TELEPORTATION

It is not surprising that the reports on successful experiments on quantum teleportation were followed by their most fantastic interpretations: since its inception in the early 20s of the outgoing century, quantum mechanics has been and remains the most intriguing section of physics. In the world of large bodies quantum effects are not observable. Quoting Richard Feynman, quantum mechanics is impossible to comprehend, it can only be believed. In the head it does not fit that the particle does not have a trajectory; That it is simultaneously located in every point of space; That it can safely pass, or "tunnel", through the barrier, and if we managed to detain it in some trap, then the particle left to itself will soon fade away.

It has been argued that in the future they will travel exclusively through teleportation, disappearing in one place and reproducing in another. This point of view is completely untrue: quantum teleportation does not mean the possibility of moving a material object.

In fact, we are talking about the transfer of a state from one particle to another, no matter how far apart they are. By the state of a particle in quantum physics is meant a certain set of parameters characterizing it, for example, an impulse. In order to "teleport" the material body, it is necessary to have "building material" at its place of destination - a set of atoms that exactly coincides with the one from which the original body consists. But even supposing that we managed to collect these particles (which number 10 "pieces in each cubic centimeter of solid matter), we must be able to give them the quantum state of the teleported object." What is the state of the macroscopic body is unknown to date. The possibility of using the quantum theory "in a world that is accessible to our perception."

Names of heroes

The existence of quantum teleportation was predicted even before the war, but the first principle scheme of an experiment to implement such an interaction was proposed only in 1993. This was done by a group of specialists from the IBM research center, headed by C. Bennett. At the same time, they introduced the term "quantum teleportation". The very same experiment was first carried out at the end of last year: a group of Austrian physicists under the direction of A. Zeilinger observed the teleportation of a quantum state with the example of photons of light. Reports of a later experiment on the teleportation of photons, delivered in Italy, appeared this spring. The results of another experiment, showing the existence of a connection between the states of photons on giant distances (on the scale of the microworld) - more than 10 km - were published by Swiss scientists this summer in the journal Physical Review A.

The effect of quantum teleportation is now at the center of attention of physicists, it is regularly addressed in special journals - Nature, Scientific American. Teleportation was included in the themes of the reports at the XVI International Conference "Coherent and Nonlinear Optics" held in Moscow last summer.

Once Einstein tried to reason with reason. And I was wrong

It is interesting that the prediction of the quantum teleportation effect was made by a man who tried to disprove it. This man was the creator of the theory of relativity, Albert Einstein, who turned out to be a genius and lucky in his delusions.

Objecting to the new theory, Einstein came up with the famous paradox, published by him in 1935 in co-authorship with B. Podolsky and N. Rosen. He took the basic postulate of quantum theory, the so-called Heisenberg uncertainty principle (we will not go into the explanation of what it is), and logically derived from it the following thesis: if there are two particles -A and B, scattered in different directions after the collision, then The state of the particle, B depends on the state of particle A, and this dependence appears instantaneously and at any distance between A and B. This paradox also served as the basis for the discovery of the phenomenon of "teleportation"! But Einstein considered instantaneous transmission of the signal impossible, contrary to common sense and our everyday experience. In addition, the finiteness of the propagation velocity of interactions is the basic postulate of Einstein's theory of relativity. Having formulated his paradox, Einstein believed that he had proved the inconsistency of quantum theory.

But, as it turned out after the death of Einstein, everything was not so. What Einstein pointed out was not the weak point of quantum mechanics, on the contrary, it turned out to be one of the most striking consequences of quantum mechanics. The experiment of John Bell, put in 1965, confirmed the existence of an anomalous, from the point of view of common sense, connection between the interacting particles.

Once you can call a quantum phone. But not in this five-year plan

Quantum teleportation can play a significant role in future information transmission systems. If a quantum mechanical machine will ever be created, the theoretical foundations of which were laid by Richard Feynman in the late 70's and early 80's, then the information in it will be stored as a set of quantum states. Effects of EPR and quantum teleportation will allow copying and exchange of information inside a quantum computer. And not just a computer - you can teleport data in any digital systems. The advantage of the teleportation method of information transfer is that an exact copy of the state that is an elementary memory cell is transferred from one point of space to another. Thus, it is possible to transmit information without loss, with 100 percent efficiency. It is the prospect of creating fundamentally new communication systems and determines the current scientific excitement around quantum teleportation. However, with regard to engineering solutions to this problem, one should not think that they will be found tomorrow: technological developments have just begun.

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Date of publication 10.12.2003гг

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