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INTERRELATION BETWEEN QUANTUM AND CLASSICAL PHYSICS
Mirgorodsky Alexander Illarionovich
ABSOLUTE SPEED OF MECHANICAL MOTION
In quantum mechanics, the total energy of a photon and its momentum are expressed in terms of the mass m and the speed of light c :
| E = mc2 | , | P = mc | (1) |
The complete internal of any nonrelativistic physical system and its momentum are expressed in terms of the mass m , the speed of light c and velocity v <c :
| E = mc2 | , | P = mv | (2) |
It is generally accepted that the difference in the squares of the potential energy and momentum of any physical system is invariant, or identical, in all frames of reference. The connection between energy and momentum with velocity turns out to be the same for all physical systems as for a system of elementary particles. For all velocities v less than the critical velocity of light c , the difference between the squares of the potential energy and the momentum of one and the same nonrelativistic system is positive:
| E 2 - P 2 > 0 at a velocity v <c | (3) |
Everything is clear, there are no questions.
It is generally accepted that for all velocities v, equal to the speed of light c, the difference between the squares of the potential energy and the momentum of the same relativistic system is equal to zero:
| E 2 - P 2 = 0 for v = c | (4) |
There is no clarity, there is a question.
V.S. Sorokin states in his article "The law of conservation of motion and the measure of motion in physics" states:
" In nature, there are systems (for example, photons), which can be regarded as the limiting case of normal. For them
| E 2 - P 2 = 0 | (5) |
Our definition of speed is not suitable for them, since for them there is no basic reference frame. But for photons you can write:
| Pc = E, c = 1 | (6) |
And this formula coincides with (formulas)
| E = mc 2 , P = mv | (7) |
And M = E , as for normal systems. Therefore, it is necessary to assign to such systems a velocity in the direction coinciding with the momentum (as for normal systems), and in magnitude - equal to the critical one. The invariant mass must be considered equal to zero, since for them
| M 02 = E 2 - P 2 = 0 | (8) » |
/ "Philosophical issues of modern physics." Ed. I.V. Kuznetsov and M.E. Omelyanovsky, GIPL M-1953, article V.S. Sorokina "The law of conservation of motion and the measure of motion in physics", p.144-145 /.
It turns out that a photon has two velocities, which have different numerical values and different origins. One of the two velocities of a photon (with ≈ 3 × 10 8 ) is equal to the speed of light. It is a derivative of the path in time. At a speed that is the first derivative of the path to time, classical mechanics deals. It is a multiple ratio of space to time. It can be regarded as the speed of moving a photon in the outer space and call it the "external" velocity of the photon's displacement.
The other speed of the photon c = 1 does not depend on the magnitude of the space, nor on the magnitude of the time, nor on their relationship to each other. It is determined by the equality of the amount of motion of the system that exists in the form of an impulse for a certain time in an indefinite space, and in the form of energy existing in a certain space for an indefinite time. Speed c = 1 is the speed of the process in which the amount of motion of the system resets itself from the shape of the pulse and assumes the form of energy.
The equality of the momentum of the energy system of the same system is a consequence of the quantitative equality of the amount of motion that is contained in these two forms.
The quantitative equality of momentum momentum to the amount of energy movement, the same system, is absolute equality, since in the form of momentum and in the form of energy there is always the same amount of motion, but in a different state and of different quality. The amount of motion, which is in the form of an impulse, exists for a certain time of the system in its indefinite space in a state of motion. This same amount of motion, in the form of energy, exists in a certain space of the system for an indefinite time in a state of rest.
The quantitative equality of the three-dimensional space of the system to its one-dimensional time is a consequence of the quantitative equality of the quantity of motion concluded in space and time, since they contain the same quantity of motion of various qualities in a different state.
The absolute velocity c = 1 is the speed of the flow of the process in which the amount of motion of the system during a certain time in an indefinite space of the system discards the shape of the pulse and takes on the form of energy. Absolute speed determines the ratio of space to time of the system and puts them in a subordinate relation to itself, which is the general relation of the uncertainties of space and time.
It can be regarded as the "internal" speed of interaction of internal forces existing within the system, and as the speed of transformation of the forms of momentum of these forces: momentum into energy and energy into momentum. The speed c = 1 is the constant absolute velocity of the relativistic photon system.
The ratio of the momentum and energy of the same system as the uncertainty relation is a consequence of the uncertainty relation between space and time.
Therefore, the concept of simultaneity of the existence of the momentum and energy of the system does not exist. Therefore, there is no concept of the space of a system taken separately, outside of the relation to its time. Undefined space of the system is an approximation to a certain time, and its indefinite time is an approximation to its specific space. As an indefinite space of course, but has no boundaries, so is uncertain time, of course, but it has no boundaries.
Instead of a photon, any other non-relativistic physical system can be considered, which, like a photon, has two velocities. One speed of the system v <c is less than the speed of light. It can be regarded as the speed of moving a system that exists in a certain space indefinitely, relative to another system that exists in a certain space indeterminate time at rest. It can be called an "external" relative speed. The other velocity of the nonrelativistic system v 0 = 1 is the constant absolute dimensionless velocity of the system.
Comparison of relativistic and nonrelativistic physical systems shows that their "internal" velocity v 0 = 1 , and the "external" speed v <c of the speed of light.
Louis de Broglie established two basic formulas expressing the energy and momentum of a freely moving corpuscle.
| E = hv, λ = | H | Where h is the Planck constant | (9) |
| P |
In the formula expressing the energy of a freely moving particle, the expression for the frequency v is replaced by the expression of the period T :
|
And obtain the energy formula |
|
And momentum |
|
Corpuscles | (10) |
Two formulas (10) de Broglie express the energy and momentum of a freely moving corpuscle. They can express the energy and momentum of a photon. The energy and momentum of any system includes the same amount of motion. Therefore, the energy and momentum of the same system are quantitatively equal, but qualitatively different.
When a photon is replaced by a nonrelativistic object - electron, positron, proton, etc., the energy of a nonrelativistic system in quantum mechanics is expressed by the formula:
| E = | Mv 2 | (eleven) |
| 2 |
The impulse of the same system is expressed by the formula:
| P = mv | (12) |
It is quite obvious that in formulas (11) and (12) the velocity v is not equal to the speed of light and is not equal to unity. Suppose that in the normal nonrelativistic system the "internal" velocity is v 0 = 1 . There is no doubt that the internal energy of a nonrelativistic system, which is an electron-positron pair, is expressed by the formula:
| E = mv 02 + mv 02 , with v 0 = 1 | (13) |
The momentum of a pair of identical particles is expressed by the formula:
| P = mv 0 + mv 0 , for v 0 = 1 | (14) |
The momentum formula can be represented in the following form:
| P = mv 0 + mv 0 = 2 mv 0 = m (2 v 0 ) = mv, for v = 2 v 0 | (15) |
Formula (13) is identical with formula (11), and formula (14) is identical with formula (12) for v = 2 v 0 . Consequently, formulas (11) and (12) satisfy the value of the constant absolute velocity v 0 = 1 . Incidentally, a photon in a certain state is converted into an electron-positron pair, which in a certain state is converted into a photon. The internal energy of the photon should be equal to E = 2 mv 02 for v 0 = 1 . Of course, any example in the singular is not an irrefutable proof. But the universal constant absolute speed of all physical systems is not the "external" speed of light in a vacuum, but (with ≈ 3 × 10 8 ) the "internal" speed of light, which was not taken into account by A. Einstein.
The formulas (11) and (12) satisfied by the value of the velocity v = 2 v 0 generalize a large number of similar examples of the expression for the energy and momentum of the system. Therefore, not without reason, we can state that in the formula E = mc 2 of Einstein the velocity should have a value c = 1 . The error of Einstein lies in the fact that he identified the "external" and "internal" velocities of a photon and designated them with one letter. In reality, they have different meanings, different physical meanings and different origins. The "external" speed of a photon and any other physical system, regardless of the magnitude of the scale, is derived mathematically, and the "internal" absolute velocity is derived logically.
Incidentally, the result of the Michelson-Morley experiment is due to the fact that in Michelson and Morley they believed that they in their experiment deal with the "external" speed of the photon, but in fact they were dealing with its "internal" speed. But a detailed analysis of their experiment will be discussed later.
print version
Author: Mirgorodsky Alexander Illarionovich
Honored teacher of the school of the RSFSR
PS The material is protected.
Date of publication 17.11.2006гг
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