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METHODS OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
ELECTROHYDRAULIC HAZARD AND CAVITATION OF LIQUID
IN HEAT AND OTHER KINDS OF ENERGY

Dudyshev Valery Dmitrievich, Russia, Samara
Samara Technical University

The article is devoted to the analysis and substantiation of the new perspective direction of the Power industry, based on the useful use of the electro-hydraulic effect of Yutkin and cavitation for low-cost production of thermal, mechanical and electrical energy. New original efficient fuel-less electrohydrodynamic turbines, engines, pumps, heat generators and electric generators of a new generation, with minimal electricity consumption for their operation, and unparalleled in the world are proposed. Their application will make it possible to sharply reduce the cost of technology for obtaining thermal, mechanical and electrical energy by using the internal energy of liquids, air and from external energy of the environment. This will radically improve and simplify the existing heat and power plants and engines for transport modes. Technologies are patented.

HOW TO GET CHEAP HEAT?

According to the researchers, CTG has already been obtained with an exergy factor of more than 1 / 3-6 / .

The design of the fuelless device for obtaining heat energy from the effect of cavitation is quite simple. The device ( Fig.1 ) contains an electric motor 1 , a pump 2 , a pipeline 3 forming a closed heat supply circuit, a cavitator 4 in the form of a Laval nozzle , a topping device 5 . The essence of the work of this device for obtaining heat is simple. Through the tube of the cavitator 4 with a channel of variable cross section, a stream of water (or other liquid) flows under pressure. He is experiencing tension in this device (cavitator), breaks, cavities (gas, air bubbles) are formed in it, which immediately collapse at an ever-increasing rate. This phenomenon is called cavitation. As shown by numerous experiments, during the collapse of these gas bubbles, anomalous thermal energy is released. The higher the fluid pressure at the inlet of the cavitator, the more powerful the cavitation and the more heat is generated, the more efficient the heat generator. Cavitation in the tube can be obtained in different ways. But best of all, the modernized Laval nozzle is suitable for these purposes . The fact is that unlike other types of cavitators, such a nozzle never gets clogged, even if there are mechanical particles in the flow. It is quite understandable that in order to obtain cavitation heating of the liquid in such a scheme, an electric pump is needed for the power commensurate with the generated thermal power.
Another fundamental drawback of these unconditionally progressive heat-power cavitation installations is the presence of a bulky expensive electric motor, a rotor-pump drive that reduces reliability and efficiency . Devices and creating great difficulties in operation and maintenance, in particular, sealing the structure.

RADICAL IMPROVEMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GENERATORS

In order to implement a technological breakthrough in this area, it is necessary to sharply reduce energy losses in known cavitation heat generators ( KTG ), i.e. Eliminate the cumbersome and voracious electric motor of the pump.

The main question arises - how to do this and how to replace it? How to create pressure and cavitation of fluid in CTG in general without an electromachine pump, how to dramatically increase cavitation and heat release from it, how to create a completely autonomous heat generator, in general, without the use of external electricity for pump operation, etc.?

The short answer is that both the Yutkin effect and the cavitation effect must be used at the same time. Below we will consider the principle of operation and design of such KTG devices-non-contact heat generators of a new new generation. First, let us recall the essence of the electrodynamic effect of Yutkin.

YITKIN'S ELECTROHYDRAULIC EFFECT AND ITS PHYSICAL ESSENCE

This anomalous electrohydroelectric effect was discovered by the Russian engineer Yu. / 1 / .

Electrohydraulic shock effect ( EHD - the effect) occurs in liquids, for example in water, with an electric discharge in them, and represents an electric explosion in a liquid, and an almost instantaneous release of energy at a given point / 1 / . The number and speed of released kinetic and thermal energy in the zone of the electric discharge depends on many factors, including on the parameters of the electrical discharge and the properties of liquids. In this case, a wave of compression in the liquid that occurs when the liquid evaporates rapidly in the discharge zone and expands the vapor in the arc gap can be caused either by a single powerful pulsed electric discharge between the electrodes placed in the liquid and a successive series of pulses. The power of the electric discharge is increased due to power storage devices.

KNOWN USE OF EHD-EFFECT YUTKIN

This effect has already found wide application in industry / 1 / . Electrohydropulse ( EHI ) technology based on it, has taken a firm place in the industry as one of the modern technological processes. It allows direct use of electrical energy to create hydrodynamic perturbations for the purpose of processing materials. Electrohydraulic shock is used for cold working metals, for the destruction of rocks, for fluid diamulsion, for the intensification of chemical reactions, etc.

ON THE UNIQUE OPPORTUNITIES OF USING THE YTKIN ECG-EFFECT IN ENERGY

However, this unique effect of anomalous energy release from a liquid at the time of an electric discharge in it has enormous hidden potentialities and new unexpected wide areas of useful use due to its universality and anomalous energy, and it may well be, for example, effectively used in heat and power engineering, for contactless receipt of cheap Thermal energy and to create a new economical fuel-less propulsor in many types of transport for conversion and useful anomalous energy of EHD- shock into thermal, mechanical and electrical energy. About this below.

METHODS OF TRANSFORMING THE ENERGY OF EHD - SHOCK TO OTHER KINDS OF ENERGY

How to efficiently convert the energy of this electrohydraulic impact into other types of energy?

This effect may well provide:

A) fuel-free low-cost production of thermal energy
The combined use of the EHD -impact effect and the cavitation effect makes it possible to obtain a low-cost method of thermal energy from the internal energy of the liquid. The simplest design and operation principle of such a cavitation EHP-heat generator are explained in Fig . The device was checked earlier on the model in the laboratory;

B) fuel-free low-cost obtaining of mechanical energy
The energy of the electrohydraulic fluid impact in the working chamber can be easily converted into mechanical energy of fluid motion, for example in economical fuel-less electric-discharge turbines, pumps and other new-generation engines ( Figs. 3, 4, 5 );

C) fuel-free low-cost power generation
In the simplest case, this is a combination of an electric impulse water turbine and an electric generator on its shaft or the production of steam by means of an EHD- generator and the subsequent conversion of its thermal energy, for example, to a standard turbo-generator. Other methods are possible, for example, obtaining electric power by direct electrohydrodynamic method under the condition of pulsed electric charging of neutral liquids or by magnetohydrodynamic method under condition of sufficient electrical conductivity of the liquid;

D) simultaneous fuel-free low-cost production of thermal, mechanical and electrical energy
The goal is achieved by a combination of methods and devices according to the aforementioned methods. A) -c) ;

E) burning of any liquids, through and dissociation of steam by EHD-method, converting it into a fuel hydrogen-containing gas with subsequent burning

E) low-cost effective wastewater treatment and simultaneous production of fuel gas
The possible and effective use of such an original electrohydrodynamic plant is effective in an effective wastewater treatment system, because such a low-cost and powerful shock cavitation effectively separates gases, for example hydrocarbons and H ₂ from sewage and particle fragmentation in the liquid stream, its disinfection, and In combination with a vortex separator, effective removal and processing of associated waste from these wastewater into fuel gases is ensured.

Let us consider these methods of energy conversion of the EHD effect in more detail.

METHOD OF REGULATING PRESSURE AND EFFICIENCY POWER OF EHD-HAZARD AND ITS
APPLICATION IN ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC CONVERTERS

How to effectively manage the parameters of electrohydrodynamic shock ( EHD- shock) and the processes of converting its energy into other types of energy? To do this, in our opinion, technically - quite simply / 7 / .

Regulation of the power, intensity and periodicity of the electrohydraulic impact and pressure in the fluid, for example, on the operating element, is provided by changing the parameters of the electrical discharge, for example, by the amplitude and frequency of the electrical pulses. This method consists in carrying out within the volume of the liquid, in the working chamber, power-regulated high-voltage electric discharges with the formation around the discharge zone of the hydraulic pressures of the vapor together with the liquid transferring these impacts to the working element located in the working chamber, for example, a water turbine.

Thus, it is possible to adjust the force, frequency and length of the displacement of the working member, for example the piston of the electrohydrodynamic pump, the motor, or the rotation speed and power on the shaft of an unusual electrohydraulic turbine, by varying the frequency and power of the high-voltage electric discharges in the liquid.

And, in a number of variants, the moment of occurrence of an electric discharge in a liquid is synchronized with the position of the working member. For example, this synchronization of the supply of voltage pulses is probably required in unusual electric-water piston pumps, the frequency and power of the reciprocating motion of the free-running piston of such a fuel-free electric motor are controlled by controlling the frequency and power of the alternate electrohydraulic hits through the liquid on both working sides / 2 / . For example, this synchronization of position is not required at all for the design of the electrohydro turbine ( Fig . 4 ).

NON-CONTACT CAVITATIONAL HEAT GENERATORS

Let us consider the simplest variants of the constructions of such CTG ( Fig. 2.3 )

Structures of electric shock cavitation heat generators (Fig. 2.3)

The use of a low-cost, non-contact electrohydrodynamic pump based on the use of the Yutkin effect makes it possible to radically improve and simplify the cavitation heat generator, since the pump motor is generally unnecessary. Such a new, simple contactless effective heat generator with a fixed in space and a short-time electric discharge in a liquid is shown in Fig. 2 .

The structure of this simple device ( Fig. 2 ) contains only three basic simple contactless elements - a container with a liquid (with an air cavity), an electric spark gap (a pair of electrodes 4.5 ) introduced into this liquid, and a cavitator, for example, a simple perforated plate or Closed perforated surfaces 8,9 with different diameters and chamfers, forming concentric simple Laval nozzles. The cavitators are located inside the body 1 ( Fig . 2 ). To the electrodes 4,5 through the electric store of electricity 10, a powerful electric impulse generator 11 is connected, fed from the primary source 12 , the amplitude and frequency of the voltage pulses being regulated by the control device 13 . The outputs of the temperature sensors 14 are connected to the inputs of the pulse generator control 12 .

The principle of operation and the essence of the process of heat generation by this cavitation EHD-TG device ( Fig. 2 ) is that as a result of electrical discharges in the liquid and subsequent electro-hydraulic impacts cavitation occurs and the liquid heats up. The fact is that due to cyclic electrical discharges in the liquid, a plasma zone 15 is formed between the electrodes and then a vapor-gas high-pressure cavity appears almost instantly in this zone, with energy tens of times greater than spent on the electric discharge in it. This energy released in the process of electric lightning and EHD- energy vapor pressure and chemical energy of H ₂ gas from the liquid in its cavity, and released at the time of explosion of H2 -steam fuel gas in this gas cavity and leads to high-pressure waves in the liquid And its intensive heating through cavitation and combustion of H ₂ - vapor gas. As a result, since after each pulsed electrical discharge a new H -vapor cavity is formed in the liquid, a new explosion follows after ignition of H ₂ and a subsequent wave of fluid pressure. When this wave moves, a powerful cavitation is formed on perforated cavitators 8, 9 . Due to the intensive collapse of cavitation bubbles, and the combustion of H ₂ vapor gas, significant heat energy is released in the liquid, the cavitation intensity in this method being much higher than in rotary and vortex TGs , with constant energy costs. The intensity of heat release of EHD-TG in a liquid is controlled by the frequency of the voltage pulses, their amplitude and the duration of the pulses. The continuous operation of such an unusual electric heater is also possible. The energy efficiency and the intensity of heat release in a liquid with this method of heating it depends not only on the parameters of the electrical discharges in it, but also on the properties of the liquid itself and on the design of the pulsed EHD-TG / 2 / .

Electro-impact cavitation TG with rotation of the electric arc (Fig. 3)

We offer a more efficient vortex EHD -magneto-thermal generator with the rotation of the electric arc 9 in liquid 2 and obtaining from it, EHD shock wave and from cavitation-intensive thermal energy. Such an original design of the TG is shown in Fig. 3 . If one of the electrodes or both electrodes 1, 3 is annular (cylindrical) and in the presence of these non-magnetic walls of the cylindrical discharge chamber, 1 and the DC voltage is applied to them through electrodes 4, 5, an external magnetic field, for example, from a strong ring or disk A permanent magnet 7 placed parallel to the plane of the ring electrode to cause the electric arc to rotate, with a high speed, up to the speed of sound and higher, ie. Maximally intensify the EHD effect to create a constant shock wave in the liquid and cause cavitation in cavitators 8 combined with perforation of the inner surfaces of the walls 1, 3, which will simplify the design of the TG and obtain intensive cavitation with the electric shock when the arc is rotated. As a result of the rotation of the electric arc 8 , the liquid itself will rotate, which will make it possible, on the whole, to sharply increase the heat release both from the EHD- shock waves of the liquid and from intense cavitation. In contact with the perforated wall 3 With a certain, eg conical design of the electric discharge chamber, Modes EHD -reversive pump-heat generator reverse. To reverse the direction of rotation of the liquid, it is necessary to reverse the polarity of the voltage at the electrodes 1, 3 by switching the voltage polarity from the power source.

THE SIMPLEST ELECTROHYDROCAVITATION HEAT GENERAL

On the basis of combining the effects of electrohydrodynamic shock and cavitation, it is quite possible to create a simple heat-electric heater by 3-5 kW. And using a standard car electric ignition, with its power consumption of only 200-300 watts of electricity from the battery. It is a small EHD drum unit, for example constructed in accordance with schemes 2,3, and comprising a cylindrical container with water, conventional standard spark plugs screwed into its housing and electrically connected to a conventional electronic ignition system from a car containing a battery, Accumulators of electric power, in the form of a regular automotive inductor and electrolytic capacitor), and cavitation devices located inside it, for example, perforated screens made, for example, in the form of coaxial perforated diameters of holes in metal cylinder surfaces. Such a constructive combination of the electrohydraulic pump and cavitator device with simultaneous use of their functions allows to eliminate the electric motor of the pump in the design of this unusual contactless heat generator in general and to increase the efficiency of heat production and its reliability.

Two-stage EHD heat generator (Fig. 4)

For more efficient heat generation from the liquid EHD - in a combination with the cavitation effect, we have proposed different versions of cascade cavitation-electrohydraulic heating plants.

Two-stage EHD - The heat generator consists of two EHD pumps 1, 2 , containing shock chambers 3, 4 , with cones 32-35 , and perforated cavitators 28-31 , several EHD accelerators in the form of street swirlers 9-11 connected to cones 32-35 . Pipelines 27 connect the nodes of this unusual heat main into a closed system. In Figure 3, the radiators are not shown, but they are also original and combined with additional Laval nozzle type cavitators. In such an EHD-TG , the arc rotation mode can be realized, with its modernization according to the scheme ( Fig . 3 ).

More details of the structure are explained in the figure below.

But even simpler designs and implementations and economical methods of obtaining cheap heat are possible, for example, using a combination of effects of cavitation and gravity. About this below.

THE SIMPLEST CAVITATION-GRAVITATIONAL THERMAL-DYE-GENERATORS

If there is an initial fluid flow, the heat from it is even easier to obtain.

For this it is necessary only simultaneously and efficiently to use gravity and cavitation to obtain cheap thermal energy. For example, on the basis of conventional hydroelectric power plants.

Cavitation thermal power plants

The powerful flow of water on the dam dams is created by Nature thanks to the power of gravity practically free of charge and constantly. It remains only to apply cavitators. Often, especially in winter, up to 50% of electricity is spent on heating houses in a nearby area. In the case of conversion of a part of the falling water flow from the dam by means of cavitation nozzles, a unique possibility of direct generation of cavitational heat on the HPP appears, since for each kilojoule of the kinetic energy of the incident flux, by cavitation, 1.5 / 0.84 / 0.6 = 2.8 KJ of heat!

If we take into account that the cavity is much cheaper than a turbogenerator, it becomes clear how beneficial such heat generators are for hydropower.

Cavitation-Jet Micro-Thermoelectric Generator

On the above principles of combining the effects of gravity and cavitation, it is easy enough to make such an unusual simple cavitation micro thermal power station even at home. For example, it is possible to give almost a free gift to the owner of an apartment (especially if there is no water consumption counter) through a cavitator, for example, a cavitation nozzle of Laval , and through a microturbine, with its subsequent transformation into heat and electricity, for example by means of a Micro HPP , and the subsequent multiple circulation of the heated liquid along a closed contour under the action of gravity and convection. However, if such a jet of liquid is not initially available , it can be obtained practically with a gift using the electrodynamic effect of Dudyshev / 7 / . And this jet of a dielectric liquid can be created practically at the minimal expenses of the electric power due to explosive injection of electrons into the liquid by my electro-hydraulic Coulomb method / 7 / . In the case of using this electrolilic effect of Dudyshev - in order to obtain cheap heat and electricity, one can do without dams and without water-supply taps, it is only necessary to put a cavitator and mini-hydroturbine with an electric generator on the path of such an artificial Coulomb Dudyshev jet and organize a closed cycle of fluid motion under the influence of gravity force . A fully autonomous source of cheap heat and electricity is ready for use.

Its useful thermal and electrical power is determined during the design and manufacturing process by design parameters and by selecting the operating mode.

The liquid will begin to heat up quickly due to its cavitation and this warm water can be useful for use in, for example, households for washing, washing dishes, a bathroom, during summer periods of switching off warm water, etc. Moreover, such a mini-fuel power plant can be several tens of kilowatts of thermal power and, therefore, can be used up to autonomous low-cost autonomous heat supply and power supply of the cottage.

BREAKFAST LOW-FUEL ELECTROHYDRODENSORS
EFFECT OF YUTKIN AND DIRECT METHOD PRODUCTION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY
AND REACTABLE LIQUID TYPE AT ALL WITHOUT FUEL

The electro-hydrodynamic effect of Yutkin opens up new horizons for the creation of various super-economical fuel-less propellers operating on water, applicable, for example, to new-generation transport engines.

Let us consider a direct method for converting an electrodynamic impact into pressure and kinetic energy of the reciprocating motion of a piston or the rotation of unusual autonomous electrohydrogurbines.

- Electrohydraulic Shock Piston Motor Pump -

This effect of electrohydrodynamic shock can be quite successfully applied in fuel free electrohydromotors and can be used in transport and in unusual non-machine pumps. Let us explain this by a simple example of such an EHD motor ( Fig. 5 )

Fig. 5 Electro-hydraulic motor (SHOWER-2)

Figure 5 shows a simplified construction of such a piston electrodynamic hydraulic motor. The components of the energy-saving hydraulic motor device are listed above. This very simple device for obtaining the kinetic energy of rotation from the translational motion of the pistons 2, 4 is based on the use of the potential energy of the electric field and the effect of the shock electrohydrodynamic pressure in the liquid ( the Yutkin effect ).

The main upper working EHD chamber 1 is filled with a liquid 9 , for example water, and is provided with an electrode 11 electrically insulated from it. As a result of applying a voltage pulse from an adjustable high-voltage voltage ( PVN ) unit powered by a voltage source (for example, an on-board battery pack ( AB ) and an electric capacitor 10, an electric discharge through the liquid to the inner surface of the housing of this chamber arises. As a result, ( EHD- impact), which is first transmitted to the first small hardened small piston 2. Further, the electrohydrodynamic fluid pressure is transmitted through the piston 2 and through the air damper 3 the pressure reducer to the main working piston 4. The piston 4 then transfers its kinetic energy through the connecting rod 5 And the knee shaft 6 to the working drive of the motor, for example, to rotate the wheels of an economical fuelless electrohydromobile.When the crankshaft 6 is fully rotated, the pistons 2, 4 are returned to their original position and the process is repeated.The single-cycle and two-stroke and multi-cycle modes of operation of the fuel- - engines of this type, for example, four-stroke variants of the design of such a piston motor. In this case, it contains several electro-discharge chambers. Animation of the work of this unusual fuel electro-discharge engine can be viewed in the network at http://www.valery12.narod.ru/index1.shtml

The frequency of the stroke of the pistons is regulated by the frequency of high-voltage pulses from the VLF block, and the power of the motor and the torque on the shaft are controlled by the magnitude of the shock EGD by controlling the current and long-term electrical discharge in the liquid from this block or by changing the capacitance of capacitor C ( Fig .

The same device can also be used as a hydraulic pump for pumping liquid, for example, by a piston 2 through a cavity 3 with a fixed (locked) piston 4 . The fluid inlet and outlet channels in this device are not shown in the piston pump mode. If an inductive winding is placed outside the non-magnetic body 1 and magnets on the rod or on the piston 4 itself, we obtain simultaneously an original magneto-electric linear generator (not shown in Figure 3 ). This motor can also be used as a pump or heat heater in the case of a closed pump circuit. The efficiency of this electric motor has already been tested previously. A full-scale R & D is required to create an experimental-industrial model.

Economical turboprop EHD propellers and combined turbine
EHD-motor generators of Dudyshev (Fig. 6)

On the basis of the Yutkin effect, it is quite possible to create a fuelless vortex or straight-flow water jet propulsion-pump, for example, by means of and on the basis of a new electrohydraulic turbine. Those. It is proposed first to convert the energy of the EHD- shock into a cyclic change in the pressure of the liquid in the cylinder 1 to drive an unusual electro-water turbine into rotary motion, and then with its help to create a thrust and a constant (pulsed) unidirectional high-velocity liquid flow, through a hollow labor established under the bottom of such an unusual Water transport. Similarly, it is possible to create a fluid transfer device based on this unusual pump. Promotion of such a turbine is achieved by alternating electrical discharges through electrodes placed on the blades of the electro-water turbine, leading to the occurrence of electrohydraulic cyclic fluid impacts on this original electro-hydraulic Dudyshev screw . A description of the variants of this design of such an economical electrohydrodynamic water jet is given below. This method is more universal, since it has a much wider scope of its application. Because simultaneously with the electropulse turboprop traction in the liquid, it becomes possible to generate electricity by combining the turbine with an electric machine, and it is possible to use such an unusual device and as a pump.

The device of the electrohydraulic turbine ( Fig. 6 ) contains a hollow or hermetically sealed metal cylinder 1 , a water turbine 2 (the dashed line shows the trajectory of the rotation of the edges of its blades 3, 4, 5 with the common rotation shaft 6 and the axis of rotation. Of the working cylinder 1 are fixed immovable back vanes - reflectors - 8, 9, 10 and others (only 6 such reflector blades are shown in Figure 5 ), electrically connected to the high-voltage block 14 of the regulated voltage through electrical insulators 11-13 . To an autonomous power source, for example, to a battery 15 and to an electric storage device to a capacitor C , and to the control device 16 via the control circuit of the unit 12 .

Sensors can be connected to the input of this control device 16 , for example, a sensor 17 (turbine speed or liquid temperature). The shaft 6 of the turbine is electrically grounded. The blades 3, 4, 5 of the turbine 2 and the blades of the reflectors 8-10 at the points of their closest convergence have an operating gap, which allows the turbine to rotate freely on the axis 7 .

Principle of operation of the device

It is based on the creation of cyclic waves of fluid pressure from the EHD effect to the turbine blades. Due to the fact that the high-voltage electric potential is applied to the fixed blades-reflectors 8-10 , in these mutual extreme positions of the turbine blades and reflectors, an electrical discharge in the fluid periodically occurs between them and an electro-hydraulic shock is transferred to the turbine blades, which drives it into rotation. The force and power on the shaft of this economical electro-discharge water turbine depends largely on the power and duration of the electrical discharge. In the case of using a hollow cylindrical chamber, this device is a water jet propulsion-a pump of a new generation and can be used both for water transport and for pumping liquids, for example, in trunk pipelines. In the case of equipping the cylinder 1 with cavitators 18 , for example, rigidly fixed in the body by perforated strong diaphragms 16 (shown conditionally in Figure 5 on the cross section of the turbine-grid-small cells), this device becomes automatically due to the simultaneous use of the cavitation effect, even with an economical cavitation heat generator . The limiting speed of the turbine is due to the design parameters and the properties of the liquid.

Technological features of the device design

Naturally, this design of the electric discharge turbine requires hardening and corrosion resistance of all blades of the device to increase their reliability and durability in the conditions of electrochemical phenomena of mass transfer of a metaall. The rational way to eliminate this effect is to destroy the material of the blades by using an alternating high voltage at the output of the block 12 , with a certain frequency exceeding by an order of magnitude and more than the speed of rotation of this turbine. To ensure the maximum speed of its rotation and to match its speed with the operating speeds of standard electric generators, it is advisable to use magnetic bearings and magnetic gears / 8 / . In principle, the same energy-efficient method is the basis for creating a fuelless turbojet air engine for aviation, because due to cyclic electro-gas dynamic air explosions in a hollow chamber, it is possible to ensure efficient rotation of a high-speed air turbine due to thermal and molecular expansion of air (or other gas) And in the atmosphere, for example, by means of a new type of electro-gas dynamic engine, both in aviation and in space traction engines, for example, for the beginning of low and medium power.

DIRECT REACTIVE FUEL EHD - MOVERS DUDYSHEV

The most attractive application of this effect is Yutkin to create ramjet non-contact reactive fuel-less EHD- engines with the direct jet thrust generation of a liquid jet in general without a turbine. Such electrohydrorreactive propellers are very promising for the implementation of effective jet thrust of a new type of water jet jet engines of water transport and air transport, and for their application as pumps of a new generation ( Fig . 7 ).

The simplest version of this engine is shown in Fig . The device of such a jet propulsion unit comprises a hollow body 1 in which a conical hollow chamber with nozzles 3, 4 and an electric discharge chamber 2 containing a central axial electrode 5 introduced into it through an electrical insulator 6 and a second annular electrode 7 are disposed.

A permanent annular magnet 11 is disposed on the outside of the discharge chamber 3 , the central electrode 5 being electrically connected to the reversible converter of the alternating voltage 8 , with the possibility of adjusting the parameters of the electric arc by means of a control unit 10 connected to the voltage control input of the unit 8 operating from an autonomous power source 9 . Note that the magnet 11 is oriented with poles relative to the annular electrode 7 so that its lines of force are perpendicular to the electric arc 12 to create the circular rotation effect of the electric arc around the circumference of the ring electrode 7 . A magnetic field in the plane perpendicular to the plane of the ring electrode, which is necessary for the rotation of the electric arc, can also be created by a special solenoid with its definite placement in space in a non-magnetic sealed enclosure (not shown in Fig .

The principle of creation of rotation of an electric arc was explained earlier on the example of a vortex EHD-TG and is shown in a constructive version in Fig . The device comprises both movable diaphragms 13 for creating reflection and for regulating the flow of liquid through the channel of the hollow propeller, as well as charge-collecting electrodes 14 connected to an electrical autonomous load 15 . Let us briefly consider the operation of this unusual ramjet electrohydrogenerator.

The principle of operation of a ram jet propulsion EHD

After the voltage is applied from the unit 8 to the electrodes 5 and 7 , an electric arc 12 arises in the electric discharge chamber 2 between them. Due to the force electromagnetic interaction of the electric arc 12 with the magnetic lines of force 17 of the PM 11 , the arc begins to rotate along the circumference of the ring electrode 7 with sound velocities. Its direction and speed of rotation is regulated by the regulator circuit 8 . Simultaneously, along the entire perimeter of the ring 7, a powerful pressure wave arises due to the continuous EHD effect. This electrohydraulic shock pressure wave in the liquid, due to a certain conical configuration of the body 1 and the presence of the diaphragms 13, generates a unidirectional jet of liquid 16 . Indeed, a reactive jet of liquid arises in the conical nozzle 4 after the occurrence of a continuous electric discharge in the liquid and when the electric arc 11 rotates, a continuous powerful shock wave arises in the direction perpendicular to the plane of rotation of the arc 11 due to the appearance of the effect of an electrohydraulic fluid impact and its mechanical response to the body 1 of the propeller . As a result, the vessel 1 is driven by this jet of liquid 16 at a speed V. In this case, it is quite natural, according to Newton's third law , the force of recoil of the shock wave from the reflectors 13 and the body of the conical nozzle, which additionally increases the thrust of the jet propulsion. Thus, it is possible to directly and directly convert the energy of the EHD- shock into a jet of liquid, i.e. To create a fuelless electric waterjet jet engine or a low-cost non-contact EHD- pump of a new generation. We emphasize that this regime of creating the maximum reactive thrust of a vortex jet of liquid over the entire volume of the conical outlet nozzle is most effective precisely in the case of realizing the effect of a rotating electric arc in a constant magnetic field by the Ampere force. Moreover, this device, in the case of its use for sea water, can simultaneously provide both the production and electric power by means of a magnetohydrodynamic generator. In this case, the device is supplemented by a charging-electrode system 14 along the side edges of the nozzles, and some of the electric power is used in an electrical autonomous load 15 or for recharging an autonomous source 9 . As a result, this device can work-after entering the mode-in a completely autonomous mode. It can be used for the completely autonomous operation of this pump-motor-generator device, which in this particular case represents a new type of open-circuit power and heat pump.

Other various combined designs of such a ramjet EHD- motor in combination with cavitators for simultaneous production of thermal energy are also possible. Such a cavitator is shown as a screening device at pos . Fig .

Thus, the proposed variants of the original fuelless direct-flow jet EHD propulsion device, due to small electric power consumption for creating hydraulic pressure, will provide economical forward propulsion of water transport, for example, a sea-going vessel, generally without fuel on board transport or can be used as non-contact pumps, for example in main Water-oil pipelines. In principle, the same energy-efficient method of jet propulsion due to an electro-gas dynamic explosion and expansion of air (or other gas) is possible in the atmosphere, for example, through a new type of gas-gas engine, both in aviation and in space traction engines, for example for Engines of the second and third stages-of small and medium power in the output of artificial satellites to near-earth orbits.

APPLICATION OF YTKIN EHD-EFFECT FOR SIMULTANEOUS RECEIPT
KINETIC ENERGY OF ROTATION, HEAT AND ELECTRICITY

This unique EHD effect in combination with other effects (cavitation, electromagnetic induction, vortex effect and other) can be effectively used in any autonomous power industry, for example, to drive a high-speed turbine on a single shaft with an electric generator ( Fig. Or in a combined electric-discharge hydro-turbo-electric generator with permanent magnets (Fig. 9,10). Each of these designs has its advantages and disadvantages, but they are united by the fact that they use electric discharge chambers and shock waves-ie. Electrohydrodynamic effect of Yutkin . To obtain thermal energy, they use cavitators-perforated plates. All these designs are important in their search for the optimal circuit solution of an economical heat generator-in the way of use and wide application of the Yutkin effect in power plants of a new type. The designations of the structural elements of these devices are disclosed in the caption inscriptions. Let's consider their features a little more. As already mentioned above, (in the description to Fig. 6 ), in the case of a joint on a single shaft of a low-cost electrohydraulic turbine and a standard electric generator, a unique possibility of simultaneous production of mechanical, electrical and thermal energy appears. Such a design allows to obtain electric and thermal energy with a higher efficiency than in the previously known methods (3-6) , since the cumbersome and energy-consuming electric motor of the pump has been eliminated. In this case, the pump mode is provided by the electric discharge turbine itself. The main advantage of the new method for the production of heat and electricity, based on the EHD - installation is autonomous work, environmental cleanliness, safety, and simplicity and economy. The design of the combined magnetoelectric electrohydrodynamic turbo-hydro-electric generator ( Fig. 8 ) successfully uses vortex snails, which intensify the processes of cavitation, and thus heat release in the liquid and allows the use of serial power generators, but it is more complex and expensive than the combined structures shown in Fig. .9,. The general advantage of the designs ( Fig. 8.10 ) is that they have separate electric discharge chambers 18 removed from the turbine chamber, which increases the reliability and durability of their operation.

In the device ( Fig. 8 ), the electrodischarge chamber 2 of the EHD pump 1 is placed in a special reinforced cylinder and connected by cones with two vortex snails 11, 12 .

In the construction of the combined device ( Fig. 9 ), the electric discharge chamber of the EHD- pump 18 is placed in the tangential sleeve of the cochlea 1 .

And only in the construction ( Fig. 10 ) the electrodeposited chamber of the EHD pump is structurally combined with the cavity 2 of the turbine, and in an original way. In this case, one of the electrodes is the inner surface of the cylinder 1 , and the second electrode is the hardened turbine blades 3,4 . As a result of this combination of cameras and the use of a double-turbine turbine, rotation of the electric arc occurs along with the turbine blades, which allows to reduce the corrosive wear of the electrodes and to obtain the maximum cavitation of the liquid-hence the heat release in it-of all three versions of the devices ( Fig. 8-10 ) .

Therefore, this is the simplest and fastest electric discharge turbine and therefore allows to obtain the maximum mechanical power with the minimum dimensions of the structure on the turbine shaft with the greatest power of all the constructions of the three electrodischarged turbo-hydro-heat generators considered above.

HOW TO COMBINE NON-ABSORBENT LIQUID, FOR EXAMPLE, WATER AND ITS PAIRS?
ELECTROHYDRAULIC EXPLOSION OF WATER COOL AND ITS USE AS FUEL
IN ELECTROPARE BOILER AND MOTORS OF NEW GENERATION

The initial idea of ​​the useful application of an electrohydraulic impact in any liquid, for example water, for transformation of the internal energy of a liquid (water) isolated into this effect into other types of energy can be fully developed and applied even more effectively for its phase states, for example, for an unusual pulsed EHD - Dissociation of water vapor into H ₂ -fuel gas. Below about this, more specifically on how to use this EHD effect to efficiently convert a vapor of liquids, for example water into a new gaseous hydrogen-containing vapor-gas fuel and its subsequent combustion by electro-hydraulic explosion of water vapor. The prospect of realizing the effect of dissociation of the vapor of a liquid of this EHD effect in water vapor for its conversion to H ₂ gas is unquestionable. In this way, you can get not only pressure on the piston of the water motor, but at the same time, electricity from the water. Thus, we propose the use of a vapor of liquid as a fuel, for example, in a new generation of engines. Heat-electric power and useful excess pressure from the electrothermal explosion of water vapor (fog) -real fantasy!

It is known that the smallest suspended air of dust particles or, for example, particles of cotton of a certain concentration per unit volume, if there is a spark, is explosive to explosion.

The reason is the occurrence and rapid development of high-speed chain reactions of ionization and rapid combustion of this medium. Only a small electric spark is enough for this explosion. This effect of the explosion of fine aerosols is also used, but not yet for useful purposes. And it is quite possible and useful to harness this physical effect in useful work, for example, in non-fuel engines of a new generation.

Technology of converting steam into H ₂ - fuel and its combustion

The essence of the method. In short, the new principle I proposed for converting water vapor to H ₂ -gas-fuel consists of arc-dissociation of steam by H ₂ and O ₂ using the EHD effect. As a result, it becomes possible to obtain heat and mechanical energy and electricity from this anomalous energy of electric arc explosion of water vapor. This effect can be realized, for example, in my unusual electric-explosive steam (steam-fired) motor generator operating on water (for example, in the EHD design - according to Fig. 4 ).
Do not believe me? Then take a closer look at this proposed new technology.

The proposed method of steam combustion consists in its electric discharge dissociation and allocation of a local volume of cheap H ₂ -containing gaseous fuel from a conventional steam with its subsequent simultaneous combustion is as follows.

I propose to turn the heat losses of a classic gasoline engine into a useful job, namely evaporate water and then burn this steam!

I set out in more detail.

We perform the following simple operations in sequence:

A) First we get by heating and evaporation at the exhaust manifold of the DWW-water (or water-fuel) high-pressure steam, which we get from the water from the secondary heat of the internal combustion engine;

B) further we supply this superheated water vapor in dosed portions to a special electric discharge blasting chamber, for example, into the combustion chamber of a conventional internal combustion engine ;

C) we pass through this pair a high-voltage electric discharge, for example, from a regular but enhanced system of electrical ignition, with an adjustable continuous and spark power;

D) in the zone of this electric discharge in a determined portion of steam, we obtain the initial ignition charge H ₂ during this discharge, since in it some of the vapor molecules dissociate into H ₂ and O ₂ molecules and partly into the atomic components of H ₂ and O ₂ ;

E) this hydrogen is practically instantaneous and synchronous with the transmission of the electric spark) of the arc) explodes in the zone of the electric spark and even more raises the temperature in this starting boil of steam combustion;

F) As a result, intense combustion of the entire local volume of this portion of steam begins, because the released and burning H ₂ accelerates the process even more;

G) as a result of the avalanche increase in the process of conversion of steam into a combustible gas. The entire volume of steam passes to H ₂ and O ₂ and initiates the beginning of this mild (hard) explosion of water vapor, depending on the parameters of the electric arc and the parameters of the steam and the electric discharge chamber;

H) As a result, a shock wave of pressure develops which, through special dampers, is transmitted to the working element, for example, through a pressure reducer-a special elastic piston;

I) the combusted steam is fed through the output collector again to the discharge chambers, again ignited by an electric discharge and thus this process is cyclically repeated - the water turns into steam - it is exploded with an electric discharge and then condensed - partially heated and re-excited with an electric discharge
It turns out that such a motor does not have any exhaust in the output tract.

Where does the energy for such a steam engine come from? The answer is below. In the meantime, we will receive electricity from the steam.

Receiving electricity in the EHD explosion of water vapor

In principle, this method can simultaneously produce electricity from water vapor - simultaneously with its combustion in the process of electric-explosive dissociation of water vapor, if a deflecting field is established at the edges of the chamber (for example, permanent powerful magnets or electrets).

To do this, it is necessary to deflect the ionized particles and electrons generated by these fields in the chain reactions of this electrified vapor during its dissociation, especially during this unusual explosion-decay, of water vapor.

Those. It is necessary in the process of fast and speed-controlled burning of water vapor-to deflect electric and / or magnetic fields and then to collect precipitates on electrically insulated electrodes from the chamber from which the electric discharge was previously passed. And after that, it remains only to recombine these ions deposited on additional electrodes - the carriers of electricity through a useful electric load, which is outside the working electric explosive chamber, i.e. Transform ions and electrons formed from the dissociation of water vapor and in the pulsed electrolysis of electrodes in the electric explosion of steam into useful electrical energy - as in a conventional electrochemical source of current. This process of vapor dissociation during electrical discharge can be significantly intensified if, in addition, the vapor in such a chamber is influenced by a source of ionizing ultrashort electromagnetic radiation, for example, ultraviolet radiation or soft radioactive radiation from radioactive elements, for example, from radioactive waste in the required minimum volume initially located in Chamber, for example deposited a thin layer on electro-discharge electrodes or in thin strips along the inner surface of the chamber.

WHERE IS EXCEPTIONAL ENERGY FROM ELECTRIC VOLUME?

Summing up the discussion on the idea of ​​converting steam into fuel, let's ask ourselves a simple question:
Where does the excess energy come from the explosion of water vapor and why this process can be repeated cyclically?
Answer: Apparently such an unusual electro-steam machine is an open energy system, and in fact a heat pump with the use of huge energy of external and internal environment. The internal energy of a substance is contained in the structure itself-the state of water vapor, in its intermolecular bonds and atoms, and it-this internal vapor energy as a non-linear system is effectively and cyclically released by EHD- discharge and subsequent vapor explosion from the latent internal energy of the vapor. A and due to the skillful use of thermal losses of the motor and from the use of the hidden energy of intermolecular and intramolecular water vapor bonds. Moreover, this hidden internal energy of water vapor is released step by step and precisely as a result of such an unusual powerful effect on the nonlinear energy system by electro-hydraulic explosion of steam and its transformation into a hydrogen-containing gas that burns due to the presence of an electric spark. This process of transferring steam to gaseous H ₂ -fuel can be used effectively in heat power engineering. Naturally, the use of aqueous solutions of waste hydrocarbons, for example faeces, is even more simply and effectively realized in practical energy in this original method, since the composition of the electric discharge produced in the zone will also effectively release methane gases, contributing to the thermal ionization of the combustion process couple.

SUMMARY BY SECTION

Thus, there is a fundamental technical possibility of the useful use of the EHD effect for converting steam into a new caloric cheap gaseous fuel and its simultaneous combustion for the subsequent use of its internal energy and the released thermal energy from the combustion of water vapor into other types of energy using it in power engineering and transport .

The invention was verified in experiments on the layout from 1986 to 1989.

CONCLUSIONS:

1. The prospects of using the electro-hydraulic effect of Yutkin for the creation of efficient, non-machine heat generators of a new generation are shown.

2. New direct-flow and turboprop electrohydro (aero) jet turbines, propulsors and pumps with a minimum power consumption are proposed.

3. An EHD method is proposed for simultaneous and cheap production of thermal, kinetic and electric energy and combined electrohydrodynamic devices for its implementation.

4. An effective EHD method is proposed for converting water vapor to cheap gaseous fuels and devices for its implementation, for example a conventional ICE of motor vehicles.

SUMMARY

Thus, the well-known EHD effect opens up new horizons and prospects for a radical improvement of energy and transport.

New efficient methods of obtaining cheap heat, kinetic energy and electricity are proposed and shown in the designs and justified on a basis of joint use of the anomalous energy of the cavitation and electrohydraulic effects and the conversion and skillful use of these anomalous energies, which until now have not been fully understood by science - Useful types of energy. In the case of bringing these inventions to pre-production models and to mass production, the proposed unusual devices can soon be useful and widely applied on many fields of engineering and energy with great benefit to the world community and to Nature.

LITERATURE

1. Yutkin L.A. Electrohydraulic effect and its application in industry - L., Mashinostroenie, 1986.

2. V.Dudyshev. Method for converting the energy of electrohydraulic impact - Pat. RN No. 2157893, 1997.

3. Potapov Yu.S., Fominsky L.P. Vortex power engineering-Chisinau-Cherkassy, ​​2000, 387 p.

4. Potapov Yu.S. The heat generator and the device for its implementation are pat. RF No. 2045715

5. Fominsky L.P. Superunit heat generators against the Club of Rome-Cherkassy, ​​2003, 432 p.

6. Fedotkin IM, Guliy IS Cavitation and cavitation technology-Kiev, 1987, 840 p.

7. V.Dudyshev. The effect of unipolar charge-mass transfer of a liquid in a pulsed electric field and its use-New Energy, 2/2004.

8. VD Dudyshev, The phenomenon of VD Dudyshev. The phenomenon of direct conversion of the energy of magnetic fields of permanent magnets to other types of energies - "New Energy", 3/2004

print version
Author: Valery Dudyshev
PS The material is protected.
Date of publication 01/31/2005

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