat from combustion at the CHP plant and the cleaning of the off-gases. The grate is given vibrations that promote the mixing of solid waste and thereby ensure faster combustion.
The disadvantage of the method is its low productivity, low efficiency, the complexity of heat recovery of waste gases and the need for an expensive and multi-stage system for cleaning up harmful impurities.
The main objective of the present invention is to ensure the utilization of the main amount of heat released during the combustion of solid waste, directly in the kiln unit with the conversion of limestone to building lime and the elimination of harmful gas phase emissions from the kiln unit.
Another task is to simplify the mechanism of supply of solid waste to the furnace and complete removal of combustion products.
The third task is to improve the quality and market value of combustion products (complete transition of limestone to lime).
Solving all these problems ensures self-sufficiency and even profitability of the process of thermal destruction of solid waste.
All the tasks set are solved by the fact that in the method of incineration of solid domestic waste, including laying them on a grate, supplying a heat carrier, incineration of waste, using heat from incineration and cleaning off-gases, according to the present invention, incinerated wastes are placed on a colonial grid A layer of limestone in the form of a crumb of a fraction of 5-15 mm, which is both a heat absorber and a sorbent of toxic components of the waste gases and converted during combustion into building lime, the ratio of the thicknesses of waste layers to limestone is 9: 2.5, while the coolant is passed through both layers Side of the waste layer.
The method is carried out as follows. A layer of limestone that functions as a heat absorber and a sorbent is placed on the mobile grate grid, then it is loaded with solid waste. At the holes in the grate, close to 4 mm, the granulometric composition of the limestone layer to ensure the necessary sorption efficiency should be inside the fraction of 5 + 15 mm. When the limestone is less than 5 mm in size, its particles fail through the grate, and when the limestone is larger than 15 mm its dissociation - the heat absorption is inefficient. For a sufficiently complete purification of the exhaust gases, the ratio of the thicknesses of the MSW and limestone layers should be 9: 2.5. Then limestone cleanses gases and absorbs maximum heat. If the limestone layer is made thinner than the claimed one, the temperature of the exhaust gases will increase, which will lead to burnout of the grate. If its layer is increased more than claimed, there will be a decrease in the capacity of the unit for incineration of solid waste. Thus, based on the industrial experiment, the claimed granulometric composition and the ratio of the thickness of the layers are necessary and sufficient for the optimal solution of the task.
For the combustion of solid waste, various devices are used, the efficiency level of which is the efficiency and purity of gas emissions into the atmosphere. This is facilitated in the device by the mechanisms ensuring the loosening and promotion of solid waste in the drying and burning zones.
As an analogue, the above-mentioned US Patent No. 5,265,587, F 23 N 07/04 of 30/11/1993, which uses vibro-forks mixing and transporting incinerated solid waste, can be adopted. The drawback of the device is the difficult to slag the grid and the need for expensive multistage filters.
It is known for the device (SU 692875 A1, C 22 B 1/16, 25.10.79), which contains a grate, combustion chambers, heat recovery and gas purification.
The disadvantage of the known device is the incomplete transformation of limestone into lime and incomplete neutralization of gases.
As a prototype, the device for burning MSW-US 5265587 A, F 23 H 7/04, 30/11/1993, comprising a grate in the form of an endless conveyor for laying on it layers of limestone and solid waste, a combustion chamber in which a part of the conveyor , Means for loading the grate and the chamber for cleaning and venting gases. The known device does not provide a full-fledged execution of the operations of the claimed method, in particular the complete conversion of limestone to lime, and the complete purification of waste gases. In addition, the known device is characterized by complexity and high cost.
The aim of the claimed device is to create such an incinerator, which could be as simple and cheap as possible, yet easy to maintain and environmentally friendly.
The above object is achieved in that in an apparatus for carrying out a method for burning solid domestic waste, characterized in that it comprises a mobile grate in the form of an endless conveyor, with one part of its loop placed inside the heat unit, a means for separately loading the grate of limestone and waste The heat unit includes separate limestone and waste drying units, coolant supply, combustion and exhaust ducts, exhaust gas afterburning and heat recovery units, in accordance with the invention, the gas discharge chamber is divided into several zones, the last two of which are provided with gas supply manifolds Afterburning, final neutralization of toxic components and heat recovery.
The claimed device ensures the performance of the method with increased efficiency with effective absorption of toxic components of flue gases by the sorbent and with the maximum simplification and cheaper technology.
Schematic diagram of the device is shown in FIG. 1, and its constructive scheme is shown in FIG.
The device (FIG. 1) comprises an endless conveyor 1 with a grate bottom 2, a limestone charging station 3 and a loading station 4 for loading TBW onto a conveyor 1. A part of the conveyor loop is housed inside the heat unit 5 and an unloading unit 6 of the conveyor 1 is located at the outlet thereof. The heat unit 5 is supplied with air and natural gas.
The endless conveyor 1, the limestone hopper 2 with the feeder 3 and the hopper 4 of the MSW with the feeder 5 are shown in the construction diagram (FIG. 2) of the device. A part of the loop of the conveyor 1 is located inside the heat generating unit 6, which includes the limestone drying unit 7, 9 before the ignition, the combustion chamber 10 of the MSW and the limestone cooling chamber 11.
In the subconveyor zone there are placed guide vessels 17 for the temperature distribution of the exhaust gases through the exhauster 18 to the consumer for utilization of their thermal energy and additional purification through the cyclone 15 and the filter 16.
The calcined limestone is carried by the conveyor 1 to the discharge device 12 and further to the screen 13 and the conveyor 14.
The method works as follows with the help of the device. To the endless conveyor 1 (FIG. 2) limestone is supplied from the hopper 2, which is laid flat by a feeder 3 onto the grate of the conveyor. Passing over the node 7, the limestone is subjected to drying. From the hopper 4 on the surface of limestone feeder 5 is loaded with solid waste so that the ratio of the thickness of the layers of solid waste and limestone is 9: 2.5. The loaded conveyor delivers the material to the heat unit 5 where the MSW in the area of the unit 8 is dried and under the node 9 ignites and burns under the node 10. In the chamber 11 limestone with ash is cooled and fed to a discharge device 12 and further to a screen 13 for classifying the calcined Limestone (lime). Further it is conveyed by conveyor 14 to storage hoppers. Smoke gases through the distribution tanks 17 and the exhauster 18 are sent to heat the boilers, then partially returned to heat the head of the heat generating unit 5, and the other part is sent through the cyclone 15 and the filters 16 into the chimney.
Thus, the proposed method and device, in accordance with the distinctive features, is much simpler than traditional aggregates and does not require expensive and complex filters for flue gas cleaning, and at the output of the process, commodity lime is obtained, which ensures profit from the traditionally costly process.
CLAIM
1. A method for burning solid municipal waste, comprising laying them on a grate, supplying a coolant, incineration of waste, using heat from combustion and cleaning off gases, characterized in that a combustible waste is placed on the grate by a layer of limestone in the form of a crumb of a fraction of 5- 15 mm, which is both a heat sink and a sorbent of toxic components of waste gases and converted during combustion into building lime, the ratio of the thicknesses of waste layers to limestone is 9: 2.5, while the coolant is passed through both layers from the side of the waste layer.
2. A device for carrying out the method for burning solid municipal waste according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a mobile grate, which is made in the form of an endless conveyor, as one part of its loop located inside the heat unit, a means of separate charging onto the grate of limestone and waste, Said heat generating unit includes separate limestone and waste drying units, coolant supply, combustion and exhaust ducts, exhaust gas afterburning and heat recovery units, wherein the gas discharge chamber is divided into several zones, the latter of which are provided with gas return manifolds for afterburning, the final Neutralization of toxic components and heat recovery.
print version
Date of publication on February 21, 2007
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