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INVENTION
Russian Federation Patent RU2111104
METHOD grinding and polishing mineral objects
Name of applicant: Radko Lydia V.
Name of the inventor: Radko Lydia V.
The name of the patentee: Radko Lydia V.
Address for correspondence:
Starting date of the patent: 1995.12.19
The invention can be used for surface treatment of geological-mineralogical polished sections in the laboratory, but also in the grinding and polishing semi-precious stones and jewelry. Treated surface of the mineral pre-saturated with hydrogen and then use a chemical activator (HA). When this condition is selected from HA they generate local exothermic reaction that leads to physical and chemical degradation workpiece.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the treatment of the surface of polished sections of geological-mineralogical techniques in the laboratory, but also to the technology of grinding and cut ornamental and jewelry stones.
Known method of treating mineral objects using an abrasive material (iron oxide, chromium oxide, corundum, boron nitride, silicon carbide, diamond, etc.), In which the purpose of the activation process of the polishing paste introduce various chemical additives (e.g., oleic acid, and bicarbonate of soda). In this processing method, the process is dominated by mechanical disruption treatment surface irregularities using abrasive grains, whereas the efficiency of chemical action is low adjuvants: when removing polishing paste from the abrasive polishing object stops, whereas the exclusion of chemical activators paste few polishing quality deteriorates. Therefore, by increasing the hardness of the object being processed mineral processing performance decreases, observe, for example, by treatment of the diamond.
and discloses a method of abrasive grinding mineral objects (SU, Inventor's Certificate 538014, cl. the C 09 G 1/02, 1976), according to which in order to increase productivity of the tool cords injected substances are chemical activators of the process.
The object of the invention is to increase the productivity of grinding and polishing of hard mineral objects by increasing the efficiency of chemical action on the object.
This problem is solved as follows: treated surface is first saturated with hydrogen mineral, and then in the process of grinding and / or polishing using a chemical activator (CA) capable of generating heat when the local reaction is exothermic, leading to physical and chemical attack of the mineral surface.
The essence of the proposed method is grinding and polishing in a two-stage impact onto the surface:
a) a preparatory step, and the associated forced saturation and diffuse surfaces treated with hydrogen, resulting in a decrease in mineral hardness at a given depth, which can vary between 0.5-250 microns;
b) the main operation stage is XA chemical and thermal destruction of the prepared surface in the local areas where the thermal effect of the mechanical work of the abrasive grain is a stimulator of a chemical reaction, breaking the surface. Ingredients HA selected from the conditions of effective chemical etching the surface of the mineral subject. The percentage of HA mixture is calculated according to the laws of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics method of finding extreme product yield fracture mineral object.
For some of mineral processing facilities both stages can be combined, which manifests itself most clearly in the processing of the diamond.
For carrying out the process and operate the following methods steps:
1. The surface of the object to be processed is saturated with hydrogen, which is carried out by known methods:
a) The object is kept in an atmosphere of molecular hydrogen at elevated temperatures t> 100 o C and high pressure P> 100 bar;
b) the object is maintained as the cathode to its saturation with molecular hydrogen during electrolysis (e.g., water);
c) forcibly saturated object surface with atomic hydrogen during rapid bombardment of its surface 0.5 - 5 MeV protons or hydrogen atoms. For this purpose, high-current (plasma) sources of hydrogen ions or atoms developed in accelerator technology. The upper energy limit of 5 MeV limited occurrence of unwanted nuclear reactions, the bottom - a decrease in the saturation of depth to a value of about 1 micron.
Hydrogen gas has a high diffusion capacity; reactivity of atomic hydrogen is higher than the molecular because the break molecular bonds H 2 requires energy 104 kcal / mol. The degree of saturation to produce the existence of visual surface changes associated with the formation of deffektov or the rate of the specific energy of stored hydrogen oxidation reaction. To enhance the activity of hydrogen as reaction activators catalysts using Ni, Pd, etc., and the tungsten bronzes. Aluminum hydrides or AlH 3, CaH 2 and calcium, which when heated generate atomic hydrogen.
2. Select the chemical activator - hydrogen oxidant (e.g., oxygen and fluorine)
a) used as an oxygen activator potassium KNO 3 or NaNO 3 Sodium nitrate stabilized by potassium chlorate KClO 3 salt or potassium permanganate KMnO 4 which release oxygen when heated:
KNO KNO 3 = 2 + O
NaNO 3 = NaNO 2 + O
KClO 3 = KClO 2 + O
The action of oxygen activator is shown in thermal oxidation reactions:
2H 2 + O 2 = 2H 2 O + 137 kcal
2H + O = H 2 O + 230 kcal
6) As the activator used hydrofluorides fluorine potassium KF · nHF (where n = 1, 2, 3) which are separated by heating the hydrogen fluoride, and electrolysis of the melt (t pl <250 C) - Step F. fluoro fluorine activator appear in thermal reactions with hydrogen fluoride and aluminum [4 and 5]
H 2 + F 2 = 2HF + 130 kcal
2Al + 3F 2 + 3 = 2AlF 421 kcal
and a silicon oxidation reaction to form volatile silicon tetrafluoride:
SiO 2 + 4F = SiF 4 + O 2
Si + 4F = SiF 4
SiO 2 + 4HF (+ moisture) = SiF 4 + 2H 2 O (as many minerals contain silicon).
3. Select thermal activator (e.g., Al, S, C);
a) Thermal activator Al obtained by thermal decomposition of aluminum hydride. Its effect is the oxidation with oxygen and fluorine:
4Al + 3O 2 = 2Al 2 O 3 + 400 kcal
4Al + 3F 2 = 2Al 2 O 3 + 420 kcal
and others (aluminothermic) reactions.
6) Thermal activator sulfur S are involved in the oxidation reaction of aluminum:
2Al + 3S = Al 2 S 3 + 170 kcal
a) thermal activator - carbon (graphite, carbon) C is involved in the local oxidation reactions with oxygen and sulfur (total reaction "black powder"):
2KNO 3 + 3C + S = N 2 + 3CO 2 + K 2 S + 147 kcal
As the activator used and the thermal (high-calorie) high molecular weight hydrocarbons such as anthracene C 14 H 10 (1685 kcal / mol), stearic acid C 18 H 36 O 2 (2,695 kcal / mol), and others.
4. Select alumina activator capable translate alumina soluble compounds:
a) potassium pyrosulfate K 2 S 2 O 7:
Al 2 O 3 + 3K 2 S 2 O 7 = Al 2 (SO 4)3 + 3K 2 SO 4
6) Natriyuglekislaya soda Na 2 CO 3:
Al 2 O 3 + Na 2 CO 3 = 2NaAlO 2 + CO 2,
(as many minerals contain Al 2 O 3).
Thermal activator (solid) is able to identify the number of specific (local) energy than gaseous chemical activator.
5. Select the HA carrier (e.g., an amorphous Al 2 O 4, SiO 2 powder microlite et al.), Whose task is to select activators HA concentration about the chemical composition of the object being ground, and a suppression of undesirable chain reactions activator.
6. calculates the allowable combination of the reaction mixture of HA conditions matching the total energy effect (including possible side exothermic and endothermic reactions and heat conditions) and agree on the overall effect of energy from the energy parameters of the treated surface. Settlement of the HA consider the original version of the mixture (IVS), which specify the final composition as a result of the experiment.
They operate in an apparatus for grinding a few modifications application XA (ITR), such as selected chemically stable at this IVS abrasive and abrasive material in the abrasive tool ligament and then proceed to the refinement of the experimental HA composition (by measuring the grinding performance).
The chemical reaction between the components of HA and the interaction of the reaction products from the treated surface occurs only when the local area and the ground surface some initial critical temperature of the mixture (t> 100 o C for chemical activator and let t> 300 o C for thermal). These conditions are achieved in the grinding process and due to the mechanical work performed by the working tool in the destruction of local treatment surface portion (or abrasive grains), or by energy of the electric discharge excited in the working gap. In the proposed method, the thermal effect of the work of the abrasive grain Q 0 is used only as a mechanism to trigger action XA, which allows to increase processing performance and reduce demands on the mechanical hardness of the grains, replacing them with the requirement of refractory and chemical resistance to the applied mixture of HA.
As a specific example, evaluation of the application HA, consider the problem of diamond polishing, which is the most difficult because of the hardness of the mineral and limiting identities used in the practice of the chemical composition and physical structure of the object to be processed and abrasive (diamond polished diamond).
Study diamond processing mode indicates that the abrasive action of the diamond powder on the ground surface of the diamond (at least partially) reduced chemical resistance due to a local increase in temperature, graphitization of diamond in the surface region of graphite and oxidation by atmospheric oxygen. The idea of using HA (for diamond) is to achieve the same effect by local thermal reactions in various microareas treatment surface diamond.
Evaluation of application HA (in the case of diamond) are beginning to replace the non-diamond abrasive diamond, which is selected, for example, fused Al 2 O 3. The chemical activator is used as the aluminum hydride AlH 3, and potassium nitrate KNO 3 as a filler - amorphous Al 2 O 3. Next, consider the reaction of HA type {1}, {2}, {6}, using a computer program that estimates the time dependence of the thermal effect and the release of CO 2, CO, resulting in a mixture of HA component (based on plane geometry and adverse reactions) for various mass concentration values of the initial components P i = P i (t) and qk = qk (t) - the resulting reaction components:
Q 0 (t) + p 1 · Al 2 O 3 + p 2 · AlH 3 + p 3 · KNO 3 + p 4 · H + p 5 · C = q 1 · CO + q 2 · CO 2 + q 3 · Al 2 O 3 + ....... + Q (t)
The program calculates the possible choices p i from the condition of extremum: 
.
t. e. from the condition of maximum total diamond oxidation reaction time T. For example, one of the relative maxima of the function F occurs at T = 34 msec, p 1 (0) = 0,0722, p 2 (0) = 0, 0637, p 3 (0) = 0,864, p 4 (0) = 0,0001, p 5 (0) = 0. The figure shows the calculated starting time dependence graphite concentration p 5 (t), T (t) and the temperature of the mixture total yield gaseous products q (t) = q 1 (t) + q 2 (t) for this case. Graphite unoxidized residue is removed in the polishing process (marked by cross graphitization temperature).
CLAIM
Method abrasive mineral grinding and polishing the objects, which uses a chemical activator, characterized in that the pre-treated surface was saturated with hydrogen mineral and chemical activator is chosen from the condition they generate local exothermic reaction leading to degradation of physico-chemical treatment surface.
print version
Publication date 02.01.2007gg
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