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ENERGY PHENOMENON OF VACUUM - 3 OR WHAT LIES IN THE BASIS OF THE UNIVERSE
INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICAL VACUUM (WITH 3D ANIMATIONS)

Kosinov NV, Garbaruk VI, Polyakov DV

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To understand Nature, one must learn to hear what it says
Silence and see that contains a void.

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Physical vacuum is a special kind of matter that claims to be the foundation of the world. The authors examine the physical vacuum as an integral physical object, which is not characterized by multiplicity and decomposability into parts. Such a continual physical object is the most fundamental kind of physical reality. The property of continuity gives it the greatest generality and does not impose constraints inherent in a multitude of other objects and systems. The continuum vacuum expands the class of known physical objects. The continuous vacuum has the greatest entropy among all known physical objects and systems and is a physical object fundamentally inaccessible to instrumental observation. Animated 3D models of vacuum effects are presented.

1. Scientific and philosophical problems of vacuum.

The physical vacuum became the subject of study of physics thanks to the efforts of well-known scientists: P. Dirac, R. Feynman, J. Wheeler, W. Lamb, De Sitter, G. Casimir, G. I. Naan, Ya.B. Zeldovich, A.M. Mostepanenko VM Mostepanenko, etc. Understanding the physical vacuum as not empty space was formed in quantum field theory. Theoretical studies point to the reality of the existence of zero-point energy in a physical vacuum [3]. Therefore, researchers are attracted by new physical effects and phenomena in the hope that they will allow them to approach the ocean of vacuum energy. Achievement of real results, in terms of practical use of the energy of the physical vacuum, is hampered by a lack of understanding of its nature. The riddle of the nature of the physical vacuum remains one of the unsolved problems of fundamental physics.

Scientists consider physical vacuum to be a special state of matter that claims to be the foundation of the world. In a number of philosophical concepts, the category "nothing" is considered as the basis of the world. Nothing is considered to be emptiness, but is regarded as a "meaningful emptiness". This implies that "nothing", devoid of specific properties and limitations inherent in ordinary physical objects, must have a special generality and fundamentality, and thus cover the entire variety of physical objects and phenomena. Thus, "nothing" is assigned to the key categories and the principle ex nigilo nigil fit (from "nothing" does not arise) is rejected. Philosophers of the ancient East argued that the most fundamental reality of the world can not have any specific characteristics and, thus, resembles non-existence [4]. Very similar signs of modern scientists endow a physical vacuum [4]. At the same time, the physical vacuum, being a relative non-being and a "content emptiness", is not the poorest, but, on the contrary, the most contentious, the most "rich" kind of physical reality [4]. It is believed that the physical vacuum, being a potential being, is able to generate all the set of objects and phenomena of the observed world. Thus, the physical vacuum claims to be the status of the ontological basis of matter. Despite the fact that the actual physical vacuum does not consist of any particles or fields, it contains everything potentially. Therefore, due to the greatest generality, it can act as the ontological basis of the whole variety of objects and phenomena in the world. In this sense, emptiness is the most substantial and most fundamental essence. This understanding of the physical vacuum forces us to recognize the reality of existence not only in theories, but also in Nature and "nothing" and "something." The latter exists as manifested being - in the form of the observed real-field world, and "nothingness" exists as a non-existent being - in the form of a physical vacuum. In this sense, not manifested being should be regarded as an independent physical entity, which has the greatest fundamentality.

2. Manifestation of physical vacuum properties in experiments.

The physical vacuum is not directly observed, but the manifestation of its properties is recorded in experiments. In physics, a number of vacuum effects are known. These include: the birth of an electron-positron pair, the Lamb-Rutherford effect, the Casimir effect, the Unruh effect. As a result of vacuum polarization, the electric field of a charged particle differs from the Coulomb one. This leads to the Lamb shift of the energy levels and to the appearance of an anomalous magnetic moment in the particles. When a photon is applied to a physical vacuum, real particles appear in the core field-the electron and the positron.

In 1965, V.L. Ginzburg and S.I. Syrovatsky pointed out that the accelerated proton is unstable and should disintegrate into a neutron, a positron and a neutrino. In the accelerated system, the thermal background of the various particles must be present. The presence of this background is known as the Unruh effect and is associated with various vacuum states in the resting and accelerated frames [10].

The Casimir effect consists in the appearance of a force that brings together two plates that are in a vacuum. The Casimir effect indicates the possibility of extracting mechanical energy from a vacuum. Figure 1 schematically shows the Casimir effect in a physical vacuum. A 3D model of this process is shown here .

Fig.1. The manifestation of the Casimir force in a physical vacuum.

The listed physical effects indicate that the vacuum is not a void, but acts as a real physical object.

3. Models of the physical vacuum.

In modern physics, attempts are being made to represent the physical vacuum by different models. Many scientists, beginning with P. Dirac, tried to find model representations adequate to the physical vacuum. At present, the following are known: the Dirac vacuum, the Wheeler vacuum, the de Sitter vacuum, the vacuum of quantum field theory, the Turner-Vilchek vacuum, etc.

The Dirac Vacuum is one of the first models. In it, the physical vacuum is represented by the "sea" of charged particles in the lowest energy state. Figure 2 shows the model of the electron-positron physical vacuum - the "Dirac Sea". A 3D model of processes in the Dirac Sea is shown here.

Fig.2. The model of the physical vacuum is the "Dirac Sea".

The Wheeler vacuum consists of geometric cells of Planck size. According to Wheeler, all the properties of the real world and the real world itself are nothing more than a manifestation of the geometry of space.

Vacuum de Sitter is represented by a set of particles with an integer spin in a lower energy state. In the de Sitter model, a physical vacuum possesses a property that is completely absent in any state of matter. The equation of state of such a vacuum, connecting the pressure P and the energy density W, has an unusual form:

The reason for the appearance of such an exotic equation of state is connected with the representation of vacuum by a multicomponent medium in which the concept of negative pressure is introduced to compensate the resistance of the medium to moving particles.

Fig.3. Model of the physical de Sitter vacuum.

The vacuum of quantum field theory contains all possible particles in a virtual state. These particles can only appear for a short time in the real world and again go into a virtual state. Figure 4 shows the vacuum model of quantum field theory. A 3D model of the process of appearance and disappearance of virtual particles is shown here.

Fig.4. Model of the physical vacuum of quantum field theory.

The Turner-Vilchek vacuum is represented by two manifestations - a "true" vacuum and a "false" vacuum. What is considered the lowest energy state in physics is a "false" vacuum, and a truly zero state is lower in the energy ladder. It is assumed that a "false" vacuum can go into the state of a "true" vacuum.

The Gerlovina vacuum is represented by several manifestations [11]. I.L. Gerlovin developed a specific version of the "Unified Field Theory". He called his version of this theory - "Theory of the Fundamental Field." The theory of the fundamental field is based on the physico-mathematical model of "stratified spaces". The physical vacuum, according to the theory of the fundamental field, is a mixture of several types of vacuum in accordance with the type of "bare" elementary particles that form them. Each type of vacuum consists of vacuum particles that do not manifest themselves in the "laboratory" subspace, each of which consists of a fermion-antifermion pair of "bare" elementary particles. In the theory of the fundamental field, there are nine kinds of vacuum. Noticeably manifested themselves in the physical world are only two types of vacuum, having the greatest density - proton-antiproton vacuum and electron-positron vacuum. According to Gerlovin, the basic properties of the "laboratory" physical vacuum, for example, dielectric permeability, are determined by the properties of a proton-antiproton vacuum [11].

A phyton model of vacuum is presented in [9]. It is assumed that the unperturbed vacuum consists of nested phytons having opposite spins. In the opinion of the authors of this model, on the average, such a medium is neutral, has zero energy and zero spin.

In [21] the vacuum is represented by a quantum liquid. Quantum liquid as a model of physical vacuum consists of photon particles (ф-particles). In this model, the photon particles are arranged in a certain order, like a crystal lattice.

In [22] the vacuum is represented by a superfluid liquid consisting of fermion-antifermion pairs with nonzero rest mass.

The existing models of the physical vacuum are very contradictory. As noted in [5], most of the proposed concepts and model representations of the physical vacuum are untenable in both the theoretical and experimental plans. This applies to the "Sea of ​​Dirac", and to the model of "stratified spaces", and to other models. The reason is that, in comparison with all other types of physical reality, the physical vacuum has a number of paradoxical properties, which puts it in a series of objects that are difficult to model. The abundance of various model representations of the vacuum indicates that there is still no model adequate to the real physical vacuum.

4. Problems of creating the theory of physical vacuum.

Modern physics is on the verge of a transition from conceptual concepts of the physical vacuum to the theory of physical vacuum. Modern concepts of the physical vacuum have a significant drawback - they are burdened with a geometric approach [12]. The problem, on the one hand, is not to represent a physical vacuum as a geometrical object, but on the other hand, leaving the physical vacuum in the status of a physical entity, not to approach it from a mechanistic standpoint. Creating a consistent theory of physical vacuum requires breakthrough ideas that go far beyond traditional approaches [5].

The reality is that within the framework of quantum physics, which gave rise to the very concept of a physical vacuum, the theory of vacuum did not take place. It was not possible to create a vacuum theory within the framework of classical concepts. It is becoming increasingly obvious that the "life zone" of the future theory of the physical vacuum must be beyond the limits of quantum physics and, most likely, precede it. Apparently, quantum theory should be a consequence and continuation of the theory of physical vacuum, as long as the physical vacuum is assigned the role of the most fundamental physical entity, the role of the basis of the world [12]. The future theory of physical vacuum must satisfy the principle of correspondence. In such a case, the theory of the physical vacuum must naturally transform into a quantum theory. To construct the theory of physical vacuum, it is important to get an answer to the question: "what constants relate to the physical vacuum?" If we assume that the physical vacuum is the ontological basis of the world, then its constants should act as the ontological basis of all physical constants. This problem was investigated in [15, 16] where five primary superconstants are proposed, from which the fundamental physical and cosmological constants occur. These constants can be referred to a physical vacuum. In Fig. 5 shows five universal physical superconstants and their values.

Fig. 5. Universal physical superconstants.

At the present time, the concept predominates, within the framework of which it is believed that matter originates from a physical vacuum and the properties of a substance result from the properties of a physical vacuum. Such a concept was followed by P. Dirac, F. Hoyle, Ya.B. Zeldovich, E.Trejon and others. Ya.B. Zeldovich investigated an even more ambitious task - the origin of the entire universe from the vacuum [3]. He showed that the firmly established laws of Nature are not violated at the same time. The law of conservation of electric charge and the law of conservation of energy are strictly observed. The only law that is not fulfilled at the birth of the universe from the vacuum is the law of conservation of the baryon charge. It remains unclear where the huge amount of antimatter, which in equal quantities with the substance had to emerge from the physical vacuum, has disappeared.

There is every reason to believe that the creation of the theory of physical vacuum will allow not only to expand knowledge about the structure of the world, but also to touch the secret of its origin [3].

5. Insolvency of the concept of discrete vacuum

The idea that some discrete particles can form the basis of a physical vacuum turned out to be untenable both theoretically and in a practical application [5, 12]. Similar ideas come into conflict with the fundamental principles of physics, for example, with the Pauli principle. If we assume that the physical vacuum consists of particles with integer spin, then again there are problems like the exotic equation of state, as, for example, in the de Sitter model.

As P. Dirac believed, the physical vacuum generates a discrete substance. This means that the physical vacuum must genetically precede the substance. To understand the essence of the physical vacuum, one must break away from the stereotyped understanding of " consist of ... ". We are used to the fact that our atmosphere is a gas consisting of molecules. For a long time, the notion of "ether" dominated science. And now you can meet supporters of the concept of a luminiferous ether or the existence in a physical vacuum of gas from hypothetical particles. All attempts to find a place for "ether" or other discrete objects in the concepts of vacuum or in vacuum models did not lead to an understanding of the essence of the physical vacuum. The status of this kind of physical reality, such as discrete particles, is always secondary. Again and again there will be a problem of finding out the origin of discrete particles and, accordingly, searching for a more fundamental essence.

It can be concluded that the concepts of a discrete vacuum are fundamentally untenable. The whole path of development of physics has shown that no particle can claim to be fundamental and act as the basis of the universe. Discreteness is inherent in the substance. The substance does not have a primary status, it comes from a physical vacuum, so it can not fundamentally act as the fundamental basis of the world [12, 13]. Therefore, the physical vacuum should not have the characteristics inherent in the substance. It should not be discrete. He is the antipode of matter. Its main feature is continuity.

The realization of the systemic organization of the material world and the material unity of the world is the greatest achievement of human thought. To this system of the world one more subsystem - a physical vacuum was added. However, the current system of structural levels of the organization of the world still looks unfinished. It is not geared to the genetic interrelation of levels and to natural development. It is not completed below and above. Incompleteness from below suggests clarifying the greatest mystery of nature - the mechanism of origin of a discrete substance from the continuum vacuum [12, 13]. Incompleteness from above requires disclosure of no less mystery - the connection between the physics of the microworld and the physics of the universe.

Modern physical theories, in attempts to find fundamental physical objects, demonstrate the tendency of the transition from particles - three-dimensional objects, to objects of a new species having a smaller dimension. For example, in superstring theory, the dimension of superstring objects is much smaller than the dimension of space. Fundamental strings are understood as 1-dimensional objects. They are infinitely thin, and their length is of the order of 10 ^-33 cm [8]. It is believed that physical objects that have a smaller dimension have more grounds for claiming a fundamental status. In the trend towards a transition to fundamental objects with a smaller dimension, the approach of V. Zhvirblis [7] is promising, in our opinion. Zhvirblis argues that the physical vacuum is a continuous material medium. By analogy with the "Peano thread", infinitely densely filling two-dimensional space, conditionally divided into squares, the author suggests a new model of physical vacuum - the "Zvirblisa thread", infinitely densely filling three-dimensional space, conditionally broken into tetrahedra.

Fig. 6. The model of the Zhvirblisa vacuum (the Zvirblisa thread).

In our opinion, this is a great breakthrough in understanding the essence of the physical vacuum as the fundamental basis of the world. Zhvirlis, unlike other scientists, does not consider a multicomponent medium as a model of a physical vacuum, but a one-dimensional mathematical object - the "Zvirblis thread". Unlike all known models, in its model of discreteness and multiplicity the most minimal place is allocated - one-dimensional mathematical object is used. In the limit it is understood that the medium becomes continuous when super-dense space is filled.

Figure 7 shows the trend of transition to objects that have a smaller dimension. We believe that this decisive step in searching for the most fundamental object lacked a decisive step - the transition to a zero-dimensional object. This problem was investigated in [12, 15-20], where the physical vacuum, unlike traditional understanding, is represented as a zero-dimensional physical object.

Fig.7. The tendency in physical theories: the transition from three-dimensional objects to a zero-dimensional object.

Fundamental objects in the theory of superstrings have Planck dimensions. Nevertheless, there are no convincing arguments that "plankeons" or "superstrings" form the basis of the world. There is no reason to believe that there are no objects that are smaller than Planckian. In this context, it should be noted that Planck's natural units are not the only ones. In physics, the constants of George Stoney are known [17, 26], formed by a combination of constants G, c, e . They have lower values ​​than Planck units, and may well compete with Planck units. The Planck units and the Stony units were investigated in [25], where new systems of natural units are proposed that relate to the deep levels of organization of matter in the microworld below the Planck level. New systems of natural units are formed by gravitational constant G , electron charge e , light speed c , Rydberg constant R _∞ , Hubble constant H ₀ .

Figure 8, for comparison, shows the values ​​of Planck's natural units, natural units of George Stoney and new natural units.

The approach within which it is believed that the physical vacuum exists in the form of a continuous medium is promising. With this approach to physical vacuum, an explanation is found for its nonobservability [12]. One should not associate the unobservability of the physical vacuum with the imperfection of instruments and methods of investigation. The physical vacuum - essentially unobservable environment - is a direct consequence of its continuity. Observed are only secondary manifestations of the physical vacuum - the field and matter. For a continual physical object, you can not specify any other properties than the continuity property. No measures are applicable to the continual object, it is an antipode to the entire discrete one [12].

Physics, with the example of the physical vacuum problem, is confronted with a collision of continuity and discreteness, which mathematics encountered in set theory. An attempt to resolve the contradiction of continuity and discreteness in mathematics was undertaken by Cantor (Cantor's continuum hypothesis). This hypothesis could not be proved either by its author or by other outstanding mathematicians. At present, the cause of failure has been clarified. In accordance with the conclusions of P. Cohen: the very idea of ​​the multiple, discrete structure of the continuum is false [6]. Spreading this result on the continuum vacuum can be affirmed: "the idea of ​​a multiple or discrete structure of a physical vacuum is false ."

Taking into account the paradoxical properties and signs, it can be stated that the continuum vacuum is a new kind of physical reality that physics has not yet encountered .

6. Criteria of fundamentality.

In connection with the fact that the physical vacuum claims a fundamental status, moreover, even on the ontological basis of matter, it must have the greatest generality and it should not have particular characteristics characteristic of the set of observable objects and phenomena. It is known that assigning an object to an object reduces the universality of this object. For example, scissors are a universal concept. Adding a feature narrows the circle of objects covered by this concept (household scissors, metalwork, roofing, disk, guillotine, tailor's, etc.). Thus, we come to the conclusion that on an ontological status one can claim such an entity, which is devoid of any features, measures, structure and which can not be modeled in principle, since any simulation involves the use of discrete objects and the allocation of a simulated object with specific characteristics and measures. The physical entity claiming a fundamental status should not be compound, because the composite entity has a secondary status in relation to its constituents.

Thus, the requirement of fundamentality and primacy for a physical object entails the fulfillment of the following basic conditions:

• Do not be compound.

• To have the least quantity of attributes, properties and characteristics.

• To have the greatest commonness for the whole variety of objects and phenomena.

• Be potentially everything, but nothing.

• Do not have any measures.

Not to be compound - this means not to contain in itself anything, except itself, ie. Be a holistic object. Concerning the second condition, the ideal requirement is to have no signs at all. To have the greatest commonality for the whole variety of objects and phenomena is to not have the attributes of particular, concrete objects, since any concretization narrows the community. To be potentially everything, and actual nothing - this means to remain unobservable and at the same time to be the basis of all that exists. To have no measures is to be a continuum.

These five conditions of primacy and fundamentalism are extremely consonant with the world view of ancient philosophers, in particular, representatives of the school of Plato. They believed that the world emerged from the fundamental essence - from the original Chaos. In their views, Chaos spawned all existing structures of the Cosmos. At the same time, they considered Chaos to be a state of the system that remains at the final stage in the process of some kind of conditional elimination of all possibilities for manifesting its properties and attributes [1].

7. The continuous vacuum.

The above five requirements are not satisfied by any discrete object of the real world and no quantized field. Hence it follows that only an integral object can satisfy these requirements. Therefore, the physical vacuum, if considered the most fundamental state of matter, must be continuous (continuum) [12,20].

With such a physical object - unobservable, without any signs, in which it is impossible to indicate any measures and at the same time an integral object, physics has not yet come across. We still have to overcome this barrier in physics and begin to study this unusual kind of physical reality - the CONTINUOUS vacuum. The continuum vacuum expands the class of known physical objects [12, 20]. Fig. 9 shows the features of the continual vacuum.

Fig.9. Features of the continuum vacuum.

The continual vacuum can not be identified with the ether, it can be considered as consisting of quanta, or it can be considered as consisting of any discrete particles, even if these particles are virtual.

A continuous vacuum should be considered as an antipode to the entire discrete one. The continuous vacuum is an integral, indivisible physical object. Thus, matter and vacuum, being genetically related, are dialectical opposites. A holistic world is represented jointly by matter, field and continual vacuum. The continuum vacuum genetically precedes the field and substance, it generates them, so the whole universe lives by its laws, which science still has to discover.

Between the unobserved continual vacuum and the observed manifested world, the relationship is clearly visible and mutual transitions take place. What is the relationship of such contradictory entities? By what laws do continuous-to-discrete and discrete-to-continuous transitions occur? Most of the physics problems remained unresolved due to the lack of answers to these questions. For the same reasons, there is no clear distinction between the continual vacuum, the field and the discrete substance, and physics, referring to itself as a materialistic science, in fact "overlooked" the most important kind of matter, "overlooked" the continuum vacuum, and directed all its efforts to studying matter and Fields, assuming that they exhaust all possible classes of physical objects. Physics has not studied the primary essence, and its secondary manifestations are field and matter. The physics did not deal with the origin of matter and field. The ideas of the genesis of the field and the genesis of matter are still too new for physics. In this we see the causes of many unsolved problems in physics.

Thus, the basis of all that exists is a continual vacuum, turned out to be beyond the field of view of physics. Modern science faces the task of studying this physical object, revealing the connection between the continual vacuum and discrete physical objects and revealing the mechanism of mutual transitions between them.

8. Entropy of the continuum vacuum.

In the chain of problems associated with the disclosure of the nature of the physical vacuum, there is a key link relating to the evaluation of the entropy of the vacuum. We believe that the continuum vacuum has the greatest entropy among all known physical objects and systems. Figure 10 conditionally shows the change in entropy in the transition from the continuum vacuum to various physical objects.

Fig.10. Entropy of the continuum vacuum and other physical objects.

The above five criteria of primacy and fundamentality indicate that such an object can be satisfied by an object having the greatest entropy. The vacuum-substance phase transition refers to processes associated with a decrease in entropy. Exactly and, as the Boltzmann H-theorem and the Gibbs theorem became the basic tools in thermodynamics, for the theory of physical vacuum it is necessary to search for a new tool based on the generalization of the H-theorem to processes with decreasing entropy. Such a breakthrough approach has already emerged. A fundamentally new approach for studying the physical vacuum, opens the law of entropy reduction, established by Yu.L. Klimontovich [2]. Klimontovich's theorem practically removes the ban on the possibility of generating regular structures by a continuum. In the framework of the future theory of physical vacuum, using the Klimontovich S-theorem, obviously, it will be possible to justify the mechanism of the appearance of discrete particles from a continuous vacuum. One consequence of the application of the Klimontovich S-theorem to the vacuum problem is the conclusion that the roots of discreteness should be sought in continuity.

9. Unitron field

The processes leading to the origin of matter go in the direction of a continuum vacuum, a field, a substance. They go in the direction of the cosmological development vector (CWR) (Fig.13.14). These processes occur with a decrease in entropy. At the same time, they pass through such stages: a continuum vacuum, a single-field field, a substance [12, 18, 24].

Figure 11 schematically shows the different levels of the material world: a continuum vacuum having a primary status, a field having a secondary status and a discrete substance having a tertiary status.

Fig.11. Continuum vacuum, unitar field, Maxwell field, substance.

In [12, 20, 24] a field of a new type, a uni- tron ​​field , was introduced into the class of physical fields. A unitary field is a new physical object [12,18, 19, 20]. A unitrone field (a unitron) is a dynamic object with the property of nonlocality and dynamic symmetry (D-invariance) [16, 18, 19, 20]. The D-invariance of the unitary field is a new kind of symmetry and extends to a continuous substance [16]. The unitrone field is an energetically saturated state of the continuum vacuum. Unlike the energetically saturated state of vacuum, which is known in physics, represented by an electromagnetic field, the unison field has a unique feature - it is characterized by convergence [12]. The unison field is the only convergent physical object in the class of physical fields. In this unique feature, its main difference from other physical fields. The concept of convergence for the unitron was introduced in [23]. More details of the converging inotron field are presented in [12,18, 19, 20]. With convergence, the energy density increases, while simultaneously reducing the size of the energy localization region. The unitronic field expands the class of known physical fields and is the antipode of the Maxwell field. There is a limit to the energy density of the unitron. This limiting state of the uni- tron ​​field leads to the creation of an electron and a positron [12].

Electron and positron are the first representatives of the material world. It is not true that the electron and the positron are considered objectively existing particles. It is not true that the electron and the positron are considered not to be arising and not disappearing . It is time to solve a new problem - the problem of the origin of an electron and a positron. These particles appear and disappear. They arise from a single-field field and annihilate, generating quanta of energy.

Figure 12 shows the animation frame of the process of the creation of an electron-positron pair from a unipolar field. A 3D model of the process of the appearance of an electron and a positron from a single-field field is given here .

Fig.12. The scheme for the production of an electron and a positron from a unipolar field.

10. Genesis of matter

The substance exists in the form of objects of varying complexity that occupy the corresponding levels in the hierarchical system of the world. Representatives of the real world are: electron and positron, positronium, other elementary particles, atoms, molecules, macroscopic bodies, geological systems, planets, stars, intragalactic systems, galaxies, Galactic systems (Fig. 13) [24].

Fig.13. Hierarchical system of the world in the direction of the cosmological development vector (CWR) [24].

По генетической взаимосвязи континуальный вакуум, унитронное поле и вещество можно расположить в такой последовательности, как это показано на рис.14.

Fig. 14. Генезис вещества.

Предельное состояние унитронного поля является началом другого уровня организации материи – вещества. Вещество - это дискретное информационно-энергетическое воплощение унитронного поля. Вещество имеет дискретную структуру, но своим происхождением оно обязано континууму [13,14]. Дискретность является главным признаком вещества. Дискретный мир начинается с электрона и позитрона.

После возникновения электронов и позитронов происходит процесс образования протона. Структурогенез протона исследовался в [12, 24], где выявлен фрактальный закон формирования структуры элементарных частиц. Структурогенез протона и подчиняется фрактальному закону [12, 24]. На рисунке 15 показан фрагмент фрактала протона. Фрактал протона является сходящимся фракталом [12]. Таким образом, конвергенция, начавшаяся в континууме, имеет свое естественное продолжение в структурогенезе протона. 3D модель фрагмента фрактального процесса образования протона показана здесь .

Fig. 15. Фрагмент фрактала протона.

Конвергирующее поле выступает поставщиком электронов и позитронов для процесса структурогенеза протона. На рис.16 представлен кадр анимации процесса возникновения вещества и антивещества из физического вакуума и фрагмент динамики структурогенеза протона.

Рис.16. Возникновение вещества и антивещества из унитронного поля и динамика структурогенеза.

11. Destructurization of matter and the Maxwell field.

The processes of destructuring go in the direction of: matter, electromagnetic field (Maxwell field), continual vacuum (Figure 17). They go in the direction of the destructurization vector (VD). In these processes, the entropy increases. At the same time, they pass through such stages: matter, the Maxwell field, the continuum vacuum.

Fig.17. Hierarchical system of the world in the direction of the vector of destructuring (VD).

At the final stage of the destructurization of matter, annihilation occurs. Figure 18 shows a frame of animation of the electron and positron annihilation process. A 3D model of the electron and positron annihilation process is shown here.

Fig.18. An animation frame of the electron and positron annihilation process.

According to the genetic relationship, the continuum vacuum, the Maxwell field and the substance can be arranged in such a sequence, as shown in Fig.

Fig. 19. The direction of the processes of destructuring, annihilation, divergence.

The Maxwell field is an energetically saturated state of the continuum vacuum. These are electromagnetic waves characterized by divergence. In the process of divergence, the field energy density decreases. At the same time, the area of ​​space occupied by the field increases. Divergence is a natural continuation of the process of destructuring, which began on a material level.

Thus, it is possible to indicate such physical objects possessing the continuity property: the continuum vacuum, the unitronic field (the unitron), the Maxwell field. The unitar field and the Maxwell field are intermediate states of matter between substance and continual vacuum and represent the energy-saturated states of the continuum vacuum.

Figure 20 is a diagram explaining the stages of a closed natural cycle: the genesis of matter, the structure of matter, destructuring, annihilation.

Fig. 20. Stages of a closed natural cycle: convergence, the birth of electron-positron pairs, the structure of matter, destructuring, annihilation, divergence.

Figure 21 shows material objects in a closed natural cycle: a continuum vacuum - a single-field field - a substance - a Maxwell field - a continuum vacuum.

Fig. 21. Material objects in a closed natural cycle: a continuum vacuum - a single-field field - a substance-the Maxwell field-a continual vacuum.

12. Ontological basis of the world.

The foregoing poses the question: " What is the basis of the world? " Field? Particle? The answer we give is a continuum vacuum! This is still unusual. It is unusual to see in a physical object that has no measures, an unobservable, not containing anything, the basis of the world. Confirmation of this should be sought not so much in physics as in the cumulative knowledge accumulated by mankind in different areas. This requires knowledge of science, philosophy, mythology and religion.

The continual vacuum and matter in the philosophical sense are dialectical opposites. In the same dialectical connection are the unitar field and the Maxwell field.

Thus, the fundamental, ontological basis of the world is not a discrete "first-brick", not an etheric particle, but a continuous entity - a continuum vacuum that, due to its continuity, is not directly observable and does not directly manifest itself. Since the role of the fundamental principle of the world is claimed by such an unusual physical object possessing the property of continuity, this state of affairs brings to the fore the solution of the following problems:

- discovery of the mechanism of origin of the electron and the positron;

- discovery of the mechanism of proton structureogenesis;

In these two problems, the origins of all the laws of physics are hidden. The appearance of these particles occurs as a consequence of a decrease in the entropy of the unitary field. On the boundary of the transition of the unitary field to a discrete substance, all fundamental interactions and all physical laws begin [15]. Here, all the fundamental physical and cosmological constants are born [15, 16]. This " law-forming " and " constant-forming " stage requires close attention of scientists. It is time for physics to move from the ideas of synthesis to the ideas of genesis [12,24]. It is time to expand the class of physical objects and add to it a unitary field and a continual vacuum. It's time to explore the physical objects of a completely new type - the continuum vacuum and the unipolar field [12, 18-20,24]. It's time to take as one of the main laws - the law of decreasing entropy [2]. On these lines, breakthrough scientific discoveries can be expected.

Literature.

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2. Klimontovich Yu. L. Decrease in entropy in the process of self-organization. S-theorem. Letters to the ZhTF, 1983, Vol. 8.
3. Zeldovich Ya.B. Is the formation of the Universe "out of nothing"? Nature, 1988, №4, p.16-27.
4. Mostepanenko AM, Mostepanenko V.М. The concept of vacuum in physics and philosophy. Nature, 1985, №3, p.88-95.
5. Barashenkov VS, Yuryev MZ About new theories of physical vacuum. Physical Thought of Russia, 1995, No. 1, p. 32-40.
6. Cohen P.J. Theory of sets and the continuum hypothesis. Trans. With English., Moscow: 1969.
7. V. Zhvirblis. Not the "world ether," but a physical vacuum. Http://re-tech.narod.ru/fizique/teor/vacuum.shtml
8. Fundamentals of string theory. Http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1186059/basics.shtmll
9. G.I. Shipov Theory of Physical Vacuum. Http://biomagic.by.ru/torsion_shipov.shtml.
10. Ginzburg VL, Frolov VP, UFN, 153, 633 (1987).
11. Gerlovin IL Fundamentals of a unified theory of all interactions in matter. - L .: Energoatomizdat, Leningr.otd-tion, 1990.-432 p.
12. Kosinov N.V. Physical vacuum and nature, No. 1, 1999, p. 24-59, p.82-104; No. 2, 1999, pages 16-29; № 3, 2000, p. 98-110.
13. Kosinov NV, Garbaruk V.I. Vacuum origin of the electron. Physical vacuum and nature, N1 / 1999.
14. Kosinov NV, Garbaruk V.I. Substance; Matter; The field is physical; Physical vacuum. A short encyclopedic dictionary on eniology .- Odessa: Enio, 2002. p. 71; from. 210; from. 256; from. 334.
15. Kosinov N.V. Physical vacuum and gravity. Physical vacuum and nature, No. 4, 2000 ..
16. Kosinov N.V. Constant bases of new physical theories. Physical vacuum and nature, №5, 2002, p.69-104.
17. Kosinov N.V. Constants J. Stoney. Http://www.sciteclibrary.com/eng/catalog/pages/4199.shtmll
18. Kosinov N.V. The unitron is a triune substance of the vacuum. The idea, №2, 1994, p.11-17.
19. Kosinov N.V. Continuous and unipolar vacuum. Physical vacuum and nature, No. 2, 1999, p. 22-27.
20. Kosinov N.V. Vacuum hypothesis and the unison theorem. Physical vacuum and nature, No. 2, 1999, p. 30-35.
21. Solonar D.P. Thermodynamics and vacuum. Http://www.sciteclibrary.com/eng/catalog/pages/6587.shtmll
22. Boldyreva LB, Sotina NB Model of superfluid physical vacuum. 1992, 30s.
23. Kosinov N.V. Vacuum transitions with a change in the signature of the metric. The idea, №4, 1996, p.11-17, Idea, №5, 1997, p.290-299.
24. Kosinov N.V. Emanation of matter by vacuum and the problem of structurogenesis. The idea, №2, 1994, p.18-31.
25. Kosinov N.V. The depths of the microworld and the new natural units of length, mass, and time. Http://filosof.net/disput/kosinov/urovni/text.shtml
26. L.B. Okun '. On the article G.Gamov, D.Ivanenko and L.Landau "World Constant and Limit Transition". Nuclear Physics, t, 65, pp.1403-1405, 2002. http://www.astronet.ru:8101/db/msg/1179651

print version
Authors: Kosinov NV, Garbaruk VI, Polyakov DV
PS The material is protected.
Date of publication 03.03.2004гг

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