home Economy books Global trading system: rozvitok іnstitutіv, rules іnstrumentіv COT - Tsigankova TM

Global trading system: rozvitok іnstitutіv, rules іnstrumentіv COT - Tsigankova TM

ROZDІL 1. Іnstitutsіyny basis that osnovnі fun- regulyuvannya mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі

1.1. Istoria stvorennya Svіtovoї organіzatsії torgіvlі (COT)

Svіtova organіzatsіya torgіvlі Bula target zgіdno rіshennya Urugvayskogo round bagatostoronnіh torgovelnih peregovorіv i Poch dіyati z 1995 r. Won Je nastupnitseyu Generalnoї lands tarifіv s i torgіvlі (GATT - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT), ukladenoї odrazu pіslya Druha svіtovoї vіyni. GATT, in its Cherga, Got peredіstorіyu viniknennya that іstorіyu rozvitku until one transformatsії in COT.

Before the cob Pershoї svіtovoї vіyni mіzhnarodna torgіvlya dosyagla vzhe digit obsyagіv. Rozvitok torgovelnih zv'yazkіv polegshuvavsya to the perіod stabіlnіstyu currency that vіdnosnoyu liberty Ruhu kapіtalіv i robochoї Seeley, what nagalnoї neobhіdnostі in stvorennі mіzhnarodnoї organіzatsії for regulyuvannya torgіvlі not Bulo. Svіtova vіyna zruynuvala all i tse prizvela to stvorennya rezhimіv mayzhe ekonomіchnoї avtarkії. Come zhorstkoї reglamentatsії mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі, vvedenі kraїnami in hodі vіyni, dіyali i pіslya її zakіnchennya. Renaissance Svobody torgіvlі was Tim іdealom to yakogo pragnuli Kraina. Dіysno the I, s 1919 and 1939 p. Bulo predpriynyato bagato sprob stvoriti mehanіzm regulyuvannya i rozvitku mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі.

Vzhe in 1920 p. in Bryusselі pid egіdoyu Lіgi Natsіy vіdbulas fіnansova konferentsіya predstavnikіv 30 kraїn. Zrozumіlo scho priynyatі tsієyu konferentsієyu rezolyutsії stosuvalis peredovsіm fіnansovih problems. Together s note, vіdnosno mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі konferentsіya Vislova pobazhannya, cutaneous dwellers Krajina postupovo passed od polіtiki protektsіonіzmu to vikoristannya printsipіv vіlnoї torgіvlі.

Another mіzhnarodna konferentsіya ekonomіchnih s power took place in 1922 at the Genuї p. Konferentsіya priynyala number rezolyutsіy schodo rozvitku mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі and takozh її bіlshoї regulovanostі i prognozovanostі.

In 1927 r. in Zhenevі vіdbulasya third great Ekonomichna konferentsіya on yakіy delegatіv 200 i 150 ekspertіv represented 50 kraїn svitu. Yak naslіdok through kіlka months at at diplomatichnіy konferentsії Bula pіdpisana spetsіalna konventsіya, zgіdno s yakoyu Kraina took on itself in zobov'yazannya shestimіsyachny termіn znyati OAO All zaboroni th obmezhennya on іmport that i eksport not zamіnyuvati їh zhodnimi podіbnimi taps. Ale tsya bula konventsіya not ratifіkovana bіlshіstyu kraїn, i processes lіberalіzatsії torgovelno-ekonomіchnih vіdnosin Bulo zablokovano.

Pozitivnі result Tsikh mіzhnarodnih konferentsіy viyavilisya Neznachny ale sama Tsey perіod - of acceptance konventsіy about sproschennya Mitnija formalities (. 1923 p) mіzhnarodny torgovelny arbіtrazh (. 1924 p), receptionists promislovoї vlasnostі (. 1925 p) produktsіyu promislovostі vtorinnoї pererobki metalіv ( 1929 p.) - Bulo mortgage Suchasnyj legal basis pіdґruntya svіtovoї Sistemi regulyuvannya torgіvlі. Stop before vіynoyu konferentsіyu Bulo call together in 1933 p. in Londonі. Zdіysnyuvanі mіzh EYAD svіtovimi vіynami sprobi lіberalіzatsії torgіvlі not dosyagli ochіkuvanih rezultatіv, ale pіslya Druha svіtovoї vіyni OOO All food, SSMSC obgovoryuvalisya ranіshe, znovu OPIN in tsentrі uwagi uryadіv mayzhe vsіh kraїn svitu.

On konferentsії Bretton Vudsі (Lipen 1944 p.) Boule stvorenі Dvi organіzatsії - Mіzhnarodny Monetary Fund i Mіzhnarodny Bank rekonstruktsії i rozvitku and act zaklyuchny Forum mіstiv rekomendatsії powers schodo stvorennya s metoyu regulyuvannya mіzhnarodnih torgovelno-ekonomіchnih vіdnosin Mіzhnarodnoї organіzatsії torgіvlі. Vіdomі Dvi sprobi stvorennya such іnstitutu: rozrobka Gavanskogo Statute (konferentsіya in Gavanі) i stvorennya GATT (konferentsії in Londonі that Zhenevі).

On konferentsії in Gavanі, yak vіdbuvalasya of 21 leaf fall 1947 p. 24 Bereznev 1948 p .. boule prisutnі predstavniki 56 kraїn. Gavansky Statute not pіdpisali three Kraina - Argentina, flattered Turechchina. Krіm, in robotі konferentsії not take fate CPCP, Zittau, Yaponіya, Іspanіya. Rozroblena in Gavanі for US іnіtsіativoyu mіzhnarodna lands mіstila 106 articles i Dvi osnovnі small ones: for au-Perche, the principle that organіzatsії regulyuvannya mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі, differently stvorennya mіzhnarodnoї organіzatsії s regulyuvannya torgіvlі. Lands ratifіkuvali deprivation Dvi Kraina and US samі pіznіshe vіdmovilisya od Svoge project. So rank, tsya sproba viyavilasya nevdaloyu. Natomіst on Zhenevskіy konferentsії, yak rozpochala robot Zhovtnya 1947 20 p., 23 predstavnikam Keep away rozrobiti i uhvaliti sake, yak bula named the General tarifіv lands h i torgіvlі.

Dosyagnennya lands on Zhenevskіy konferentsії poyasnyuєtsya simplicity i lakonіchnіstyu GATT text, yaky mіstiv usogo 35 articles; vikoristannyam mehanіzmu dvostoronnіh peregovorіv mіzh kraїnoyu; vіdsutnіstyu innovations organіzatsіynogo character oskіlki system vіdtvoryuvala traditsіyny order funktsіonuvannya mіzhnarodnih konferentsіy.

GATT spryamuvav his dіyalnіst proti vsіh vidіv protektsіonіzmu, krіm Mitnija tarifіv. Schopravda s metoyu znizhennya ostannіh, SSMSC on the cob dіyalnostі GATT in bagatoh kraїnah boule zanadto temple, Bulo target system of tariff peregovorіv. Pochinalis discuss it on konferentsіyah mіnіstrіv i prodovzhuvalis on rounds bagatostoronnіh torgovelnih peregovorіv.

W cob dії Generalnoї lands Bulo held vіsіm such raundіv (Table. 1). Bіlshіst torgovelnih raundіv stosuvalisya in the main znizhennya tarifіv, ale on ostannіh rounds pochavsya processes pereglyadu, reіnterpretatsії abo rozshirennya articles samoї land.

tABLE 1

Round bagatostoronnіh torgovelnih peregovorіv GATT

Eight (Urugvaysky) round torgovelnih peregovorіv CCB naybіlsh constructively i bagatostoronnіm s usіh, SSMSC Mali Location. Vіn rozglyanuv yak traditsіynі to GATT sphere (znizhennya tarifіv, clarify the rules of non-tariff pereshkod lіkvіdatsіyu i), so i novі - torgіvlya Hotel i torgovelnі aspects pov'yazanі s rights іntelektualnoї vlasnostі and takozh spherical torgіvlі goods SSMSC trivaly hour not lіberalіzuvalisya (sіlske Gospodarstwa i promislovіst easy). Usogo on raundі Bulo uhvaleno 45 lands i protokolіv, SSMSC regulyuyut rіznі eg mіzhnarodnih torgovelno-ekonomіchnih vіdnosin.

In the framework Urugvayskogo round for holding bagatostoronnіh peregovorіv Bulo target dosit organіzatsіynu folding structure. Before її warehouse uvіyshli: Komіtet s obvious, yak spetsіalny body priznacheny for sposterezhennya for vikonannyam zobov'yazan uchasnikami not vvoditi novih torgovelnih obmezhen scho superechat GATT and takozh 15 robochem negotiating group (s Mitnija tarifіv; s non-tariff zahodіv; s tropіchnih tovarіv ; s produktsії scho viroblyaєtsya on osnovі natural resursіv; s textiles that odyagu; s sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії; s subsidіy that kompensatsіynih zahodіv; s trading aspektіv rights іntelektualnu vlasnіst, vklyuchayuchi torgіvlyu pіdroblenimi goods; іz zahisnih zasterezhen; іz funktsіonuvannya Sistemi GATT; іz trading aspektіv іnvestitsіynoї polіtiki; іz zmіni GATT articles; s lands i domovlenostey schodo look around torgovoї polіtiki; vregulyuvannya superechok; s torgіvlі Hotel). Krіm addition, the Urugvayskogo round pratsyuvali chislennі neofіtsіynі robochі groupies.

One іz mainly pіdsumkіv Urugvayskogo round Bulo schodo rіshennya stvorennya (of 1 sіchnya 1995 p.) Organіzatsіynogo mehanіzmu zabezpechennya realіzatsії dogovorіv complex, scho boule rozroblenі in hodі Urugvayskogo round - Svіtovoї organіzatsії torgіvlі (COT). W time stvorennya COT i pіdpisannya complex konventsіy i dogovorіv Urugvayskogo Round GATT system COT dіє yak torgovelno-Ekonomichna UN: Treaty Je legal basis, and the COT - іnstitutsіynim mehanіzmom zabezpechennya dії tsієї system.

COT Je mіzhnarodnoyu organіzatsіynoyu by a new structure yak zasnovana to GATT, the results poperednіh pogodzhen and takozh domovlenostyah, dosyagnutih pid hour round Urugvayskogo, іnshimi words - Tse ob'єdnannya powers spryamovane on stvorennya i Sistemi pіdtrimku Yurydychna standards mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі. The members of the COT Je 144 powers that okremі mitnі teritorії on SSMSC pripadaє priblizno 95% obsyagu svіtovoї torgіvlі. Applications for priєdnannya to COT filed slit blizko 30 kraїn.

In 1995, p. (1 sіchnya) SOT-General zamіnila s sake tarifіv i torgіvlі, yak іsnuvala z 1947 roku. Uryadov, scho pіdpisali GATT ofіtsіyno viznachalis yak dogovіrnі side. Pіslya pіdpisannya novih landed in the furrows of the COT (SSMSC vklyuchayut i do updates GATT vіdomu yak GATT 1994), the stench Pocha ofіtsіynogo nazivatisya members of the COT. In 1994 kіnets rock narahovuvalos 128 dogovіrnih storіn GATT. Before kraїn, SSMSC Je dogovіrnimi parties to the GATT s cob її funktsіonuvannya in 1948 p. nalezhat: Avstralіya, Belgіya, Brazilіya, Canada, Cuba, Frantsіya. Іndіya, Luxembourg, M'yanma, Nіderlandi, Nova Zelandіya, Norvegіya, Pakistan, Pivdenna Africa Shrі Lanka Velikobritanіya, USA, Zіmbabve. In Dodatku 1 shows hronologіchna poslіdovnіst priєdnannya kraїn to GATT. Bіlshіst s Tsikh 128 kraїn became members of the COT of 1 sіchnya 1995 roku. Deyakі, takі yak Angola, Benіn, Chad, Congo, Grenada, Nіger, Qatar, came to the COT protyagom 1996 - on the cob 1997 pp, scho Bulo pov'yazano s uzgodzhennyam okremih provisions came.. Novimi members of the COT, tobto kraїnami, SSMSC not boule dogovіrnimi parties GATT z roku 1995 were: Ekvador (01/21/96) Mongolіya (01.29.97), Panama (09/06/97) Bolgarіya (01/12/96) Kirgizka Republic ( 12.20.98), Latvіya (10.02.99), Estonіya (13/11/99) Yordanіya (04/11/00) Gruzіya (06/14/00) Albanіya (08.09.00), Oman (11/09/00) Horvatіya (30.11 .00), Lithuania (05.31.01), Moldova (26.07.01), China (11.12.01) that okrema Mitnija teritorіya Taiwan (01.01.02).

Status sposterіgachіv in COT (for pitched on 01.12.02) toil: Algeria, Andorra, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belarus, Bhutan, Bosnіya, Herzegovina, Vіrmenіya, Vatіkan, Vanuatі, V'єtnam, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Kazakhstan, Laoska Narodna democratically Republic, Lіvan, Makedonіya, Nepal, Rosіyska Federatsіya, Salut, St. Toms she Principe, Saudіvska Aravіya, Seychelles, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tonga, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Yugoslavіya. And she Vіrmenіya Makedonіya complete negotiations to join i schodo ochіkuєtsya scho stink povnopravnimi become members of the COT navesnі 2003 roku.

For rules SOT-Kraina sposterіgachі (krіm Vatіkanu) povinnі protyagom p'yati rokіv h hour nabuttya status sposterіgacha rozpochati negotiation processes schodo priєdnannya to COT. Zaznachenі vische Kraina znahodyatsya on rіznih stadіyah priєdnannya to organіzatsії.

On sogodnі in sistemі COT vidіlyaєtsya Vier groupies kraїn-chlenіv: rozvinenі Kraina; Kraina, scho rozvivayutsya; naymensh rozvinenі Kraina that Kraina s ekonomіkoyu perehіdnogo types (abo tranzitnі Kraina). Usі Kraina, SSMSC for klasifіkatsієyu UN nalezhat to naymesh rozvinenih, such viznachayutsya i in the COT. To infect tsієї groupies nalezhat kraїn 49, 30 of yakih Je members and 9 znahodyatsya in stadії priєdnannya to COT (Dodatok 2). Priblizno 100 of 144 kraїn-chlenіv nalezhat to kraїn scho rozvivayutsya. However slіd zaznachiti scho tochnі kriterії viznachennya nalezhnostі Kraina to tsієї groupies i dosі vіdsutnі and sama vіdnesennya vіdbuvaєtsya on pіdstavі "samoviboru" Hoca i do not oznachaє Tse, scho Kraina bude Taqiy status automatic and priynyaty vsіmi komіtetami, radami i іnshimi pіdrozdіlami COT. Before kraїn s perehіdnoyu ekonomіkoyu vіdnosyat Ti, SSMSC in Mali passed tsentralіzovano-planned ekonomіku (Kraina Shіdnoї that Tsentralnoї Єvropi and takozh Kraina kolishnogo CPCP), and infections zdіysnyuyut rinkovі reform. INSHI Kraina vvazhayutsya rozvinenimi.

Stvorennya COT factuality was naybіlshoyu reform svіtovoї torgіvlі for perіod scho minuv s kіntsya Druha svіtovoї vіyni, realіzuvavshi in bіlsh suchasnіy formі sprobu stvorennya in 1948 rotsі Mіzhnarodnoї organіzatsії torgіvlі. Tsim Bulo completed formuvannya main complex unіversalnih dogovorіv Sistemi GATT, scho dozvolyaє govorito stvorennya about a new global legal order in the main areas troh torgovelnih operatsіy - Goods, Hotel, Intelektualna vlasnіst - to the side of the GATT yakogo pragnuli s time pіdpisannya Generalnoї land.