|
section Home
Production, Amateur Radio amateur Model aircraft, rocket- Useful, entertaining |
Stealth master
Electronics Physics Technologies invention |
space Mystery
Earth Mysteries Secrets of the Ocean Stealth section Map |
  |
| Use of material is permitted for reference (for websites - hyperlinks) | |||
TIME MACHINE OR
MECHANISM OF MOVEMENT IN SPACE AND TIME
The novel by HG Wells' The Time Machine ", as now becomes clear, to introduce into the consciousness of many people, the idea of the reality of the project to create a device that can move people in the past and in the future. And although Wells writes about the visit of the future, namely the past attracted the attention of researchers and science fiction. Grandmother paradox is haunted by the one who is committed to being the consistency of the entity. If one visits the past to kill his grandmother until she had children, like this one I do not only have to make such a journey, but also in general to be? Does this mean that we change the past, returning to the present, we will find ourselves in a completely new world! Very clearly written about similar problems in Azimov's novel "The End of Eternity". Science until 1949 belonged to the problem of creating a time machine more than calm, because no one knows how it works, and therefore was not subject to discussion.
In 1949, thanks to mathematics Kurt Gödel mechanism has been opened on the basis of which the time machine work.
What is the mechanism? The fact that the material particle is described in the theory of relativity trajectory, called a world line. The world line consists of events. Event - this is the point, the world point in space-time. The space-time as a lot of something else, the variety of all the events in the universe. last cone and the cone of the future: light cone, consisting of two halves set in each world point of space-time. The world line of a particle must always be within the light cone (see. Figure 1) . In each world line runs his own time, go your own hours. The slope and the opening angle of the cones define the space-time curvature, which in classical physics of Newton correspond to gravitational fields of bodies.
Fig.1 
Fig.2
It turns out that the gravitational fields can in some cases prevent the so-called temporal loop, or, as they used to be called, smooth closed timelike world lines. To understand how they arise, it is necessary to draw a circle, which always lies within suitably inclined light cones (Fig. 2) . This is a time machine. Time Machine is a natural, natural, if we find somewhere in the gravitational field, generating the desired slope of cones, ie, desired curvature of space-time. The man has not yet had to deal with such fields in their practice. But that does not mean they do not exist. Opening Godel lies precisely in the fact that he proposed a model of the universe, where there is room for a time machine, and this model has emerged from Einstein's equations.
The principle of a time machine, Gödel discovered that conflicted with the classical principle of causality, asserting that the cause must always precede the time of the investigation. It made many famous, beginning with Einstein [E, c.313-314], appearing to drop within the general theory of relativity space-time model with the natural, that is "innate" appearing by itself, a time machine. Einstein, though highly appreciated the work of Gödel, in the last sentence of the proposed model considered that "it would be interesting to find out whether such decisions should not be excluded from consideration on the basis of physical considerations." For most physicists these physical considerations became just the principle of causality.
Philosopher GJ Whitrow [Wee, S. 62-63] results in a very strong argument of Gödel against travel opportunities in their own past. If this trip took place, then either we have made in your past actions, which should have been remembered for the memory properties in advance, ie, until the transition of the past, and, consequently, our freedom of action in the past severely limited, or we firmly forget about his visits to his past. Both are perceived as absurd. But despite that Gödel believed that the main obstacle to travel back in time is not logical and practical difficulties stand in the way of implementation of such projects. In Godel's world for this it is necessary that a time machine has reached equal to c / V2 speeds, where c - the speed of light. Moreover, the fuel supply calculation leads to the fact that its weight is comparable to the mass of the earth [P].
In 1968, Academician Aleksandrov proposed to assess the physical conditions under which the work will be a time machine Gödel in space-time with the Euclidean topology. In the papers [Gu, GD, Gud] The following formula was obtained. The time measured for some hours and spent on the journey into the past,
where r - the density of the surrounding matter of time machine, Del - the magnitude of which depends on the potential of the gravitational field surrounding the machine time, s - Euclidean area of the region within which the available machine time, v - average velocity of the time machine in space. Proper time traveler in the past so due to the time tau ratio
Therefore the proper time needed to "return to the past" can be arbitrarily small, but the speed of the object, and ran to the past should be close to the speed of light.
Suppose that for the spatial temporal loop length l corresponding to a time machine, and "Square" s done "proevklidovo" ratio
Then (1) implies that at r = 10 ^ {- 31} g / cm ^ 3 in the case where \ tau = 1 year, we have l = [distance from the Sun to the galactic center] = 8000 parsecs; if l = 1000 km, the tau = June 10 ^ {- 23} seconds! Esli take tau = 1 year and l = 1000 km, then r = 6x10 ^ {28} g / cm ^ 3 !! If we abandon the condition (2), when tau = 1 year, l = 1000 km and r = 10 ^ {- 31} g / cm ^ 3, we obtain s = 10 ^ 9 3.14 {-1} l ^ 2. That is, the deviation from Euclidean geometry in the space where the implemented temporary loops, huge. This means that the time machine is in the scope of the gigantic gravitational fields, destroying the human body.
So, the natural time machine requires either its acceleration to near-light speed, or it starts to work in areas where there is no surviving human body. As you can see, Gödel was right about the practical difficulties encountered in the implementation of a time machine project.
Time Machine Kip Thorne
In 1988, physicists no longer "afraid" of practical difficulties. Will Type Thorn [T1, T2, T3, T4], they were divided into two categories: the difficulties, which it is not necessary to speak, and the difficulties which must be forgotten.
The former were assigned the problem of topology changes, ie "Form" of physical space. I admit that it is possible to make somehow, or rather, it was assumed that somehow the space of three-dimensional glued handle, and it formed a three-dimensional wormhole. The space was doubly connected, "perforated", while remaining connected "piece" (Figure 3) . As shown in [GT], it requires a huge energy concentration in low volumes, comparable to the energy density in its nucleus. And he said Thorn while we are faced with "exotic" matter hitherto unknown to us [T4]. But this is the difficulty, which is not worth while to speak.
What is another difficulty, which, as mentioned above, it is necessary to forget? We are talking about the need to run time machine to disperse the one end B of the wormhole to near-light speed, to brake again accelerate in the opposite direction, again to slow down, to dive into the hole, jump on the other side A and, finally, as soon as possible domchalis in outer space to B. It is the end result, according to many physicists [T2, T3, Newly, FN, SAI], the appearance of a temporary loop. However, instead of engaging the end B to move to near-light speed, which, as we recall, for Gödel was a major practical difficulties, it is possible in accordance with the principle of equivalence to put it in a strong gravitational field. The effect of slowing down the progress of their own hours as it has to be in accordance with the theory of relativity, will be the same (this is the essence of the principle of equivalence). But in fact we are the second category of difficulty to reduce the difficulty of the first category.
Figure 3. The space with 3-dimensional moles burrow
On what is the time machine work mechanism Thorne? Two assumptions. The first is connected with a small (internal), negligible in the calculation, the length of the wormhole, ie, three-dimensional handle proximity and ends A and B before and after the movement B. The second end - that the internal geometry of the wormhole during machine start time remains unchanged. Therefore watch, located at the end of A, when seen through to the end of the wormhole B. remain in sync with the clock going, located and moving (or getting in a strong gravitational field, if we apply the principle of equivalence) In this case, fly to the end of B, diving in the wormhole, going through in terms of A and B on the approach to obtain external space time loop, ie, time machine would execute his job. Slow pace of the clock at the end of B is the opinion of the [T3] the smaller end of the age B.
Figure 4. Time Machine Thorn
As moving from B to A through a short mole we deal with synchronously running clocks, then going to the end A have almost the same stamp hours, and at the end B, so much earlier that meets past the end A, than show the clock all the time remaining at the end of A, while there were all described just steps (Figure 4) .
The proposed time machine work mechanism raises a number of objections, calls into question the implementation of this project Thorn.
First of all, it is difficult to accept the fact that slow down and therefore lags behind in the race of the moving end of the B clock can be correlated with an early mark the end time, the time A. This clock can not be synchronized with the earlier mark the end of the A-time through a wormhole, since the end of A and B are in accordance with the principles of equivalence at different physical conditions. End of A is in its own gravitational field, which can be ignored in the calculations, as well as its own gravitational field, but the end B. End B is still in a strong gravitational field of a fictitious (or is in the accelerated frame of reference), which determines the retardation of the external clock End B . This is the proper time of the moving end B. His confused with internal time wormhole [Cohn, Kon1].
From the above it is clear that the objection is not to the use of 3-dimensional wormholes as a time machine, and that by the end of a simple mechanical movement hole trying to achieve the appearance of a temporary loop. Loops - a property of curved space-time. You can change the topology to obtain wormhole. But it also means a corresponding change in the slope of the light cones. The light cone should be tilted so that went into the hole you can go to the other end of the past, ie, at the exit of the hole. This activity aimed to change the flow of time the boom in the universe. It is clearly seen as a hole in time must flow in the opposite direction can be seen in Figure 4. The arrow of time in the hole (arrow in dotted lines) is directed downward, while the flow of time in the universe - up. One time, the direction of flow in the region where must be run by a time machine may be broken (and should, again, a temporary loop), but it comes at the birth of a molehill, and certainly not at the expense of cinematic treatments of the finished moles burrow.
It is obvious that there are solutions of Einstein's equations with complex topology (in this case, 3-dimensional moles burrow - [SAI, SA]), and it is thought that it is possible to build such a space-time, making a "sidebar" wormhole, but can make real change in the direction of the arrow of time, and hope that will be able to jump through a wormhole in the past? Either our space-time originally arranged so that we on Earth, however, is not observed, or such models is practically not realizable! And this practical difficulty is fundamentally different than those mentioned earlier. This is a problem changing the arrow of time.
I think this is one of the prohibitions of nature [GTM].
Time Machine as a 4-dimensional wormhole
Imagine that from the three-dimensional space in which we live, comes off a piece that contains some thing. Then he dissolves, disappears right before our eyes, because the light will no longer reach us from it. Having merged again with the space materializes, there will be nothing.
Separation piece of space - is the formation of a four-dimensional "wormhole in space-time, rather than three-dimensional, as mentioned in paragraph 2.
In Fig. 5 shows a flight in their own past through the 4-dimensional wormhole.
There are two questions that must be answered:
1) Is it possible to tear off a piece of space?
2) If it is possible, how can it then "stick" to the right place in the past so that ═obrazovalas time loop? After ═otorvavshiysya piece of space in time he lives, moving in the direction of arrows or flow of time specified in our universe originally, since its inception? We have already expressed doubts about the human ability to change the direction of the arrow of time.
Nevertheless, both questions can be answered positively.
Figure 5. The time machine in the form of 4-dimensional wormhole
The space, which is a three-dimensional surface in space-time, is characterized by the curvature. Even two. One of them - the interior is determined without the "side view" of the fourth dimension. This scalar curvature R (x), where x - a point in space-time. Other - extrinsic curvature K (x) - the curvature of space in four-dimensional space-time. Separation of the ball D of space is due to a sharp change in the average curvature R in D. The condition of discontinuity has the form
where delta (R) - the curvature jump, s - typical two-dimensional cross-sectional area of D. It is assumed that the extrinsic curvature K is not changed.
The space over time may change its geometry, for example, to expand, and, consequently, change its curvature. From the point of view of the general theory of relativity, the geometry of space is determined by the distribution of matter. The relationship between the curvature of space and the distribution of matter is described by Einstein's equations. Of these, in particular, that
where G - the gravitational constant, c - speed of light, epsilon (x) - the energy density of matter distributed in space.
Then (3), (4) we obtain the separation of the ball from the condition D space
Consequently, the sharp increase in delta (epsilon) the value of the energy density in the ball D, and is the cause of his separation from the space [G94].
Equation (5) allows us to calculate the energy parameters, which should have the propulsion system of a time machine.
If the ball comes off, having a volume of 1 km ^ 3, the power unit is capable of creating an energy density of 10 ^ {33} ergs / cm ^ 3. It is very, very much! For example, a fusion bomb is characterized by a much lower energy density - 10 ^ {22} ergs / cm ^ 3. It is hoped that any future we will be able to create such a concentration of power, or will be able to refine this assessment, reducing it, for example, by taking into account external space curvature K (x).
And what about the necessity of destroying the direction of the arrow of time? Out of this difficulty is seen in the fact that it is necessary to use the 5-dimensional space-time theory, because in such a case can answer the following question: is it possible to leaving on a 4-dimensional wormhole in the 5th dimension the natural arrow of time defined by the generalized 5-dimensional lightcones simply "bump" in the past? Can. For this purpose, the 4-dimensional space-time must be minimized in the form of a spring in a 5-dimensional space-time, endlessly winding on itself [GS, GJ, G14, GIV]. Such a 4-dimensional space-time mathematicians call a spring layer (see. Figure 6) .
Figure 6. The space-time spring rolled into a 5-dimensional space - time
In other words, in the 4-dimensional space-time of spring, there are events that belong to "real" arbitrarily close in terms of the 5-dimensional space, from which the 5-dimensional world of the events lie arbitrarily far into the future (or the past). Movement along the fifth coordinate in the direction given by some vector gamma ^ A leads to an infinite "puncture" the physical 4-dimensional space-time points in the future or the past. The past is close, it is not necessary to search long in the bowels of the 5-dimensional world. Metric degree of closeness of the Past is characterized by the vector of gamma ^ A, and it is connected with the scalar and electromagnetic fields, as follows from the 5-dimensional theory electrogravitics [GIV].
Interestingly, there is a natural obstruction penetration in "the near future" past as a 5-dimensional light cones can not be quickly tilted.
Calculations show [GS, GIV], that running time of the machine it is necessary to give electric charge. In the 5-dimensional theory it is quite possible that in this case, a time machine, a charged test body was moving on so-called geodesic. Then 5-dimensional equation (temporary) geodetic define laws of time travel machine in the 5-dimensional space-time. At the same time, the initial mass of the machine m the original charge e can not be arbitrary: it must satisfy the condition e / 2m \ sqrt {G}> 1. This restriction, for example, does not satisfy the electron.
Like all well-formed. But to ensure that this project could be implemented need to twist the 4-dimensional space-time in the spring. If it is not such? There is an interesting mathematical theory of foliations 5-dimensional world, in which the world of the five dimensions consists of an infinite number of layers, one of which is our physical four-dimensional space-time, and it is quite possible the artificial tightening of a layer in the spring. Consequently, the purely physical experiments conducted on specific projects can have an impact on the location of the 4-dimensional space-time as a layer in the ambient 5-dimensional manifold, causing him endlessly wound on itself, forming a spring [G96].
But why is this curl layer is our space-time, among many other things being equal? To answer this question, I think, require more philosophical considerations than physical. After all, as it is necessary to explain why to describe space-time only one layer, and multi-dimensional model with the need to provide a continuum of "extra" layers.
Again difficulty. Gödel was a thousand times right when he said about the difficulties in the implementation of travel into the past. Time Machine is not just a dream. It's an endless path of knowledge Time. We are only at the beginning.
Source: Alexander K.Guts "Time machine" .1997 . P.61-69
print version
PS material is protected.
Publication date 25.01.2004gg
Comments
Commenting, keep in mind that the content and the tone of your messages can hurt the feelings of real people, show respect and tolerance to his interlocutors, even if you do not share their opinion, your behavior in terms of freedom of speech and anonymity offered by the Internet, is changing not only virtual, but real world. All comments are hidden from the index, spam control.