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ENERGY PHASE TRANSITION "WATER - ICE"
hexagonal phase
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There is much talk about the energy security of the society. There are attempts to use the sun, wind, tides ... but as ways of generating energy from these sources - they have not found mass application (the high cost of their concentration). And people continue to "exploit" the atom (with its not quite a positive "image") and melting eyes, the hydrocarbon resource.
But there is an energy, which, we believe, will remove all doubt as to the future prospects of human progress. The very nature gives a chance to solve the problem. We are talking about the energy of the phase transition of water from liquid to solid, namely its hexagonal phase!
Digress: density of water at 4 degrees centigrade is approximately equal to 1 g / cm 3, and in ice (at normal pressure - 0.917 g \ cm3). This is a unique case when such a phase transformation of matter volume does not decrease, but increased (9%)! That's what this energy will be discussed.
Many people do not once seen the power of action of negative temperatures on the water: the burst glass bottles with water; negligent owners of vehicles (not using antifreeze) - Broken 'shirt' engine cooling radiators potёkshie. In one example, we want to focus attention: ruptured pipeline depressurized hydraulic power as a consequence of variables temperature (not heated room in the winter when the equipment is not operated) and accumulation of condensate in one of the "pockets" of the pipe. Using the method of choice of power lines (1), depending on the operating pressure, giving up goals against average and metal shrinkage (due to its insignificance) - it can be assumed that the ice pressure exceeds 150 MPa. This finding confirms the phase diagram of ice crystal (2) from which it is seen that the pressure may reach up to 300 MPa (at minus 20 degrees Celsius)! This means (in terms of potential energy), which is 1 m 3 of water in the phase transition to ice allocate energy to 27,000,000 J (more kkal 6400), which roughly corresponds to combustion of 1 m 3 of natural gas! And this energy that will never run dry!
Naturally, many questions arise: how technologically receive this energy as the power to concentrate the process in the unit of time (competitive with existing sources of energy), and many others. Without claiming to solve the problem as complex as it is multifaceted, we try to identify the main trends in achieving this goal.
This task, in large quantities, it is easier to decide on areas dominated by negative temperatures (North Mountain). As high pressures are used in the process of power generation - the material for the reactor shell and power conduits must be applied with the greatest strength (preferably - over 2000 MPa) and a maximum coefficient of volumetric elasticity (tool steel after heat treatment, ceramics, alloys used in rocket). The use of phase transformation of energy of water "on the line" is hardly possible due to non-uniformity of crystal growth, and a large load on the local areas of the reactor vessel, its superior strength characteristics. Perhaps one of the solutions may be such that the water must be in separate flat "cells", formed from polymer films (without structural changes and loss of the plastic properties when working) clad by the "process water" foil layer of copper or aluminum (possibly gold). The surface area and the thickness of the water layer in the "cell" must be selected taking into account the maximum heat transfer rate. These same requirements, adjusted for operation at high pressures, it is necessary to take into account in selecting the material "cell" and the thickness of its walls. The pressure arising during the phase transformation "WATER-ICE" to be transmitted via the "buffer" - a working environment that is in a liquid state at low temperatures, with a maximum coefficient of volume elasticity (this is especially important: the smaller the shrinkage, the greater the efficiency of the reactor). An interesting option would be the use of "buffer" from the mother liquid, not soluble in water but it has the same density in the range of operating temperature of the reactor - cells can be omitted. But here it is necessary to forward all questions to the chemists.
To remove heat from the reactor can be used as the low temperatures in the winter (refrigerator storage) and blowing, after compression, chilled air. The resulting high pressure can be converted into electrical energy as the mechanical means (hydraulic, inertia flywheels, the use of gravity, etc.), and with the help of power pezogeneratorov using a cascade scheme. Part of the energy is possible to "pick" for reverse phase transition "ICE - WATER" using microwave processes.
For local energy (car engines) as a coolant can consider the use of air after compression or liquid nitrogen (Dewar vessels instead of gasoline tanks). Even using a third energy (taking into account all potential losses), to provide at least a quarter of the cyclic stroke diesel engine pistons in phase transitions "water-ice", with the participation in the process of 1 liter of water, you can get the engine about 100 hp . No less interesting option when using electric accumulators going work of the reactor (cooling - heating), and the pressure on the line is converted into a movement of the motor mechanism.
Of course, special attention must be paid to thermal loss as operating temperature range will be minimal (the water can not be overheat or supercool). There can not do without energy-saving coatings (3).
According to our considerations, there is something to think about.
On the ecology of speech in general it is not present - all the energy will be obtained from the environment, without changing its chemical composition!
Naturally, this approach to the production of energy are more questions than answers (ice formation rate, requirements for refrigerators, bulk elasticity of the materials used, the possibility of using other phase states of the ice, such as an additional energy reserve or an element of self-excitation).
We believe that with the help of theoretical calculations and practical research can determine the optimal parameters of the process rather quickly. Information from available sources does not give full confidence that the volumetric elasticity of ice at temperatures below minus 20 degrees Celsius and pressures in the range of 250 - 300 MPa is sufficient for energy. And even this situation is not hopeless: you can follow the path to minimize process losses and as the basis of the effectiveness of the process - to increase its recurrence at a time!
A great amount of work for the hydraulics specialists, materials science, solid state physics, power generating sets, energy and many others.
But there is a result that nature showed itself, it is only necessary to optimize the ways to achieve it. And the level of modern technology and science, it seems to us, is sufficient.
LITERATURE
- Anura VI, Manual Machinist-designer. M: Mechanical Engineering, 1999, v.3, s.336
- Golovin YI Water and ice - whether we know enough about them. - Sarov Educational Journal, 2000, Volume 6, №9, p.68
- Samokhin A liquid coat from orbit. - Youth Technology, 2006, №872 (May), p.9
print version
Authors: Lazovsky MR
and Lazovskaya VM
PS material is protected
Publication date 02.10.2006gg.
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