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ELECTRIC FOUNTAINS Gaston Planté
We managed to get a rare publication - a book by Gaston Plante "electrical phenomena in the atmosphere," published in 1891 in Russian, and today we are ready to offer you to put some experiments, described by the author himself.
But first a little background information.
Current-carrying conductor, as we create around it a magnetic field, with the result that repel or attract each other. In normal cases, for example in the room wiring, currents and forces caused by them are relatively small, and since the conductors themselves tough enough, there are no changes in their form, we do not notice it. Only in case of emergency short-circuit currents reaching thousands of amperes per square millimeter, and then the magnetic forces tied thick conductors in the arm nodes.
But, passing through the liquid relatively small currents, G.Plante discovered that sometimes at the same time there are some surprising effects.
This is the easiest to repeat the experience Plante. The vessel with a copper sulfate solution (a teaspoon per liter of water) two copper electrodes. When applying a voltage to them only 2 - 3 all over the positive electrode the oxygen bubbles occur. If the electrode is connected to a battery of 15 - 20 Bunsen elements, which developed voltage 45 - 50 V, there is a different picture. Oxygen whipped substantially at the end of the electrode sizzling stream which breaks into flakes. If at this point to the electrode tip hastening pole magnetized steel rod (fig. 1), hydrogen cloud come into rapid rotational movement. His direction is reversed by changing the magnetic pole.
Fig.1
Explain the reason for the motion is not difficult. In the water, under the influence of an electric field generated by the electrodes, the ions of dissolved salts move. Ion - a charged particle. When they move in a magnetic field acts on the ions Lorentz force to bend the trajectory of the flow and swirl it in a spiral of Archimedes.
There are occasions when the liquid with a current flowing in it does not act the external magnetic field and its own. Then the picture becomes more complicated. Field changes the shape of the trajectory of motion of the ions, and she, in turn, changes the configuration of the field.
This explains the unusual effects in other experiments.
Such, for example, an electric tide (Fig. 2). The brackish water vessel immersed conductors connected to the battery 400 of pairs of lead battery plates. If one of the electrodes touch the wall, then next to it there was a whirlwind of 1.5 - 2 cm above the water coming out and accompanied by the appearance of glowing stripes. Get the source with the parameters Plante battery difficult. The approximate calculation based on energy parameters found from the drawings to the book talks about the possibility to apply for this battery capacitors in one farad when a voltage of 600 - 800 V. However, the experience, superficially similar to the electric tide turns in a bath of liquid paraffin. Immersed in its electrodes must be connected with the school of the electrostatic machine.
Fig.2
Figure 3 shows the experience with distilled water. The positive electrode was carried out in the form of strips of filter paper. When the voltage of about 1,600 V, before the spark occurs, the fluid rises in the form of a cone for 2 - 3 cm. The same can be observed in a cone height of a few millimeters from the oil, and an electrostatic machine.
Figure 3
Finally, the most beautiful experience - electric fountain voltaicheskaya pump as the author himself called it (Figure 4.).
Figure 4
In salted water falls from the glass tube, giving a voltage of 400 V. Negative wire is lowered into the bowl of water stuck in her wire electrode connected to the battery plus. When voltage is applied water quickly rises through the channel of the tube and, pulling at a height of 20 - 30 cm, falls apart into a thousand glittering dashes and splashes steam. If a higher voltage increases the fountain, but the process starts to go almost without heat.
Plante paid special attention to the similarity of the phenomena observed in his experiments with atmospheric phenomena such as tornadoes and cyclones. He believed that a tornado rotation occurs due to the interaction of atmospheric electricity flowing down a pillar of humid air (with water drops), and terrestrial magnetism. In support of this is the set of observations, when tornadoes accompanied cannonade linear and fireballs. Particularly strong electrical phenomena, accompanied by orange-red light waves are observed in the area of the eye of the typhoon - the place of its origin.
One time view Plante these terrible phenomenon was popular among scientists. But electricity energy in them was measured and compared with the energy of air masses. It turned out that its share is negligible, and it stopped to take into account. Only in the last decade on atmospheric electricity began to look different. He is given a fine organizing role, about the role of finger pulls the trigger grandiose natural processes. In Argentina, for example, carried out experiments on the electrical control the weather. It seems that the idea of Gaston Plante live and win. But this is a topic for another conversation ...
print version
Source: Journal "Young technician"
PS material is protected.
Publication date 17.11.2003gg
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