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DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH
"PERVERSION" OF ENERGY

Doctor of technical sciences, prof., Etkin VA

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• Energy and Energy
• External and internal energy
• Free and bound energy
• Exergy and anergy
• Energy is useful and useless
• Discussion of research results

Understanding that "work is different", and that the actual "watershed line" with respect to the degree of transformability of energy does not pass between heat , And between two categories of work and , Is of decisive importance for understanding thermokinetics as a science about the most general laws of transport and transformation of any forms of energy [7]. It becomes extremely clear that only in inhomogeneous media in the energy composition System appears part , Which is capable of doing useful work - external (if the system is not isolated) or internal (if the system is isolated). This was well understood by the founder of thermodynamics, S. Carnot, who gave historically the first formulation of the second law of thermodynamics in the form of a statement: "Wherever there is a temperature difference, a living force can also arise . " Nowadays this position can be generalized as follows: " Wherever there is no spatial homogeneity and equilibrium, it is possible and a useful transformation of energy . " Looking back, it is regrettable to note that understanding the meaning of energy and thermodynamics as a whole would be much easier if the function U were given a name other than energy. This would allow us to maintain a simple and clear (and in spite of everything that still exists) understanding of energy as the ability of the system to perform useful external work. True, the conservation law would have to be attributed in this case to the sum of energy and energy as a truly general quantitative measure of all (transformable and inescapable) forms of motion (interaction) of matter.

However, history does not tolerate a subjunctive mood. Therefore, in the current situation, to maintain the energy of the sense of the function of the system's efficiency, it is necessary to introduce two new terms. By these terms, due to the lack of generality of the already existing concepts of external and internal, free and related, technically usable and unusable energy, the terms "inertia" and "energy" close to energy can become. These concepts satisfy isolated and non-isolated, open and closed, equilibrium and non-equilibrium, simple and complex systems. Therefore, their application seems to us an acceptable alternative. Inergia As a useful (transformable, workable, non-equilibrium) part of the energy of the system does not depend on how it is realized - in the form of external or internal, useful or dissipative, thermal or chemical, electrical or any other work. On the contrary, energy as an irreversible, inefficient, equilibrium part of energy can be given to the environment only in the same form of heat, energy of elastic deformation, etc. All these processes are associated with the overcoming of certain forces. However, the commission of a useful system over the system is connected with overcoming the resultant force and therefore replenishes its inertia, while the useless (dissipative) work is not connected with overcoming the resultant of any forces and replenishes only its energy. The distinction between energy and energy makes it possible to understand more clearly the ratio of the quantity and quality of energy, which in turn should help to eliminate that incredible confusion that reigns in the minds of many researchers and constantly spills onto the pages of scientific and, especially, of the pseudo-scientific press. In particular, one often has to read about heat pumps as devices with an efficiency greater than one and calls for using the "free" energy of the environment (including the physical vacuum), like heat pumps or thermal transformers do. At the same time, they lose sight of the fact that heat pumps and transformers "extract" from the environment the heat dissipated therein (ie, anergy) And their action is reduced to increasing its potential through the cost of certain useful work Therefore, its perfection should be assessed only by the so-called exergic (or inertial) efficiency (15). This efficiency in real conditions is less than one [8], since for heat pumps and transformers (In connection with the inevitable losses). If the environment is non-uniform and nonequilibrium, i.e. Has some inertia So that in this case too In complete agreement with thermodynamics [9]. Of course, in this case Can arbitrarily exceed the work expended . However, this does not give the right to call such devices "superunit" on the sole basis that the quantity Can not be measured.

Some ambiguity reigns in the special theory of relativity (SRT), where the rest energy Is estimated by the product of the rest mass The square of the speed of light in a vacuum . Meanwhile, the working capacity of a fixed system (its inertia) is determined, as is known, only by a defect in the mass , Constituting in many processes an insignificant fraction of a percent of (The rest is energy). Even more fantastic are the estimates of the energy of the physical vacuum (more precisely, the energy of its fluctuations), which, according to Wheeler, is at least Meanwhile, as follows from the foregoing, the possibility of performing useful work by a physical vacuum is determined by the presence of the resulting displacement Particles born from it. This displacement for chaotic fluctuations is zero, so the above estimate of the fluctuation energy actually refers to the energy Physical vacuum. This circumstance is a sobering shower for those who, forgetting about thermodynamics, are going to build the energy of the future on this truly inexhaustible source of energy.

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Author: Doctor of technical sciences, prof., Etkin VA
PS The material is protected.
Date of publication on August 15, 2004

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