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ON THE DEGREE OF APPLICABILITY OF CLASSICAL PHYSICS FOR THE SOLUTION OF MICROMIR TASKS AND THE NECESSITY OF INTRODUCTION IN THE PHYSICS OF QUANTUM POSTULATES.

ABOUT THE DEGREE OF APPLICABILITY OF CLASSICAL PHYSICS FOR THE SOLUTION OF MICROMIR PROBLEMS
AND NECESSITY OF INTRODUCTION IN THE PHYSICS OF QUANTUM POSTULATES

Physics. Discoveries in physics.

ZI Doktorovich

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INTRODUCTION

As is known [1], the basis for the introduction of quantum postulates into physics in the early 20th century was the absolute inconsistency of the results of a number of fundamental experimental discoveries in the field of the microworld to established views on the alleged properties of microworld objects. Namely:

1. Rutherford's experimental proof of the planetary structure of the atom and the theoretical instability of the planetary atom, supposedly following from the classical theory of radiation;

2. diffraction of electrons during passage through the gap and refusal to describe this process by the methods and means of classical physics.

Not finding a way to eliminate the contradictions between experiment and theory in the framework of classical physics, scientists in the early twentieth century came to the conclusion that its laws were inapplicable to describing the physical properties of the microworld and introduced a number of postulates ( postulates of Bohr ) that determine the rules for the behavior of an electron in the microworld and the method of calculation This behavior ( the quantum-wave dualism method ).

The first postulate of Bohr states that the electron, moving along a closed stationary orbit, does not emit electromagnetic waves.

The method of quantum-wave dualism presupposes the manifestation of wave properties in electrons during its interaction with material objects.

It is obvious that the introduction of any postulates in the theory is evidence of the inability to explain any phenomenon at this stage and a kind of delay in resolving the problem that has arisen. Now, relying on the vast experience accumulated by mankind in working with various electrodynamic systems during the current century, let us try to understand the origins of the above contradictions between experiment and classical physics.

The presence of two contradictory judgments about the same subject is a consequence of either the injustice of at least one of these judgments, or the fallacy of the very assertion of a contradiction. Since we have no reason to doubt the results of fundamental experiments, and the introduction of quantum postulates does not question the validity of classical physics as a whole, and only states its inapplicability to the description of processes taking place in the microworld, it remains to analyze the justification of the inapplicability of classical physics to the description of the above-mentioned processes.

ANALYSIS OF THE THEORETICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE INSTABILITY OF A PLANETARY ATOM

The statement about the instability of a planetary atom was substantiated as follows [ 1, p. 234 ]. The motion of an electron along a closed orbit is accompanied by a change, at least, in the direction of its velocity. Consequently, such an electron motion is characterized by the presence of acceleration and must be accompanied by the emission of electromagnetic waves. But, since Electromagnetic waves carry energy, then the electron, giving its kinetic energy to radiation, must constantly decrease the radius of its orbit until it falls on the nucleus of the atom. Quantitative estimates [ 1 ] show that in a time equal to tenths of a microsecond, a total loss of energy by the electron must occur. That is, a planetary atom of matter must be fundamentally unstable.

However, in practice nothing of the kind happens, and the atoms of matter demonstrate enviable stability, despite their planetary arrangement. We have an obvious contradiction between practice (the planetary atoms of matter are stable) and a theoretical description of the process of electron motion in orbit (the motion of an electron in an atom along a closed trajectory, without pumping energy from outside, ie under normal conditions, can not be stable). The basis for the contradiction is the assertion that the electron emits electromagnetic waves for any change in the velocity of its motion. However, fundamental experiments, practice and fundamental laws of mechanics refute this statement. For example:

A) when a nonrelativistic electron moves in inertia in a constant uniform magnetic field in vacuum, the trajectory of its motion, as a result of the action of the Lorentz force on it, acquires a closed, circular nature, but no emission of electromagnetic waves occurs, and the time of the electron's stay in this state is not Is determined by its emissivity;

B) the ability of permanent magnets to retain a long time state of magnetization, due to the existence in them for a long time of constant closed electric currents, representing the motion of electrons along closed trajectories, is known. If this process were accompanied by the emission of electromagnetic waves, then all the energy of the moving electrons would pass into heat or radiation and, consequently, no permanent magnets could be out of the question;

C ) the rotational motion of material objects obeys the law of conservation of the angular momentum and the law of conservation of rotational energy. But, since All material objects consist of atoms, and atoms from charged particles, and if charged particles emitted electromagnetic waves when moving along circular trajectories, the entire energy of rotation would be transformed into a heating of the rotating body or radiation to the outside, which would lead to an increase in temperature and self-suspension Rotating body, even in the absence of external friction, which has so far not been observed in practice.

Thus, we come to the conclusion that not every change in the velocity of the motion of electrons is accompanied by the emission of electromagnetic waves. Moreover, proceeding from the above examples, it can be argued that the absence of radiation from electromagnetic waves by an electron, if the change in its speed of motion reduces only to a change in its direction both in the microcosm and in the macrocosm and, therefore, if the inapplicability of classical physics to the description of the processes of the microworld due to the absence Radiation of electromagnetic waves by an electron moving along a closed orbit under the action of central forces, this equally applies to the description of the behavior of an electron in macroprocesses. That is, on the basis of the above examples it would be logical to raise the question of the validity of classical physics in general, in particular, the classical theory of radiation. Naturally, the question arises: how rigorous is the statement about the emission of electromagnetic waves by an electron when it moves along a circular orbit? A typical example of the justification is found in [ 1, p. 234 ]. The theoretical solution of the problem of the motion of an electron in the field of central forces is replaced by a known solution of the problem of a classical oscillator with the statement of complete equivalence ( ?! ) Of the motion of an electron along a circular or elliptical orbit to vibrations of two mutually orthogonal linear harmonic oscillators (or, which is the same thing, to two harmonic oscillations of two electrons Along two mutually perpendicular axes). Since a linear oscillator has the ability to emit electromagnetic waves, then, consequently, an electron moving in a circular or elliptical orbit should radiate with the intensity of two linear oscillators. That is, the only justification for the ability of an electron to emit electromagnetic waves, moving along a circular or elliptical orbit, was the postulation of a complete analogy between two processes, namely : the motion of one electron along a closed trajectory characterized by the presence of the orbital momentum of the pulse, and two mutually perpendicular linear oscillations of two Electrons. Let's try to evaluate the admissibility of such an analogy, following the logic of reasoning given in [ 1 ]. For simplicity of analysis, it is proposed to consider a circular orbit. Because The equation of a circular orbit in the Cartesian coordinate system has the following form:

Then, going into polar coordinates and expressing x and y through and , We obtain:

,

.

If we now introduce the concept of angular velocity as

(Where t is time), we get the final expression for changing the coordinates of the electron ( x and y ) in time as it moves along a circular orbit:

Indeed, both coordinates vary periodically with respect to each other by an angle equal , And the projections of the motion along a circular trajectory, it would seem, can be regarded as two mutually perpendicular linear synchronous oscillatory motions. However, on this the similarity of the motion of an electron along a circular orbit with the oscillations of two mutually orthogonal linear oscillators ends and differences begin.

It is quite obvious that the motion of an electron along a closed trajectory does not have a formal similarity with the motion of linearly oscillating electrons, but a mathematical record of the projections of this motion, which is not the same thing.

Moving along a circular orbit, an electron passes through each point of the orbit once per period, and the direction of the passage always remains unchanged. Moving in a linear harmonic oscillator, the electron passes through each point of the line of motion twice per period and every time in the opposite direction compared to the previous pass.

The motion along a circular orbit is characterized by the orbital angular momentum and the kinetic energy of the orbital rotation of the electron. The electron oscillating in the harmonic oscillator does not have the orbital angular momentum and the kinetic energy of the orbital rotation, and its momentum and kinetic energy change periodically.

Even the above reasoning is sufficient to arrive at the conclusion that there is a fundamental difference in the physical properties of these two types of motion.

Thus, we come to the conclusion that the only reason for postulating the above-mentioned analogy was the erroneous extension of the possibility of representing the velocity vector of a material object as a vector sum of its projections to the possibility of representing the motion of a single object in the form of mutually orthogonal motions of two independent material objects (!). Indeed, if we take two pendulum pendulums, fix them in one suspension point and push them in mutually perpendicular directions, then their movements will in no way be equivalent to the motion of one pendulum along a circular or elliptical orbit, and, consequently, the statement about the analogy of motion These two systems is an error. But since it was on the basis of this analogy that the similarity of the emissivity of two mutually orthogonal linear oscillators and an electron moving in a closed orbit was postulated, then this analogy turns out to be devoid of any basis. I would also like to add to what was previously said by radio-technical facts about the radiative properties of a linear dipole and a circular revolution. The emissivity of the former is so high that its electrical Q-factor is less than unity, while the electrical Q-factor of the circular turn is more than a hundred and is determined with high accuracy by the losses in the loop itself rather than by the radiative capacity of the loop.

It is not surprising that the complete analogy between the motion of an electron in a closed orbit in the field of central forces and the oscillations of two mutually perpendicular oscillators led to the construction of an erroneous theoretical model of the behavior of an electron in an orbit that is divergent from the results of the experiments.

Since the motion along a circular orbit is a special case of elliptical motion and is characterized by the conservation laws of the angular momentum and energy (including the energy of the rotational motion), there is every reason to assume that all of the above is equally true for the motion of an electron along an elliptical trajectory.

REASONS FOR INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF QUANTUM DUALISM
"QUANTUM-WAVE DUALISM"

From the review of scientific and technical literature, it can be concluded that there is no serious justification for the introduction of quantum-wave dualism into theoretical physics. The main goal of such an introduction is to avoid the complexity of formulating a classical problem and labor-intensive calculations. What is the difference between the quantum-wave dualism method and the classical methods of solving similar problems in the framework of classical physics? The main and only difference between the classical method and the quantum-wave dualism method is that, according to the canons of classical physics, the theoretical solution of the problem is to obtain on the basis of the application of the fundamental laws of physics a result that coincides with experiment, indicating the cause-effect relations and the forces acting To this result, whereas the basis of the quantum-wave dualism method is the postulation of the analogy of the behavior of an electron and waves, a search of possible mathematical solutions of the corresponding class of the equation using the "selection rules", and selected for each new problem, in order to obtain an expression whose value is numerically Coincides with the experimental result. Naturally, there is no need to talk about any single methodology (except for the "search of solutions"), and this method of obtaining solutions can not give anything (except for random coincidence or solutions "lying on the surface"), because it blindly goes for Experiment, not being able to use the full set of known fundamental physical laws. As for the behavior of electrons near material objects, these problems are perfectly solved within the framework of classical electrodynamics, and on the basis of these solutions several classes of electronic wave devices (klystrons, magnetrons, traveling-wave lamps, etc.), widely used in various microwave radio engineering Systems [ 2 ].

Consequently, even in the present case, when introducing the quantum-wave dualism method, once again without a proper theoretical check, an apparent analogy between the behavior of waves and particles was used, not only not enriching theoretical physics, but, on the contrary, limiting its predictive capabilities, and, consequently, Economic attractiveness.

CONCLUSIONS

As a result of the analysis it was found that:

- a typical statement about the ability of an electron to emit electromagnetic waves during its motion along a closed orbit in the field of central forces, which cast doubt on the applicability of classical physics to the description of the behavior of objects in the microworld and led to the introduction of quantum postulates into physics; Is based on the erroneous assertion of a complete analogy between two disparate processes, namely: the process of motion of an electron along a closed orbit in the field of central forces and the process of harmonic vibrations of two mutually orthogonal oscillators;

- the statement about the inapplicability of classical physics to describe the processes of the microworld and the introduction of quantum postulates do not have a proper justification, since They do not rely on concrete solutions of these problems by methods of classical physics;

- Based on the fundamental laws of rotational motion, the results of fundamental experiments and the practice of using permanent magnets, flywheels and other technical devices, there is reason to assume that the electron does not radiate electromagnetic waves when traveling in a closed orbit in the field of central forces ("Kepler problem"), as in Micro- and in the macrocosm, and, consequently, the planetary-organized classical atom is stable and must be calculated within the framework of classical physics (otherwise we must speak of the injustice of classical physics as a whole);

- the final answer to the question of the degree of applicability of classical physics to the solution of problems of the microworld and the real need for the introduction of quantum postulates can be obtained only by a direct solution of this class of problems by methods of classical physics and by comparing the calculated results with the results of the corresponding experiments.

LITERATURE

1) Shpolsky EV Atomic physics. State Publishing House of Technical and Theoretical Literature, Moscow, 1949 Leningrad.

2) Smirenin BA, Handbook of Radio Engineering. State Energy Publishing House, Moscow 1950 Leningrad.

print version
Author: З.И. Doktorovich
Author's site: http://www.doktorovich.info/
Moscow, 1994.
PS The material is protected.
Date of publication 28.12.2004гг