Start of section
Production, amateur
Radio amateurs
Aircraft model, rocket-model
Useful, entertaining 		Stealth Master
Electronics
Physics
Technologies
Inventions 		Secrets of the cosmos
Secrets of the Earth
Secrets of the Ocean
Tricks
Map of section
Start
Forum
Use of the site materials is allowed subject to the link (for websites - hyperlinks)

Navigation: =>

Home / Physics / Research /

A new way of obtaining energy from hydrogen.

A NEW METHOD FOR OBTAINING ENERGY FROM HYDROGEN

Physics. Research in physics.

Kosinov N.V.

Welcome to the forum

annotation

The article considers a new method of obtaining energy from hydrogen, based on the extraction of energy of the internal structure of the hydrogen proton. Theoretical substantiation of the method is given. There is every reason to believe that this method will open access to large levels of energy while maintaining the ecological purity of its receipt. The development of the energy of hydrogen without burning it can become an important factor in solving the energy problem.

The internal structure of the proton

In the internal structure of elementary particles, enormous energy is hidden. In [2-5], steps have been taken towards creating a theory of the internal structure of elementary particles. A relation is obtained reflecting the law of formation of the structure of an elementary particle:

(1) where: n = 2,3, ...; M e is the mass of an electron and a positron; J = 1 for neutral particles; J = 0 for particles that have a charge.

It can be seen from the formula that the law of the structure-genesis of matter has a binary character. Binarity is preserved at every step of the structuring of matter. Binaryity in the laws of structurogenesis reflects the fact that the formation of material entities involves charge-conjugate particles. The formula reflects the dynamics of structurogenesis, along which the formation of the structure of material formations takes place.

Relations for energies are described by the following mathematical formulas [2 - 5]:

(2)

(3)

Formula (2) is applicable for determining the energy of neutral particles, formula (3) is applicable for determining the energy of charged particles. Each of the formulas (2) and (3) displays a certain discrete series of energy levels, which corresponds to the sequence of material formations in the dynamics of structureogenesis. Formulas (2) and (3) show that the energy involved in the formation of matter is divided into two components. The first component represents the total rest energy of the material entities participating in the formation of a new particle. So, for neutral material formations, it has the form:

(4)

The second component is represented by terms that specify the value of the binding energy:

(5)

Relations (2) and (3) reflect the discrete nature of the internal energy of elementary particles.

It is shown in [5] that the internal structure of a proton is a fractal structure.

Fractal, revealed in the structure of elementary particles, reflects the deterministic process of structurogenesis. The proton fractal is characterized by the alternation of symmetrical and asymmetric branches of the tree structure. The discovery of a specific type of fractal reflecting the pattern of proton structureogenesis makes it possible to obtain quantitative characteristics of elementary particles by calculation and to approach the internal energy of the particles. In [5], quantitative characteristics of fractal structures of elementary particles were obtained and a mathematical description of the proton fractal was found. The mathematical relation for the unit cell of the proton fractal has the form:

On the basis of the formula for the unit cell of a fractal, a generalized mathematical relation is obtained that describes the completed fractal constructions of the internal structure of elementary particles. This mathematical relation has the form:

,

Where: k = 0 for nuclei, k = 1 for atoms, k = -1 for neutral particles.

From the above relation, for n = 11, we obtain the formula describing the proton fractal:

(6)

The formula for the hydrogen fractal will look like:

.

Considering the regularity of the proton's structure genesis, one can see the manifestation of self-similarity in its internal structure at various stages of the structure-genesis. At each step of the formation of the particle structure, a single algorithm for shaping is traced, leading to a peculiar topology of the proton. The proton fractal is described by the following topological formula [2]:

P p = 2 (2 (2 (2 (2 (2 (2 (2 (2 (1 + 1) +1) +1) +1) +1) +1) +1) +1) + 1 (7)

The graphic representation of the topological formula of the proton is a tree-like fractal construction. The process of proton formation is realized as a result of successive acts of vacuum energy saturation [2,3,4]. The internal structure of the proton is formed by a system of successive investments based on a single algorithm. At each step of the proton structuregenesis, the fractal substructure repeats the fractal of the previous structuring step. Investigation of the proton fractal shows that the internal structure of the proton has a pronounced quantization and a hierarchy of internal structure. In this hierarchy, each subsystem is created in the same manner: every major part of the structure exactly repeats a small part of the structure . Thus, spatial ordering manifests itself in the formation of the internal structure of the proton. According to formulas (4), (6), (7) there is a hierarchical discrete series of internal levels of proton energy. Proceeding from the law of conservation of energy, it is clear that for the internal structure of the proton there is a hierarchy of characteristic frequencies. As a result, along with the spatial ordering that manifests itself in the fractal structure of the proton, there is also a temporal ordering, which manifests itself in multiple characteristic frequencies of the hierarchical levels of subsystems of the internal structure. For the internal structure of a proton, each higher-order part is constructed by combining two lower-order structures. This leads to a special grid of characteristic internal frequencies, built on the principle of DOUBLE period. This is clearly demonstrated by the topological formula of the proton (7). If we describe the dynamics of proton's structure genesis and the proton's topological formula in the language of algorithms, then a recursive algorithm is suitable for this [9]. Recursion replicates the small in the large and the large in the small, preserving the single principle of constructing the proton structure. Formulas for the structure of elementary particles and the topological formula of the proton made it possible to obtain by theoretical calculation the fundamental constant m p / m e , which indicates an experimental confirmation of the theory [5,7,8,10]. In addition, these formulas have made it possible to reveal the mechanism responsible for the stability of the proton, which opens the way to new ways of obtaining energy. This will be shown below.

The energy of the vacuum and the energy of the proton

In quantum theory it is proved that the minimum possible energy of an elementary oscillator can not be less than 0.5hν [6]. These halves set a very high vacuum energy level for a wide wavelength range. This, the so-called zero energy of electromagnetic oscillations. Experimentally, the vacuum energy is observed in the Lamb-Ritherford effect and in the Casimir effect. The energy density of the vacuum is determined by the relation [6]:

, Where: h - Planck's constant, a - coefficient, ν - frequency.

It follows that the energy of the vacuum can be very large. According to R. Feynman and J. Wiler, the energy potential of the vacuum is so huge that " in a vacuum enclosed in the volume of an ordinary light bulb, the energy is so large that it would be enough to boil all the oceans on Earth ." However, due to the high symmetry of the vacuum, direct access to this energy is very difficult. As a result, being essentially in the midst of an ocean of energy, mankind is forced to use only traditional methods of obtaining it, based on the burning of natural energy carriers. Nevertheless, if the symmetry of the vacuum is violated, access to the ocean of energy is possible.

Modern methods of obtaining energy can be schematically represented as follows:

C + O 2 → CO 2 + 0.0046 MeV,

235 U → 0.85 MeV / nucleon + nuclear waste,

D + T → 4 He + 17.6 MeV.

If we analyze these methods of obtaining energy, we can see that the final product in the chain of energy transformations is matter. Moreover, this final substance becomes, as a rule, more dangerous for the biosphere than the original energy carrier. The world has already become accustomed to the idea that to obtain energy it is necessary to influence the substance at the final stage and to receive the substance. This applies to energy, based on the burning of natural fuels, nuclear power, and thermonuclear fusion. At the same time, the cost of energy is high, and waste is very dangerous for the biosphere. For such methods of obtaining energy, the following formulation is appropriate : " substance at the beginning of energy transformations - substance at the end of energy transformations" . The task is to find new ways of obtaining energy, free from the shortcomings of the traditional scheme. The new scheme of energy transformations should look like this : "substance at the beginning of energy transformations - energy at the end ". Then, at the final stage of energy transformations, a substance that is dangerous for the biosphere will not appear. This is possible only if there are no synthesis reactions in the energy conversion scheme, and instead, the reactions of the substance's destructurization are realized. This is possible in an environment of an energy-saturated vacuum, where a violation of its symmetry occurs. As a result, not direct access to the vacuum energy is realized, but the energy of the vacuum is exchanged for the energy contained in the substance. The transformation of matter into energy will significantly increase the amount of energy received and make the process of obtaining energy environmentally friendly. A new scheme of energy transformations can be realized in the presence of a high level of excitation energy of a vacuum and the effect of this energy on matter. As a "fuel" for this purpose, the proton is ideally suited.

In the second half of the 20th century, theoretical physics came to the conclusion that proton decays could occur [6,11]. The decay of the proton is a very tempting phenomenon for the purpose of obtaining vacuum energy. We will confirm this by specific calculations. In [3,7,8,10], physical constants relating to the vacuum were found. These constants allowed us to obtain the proton mass by mathematical calculation [5]. Formulas for the mass of a proton, using universal superconstants of vacuum, directly follow from relations (1) - (7), describing the internal structure of this particle, and have the form:

(7)

We note that from the above formulas, the most important fundamental physical constant m p / m e follows directly [5,8,10]. The proton mass formula includes a term that represents the binding energy. This energy determines the degree of stability of the particle. We have the opportunity to calculate its value. The formula for determining the binding energy of a proton has the form [5]:

(8)

The value of the binding energy calculated from this formula is 107.74 MeV (? 108 MeV) and is about 11.5% of the rest energy of the proton. Thus, the most important characteristic of a proton, knowledge of which is a key moment for the realization of a new method of obtaining energy, is determined. If the proton is given additional energy, such that it exceeds the binding energy, then under certain conditions it becomes unstable and breaks up into light particles having a very short lifetime. This is possible at a certain level of energy saturation of the vacuum in the local zone of space, where the proton is located and creating conditions for destructuring. This is the basis for a new way of obtaining energy.

The basic stage of energy transformations in the new energy production method can be presented as follows:

P + + 108 MeV → 938 MeV

Here, instead of the reaction of synthesis of matter, the energy saturation of the proton is realized, which leads to its destructuring. Figure 1 shows the complete scheme of energy transformations in the new method of obtaining energy.

Scheme of energy transformations in a new way of obtaining energy.

Fig.1. Scheme of energy transformations in a new way of obtaining energy.

Calculations show that the binding energy is 107.74 MeV, is a set of discrete energy levels and contains 10 components:

107.74 MeV = 54.9 + 20.35 + 13.35 + 8.23 ​​+ 4.84 + 2.84 + 1.62 + 0.87 + 0.48 + 0.26 (MeV).

Accordingly, the energy impact on the proton should be carried out by quanta of energy and should correspond to the above 10 step grid of energy levels. Since all the elementary particles into which the proton decays are unstable, such a scheme does not lead to the appearance of a residual substance at the final stage of energy transformations. This makes the method environmentally friendly. Another advantage of the new method is an unprecedentedly high energy output. As can be seen from the formulas for the proton mass and from the ratio (8), the specific energy is more than 1000 times greater than that of atomic energy, and exceeds the capabilities of thermonuclear fusion tenfold, while remaining in an environmentally friendly way. In this method, the effect of hydrogen atoms on the nuclei is effected. The effect is carried out in the local zone of space with the energy saturation of the vacuum in the medium of an electrically conducting liquid. The method allows to receive thermal and electric energy. Calculations show that the energy gain is K = 4.8 - 8.6. The consumable material is an electrolyte. The electrolyte consumption is ≈ 1 gram per 2500 kW ∙ hour of energy. When using electrolyte on a water basis, a residual substance - oxygen will be formed. For a generator with a capacity of 100 kW, the O 2 precipitation amounts to a very small amount of ≈ 0.25 m 3 per year.

The above approach can be applied to the utilization of various industrial wastes and energy. The impact on the substance with the aim of destructuring it can become a universal and effective tool for ensuring the environmental safety of production and transforming production waste into thermal energy. This fundamentally changes the view of existing types and classes of energy carriers and will allow to consider even hazardous wastes as potential energy carriers.

LITERATURE

  1. M.Zhakob, P.Landshoff. The internal structure of the proton. UFN, Vol. 133, no. 3, 1981.
  2. NVKosinov Emanation of substance by vacuum and the laws of structurogenesis. Physical vacuum and nature, N1, 1999.
  3. NVKosinov Physical Vacuum and Gravitation. Physical vacuum and nature, N4, 2000.
  4. N.V. Kosinov. Wireless transmission of energy. Idea. N2, 1994, p.221 -227.
  5. N.V. Kosinov. The origin of the proton. Physical vacuum and nature, N3, 2000.
  6. Ya.B. Zeldovich. The theory of vacuum, perhaps, solves the problem of cosmology. UFN, Vol. 133, no. 3, 1981.
  7. N. Kosinov. "Five Fundamental Constants of Vacuum, Lying in the Base of all Physical Laws, Constants and Formulas ". Physical Vacuum and Nature , N4, (2000).
  8. NVKosinov, ZNKosinova. "Tie of Gravitational Constant G and Planck Constant h". 51 st International Astronautical Congress 2-6 Oct. 2000 / Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  9. A.V. Anisimov. Computer science. Creation. Recursion. K., Naukova Dumka, 1988.
  10. N.V. Kosinov. "Five universal physical constants underlying all fundamental constants, laws and formulas of physics". The Sixth International Conference "Contemporary Problems of Natural Science". Program and theses. St. Petersburg, August, 2000.
  11. A.D. Sakharov. Violation of CP invariance. C-symmetry and baryon asymmetry of the universe. Letters to the ZhETF, Vol.5, 1967, p. 33-35.
  12. N.V. Kosinov, V.I. Garbaruk. Vacuum origin of the electron. Physical vacuum and nature, N1, 1999.
  13. N.Kosinov, V.Garbaruk "Vacuum origin of Electron and Positron ". Physical Vacuum and Nature , N4, 2000.

print version
Author: Kosinov N.V.
PS The material is protected.
Date of publication 29.01.2004гг