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The global trading system: rozvitok institutes, rules, labor of SOT - Tsigankova TM

1.4. Principles of the international trading system

Ugodi Svitovoi organizatsii trades in the international legal documents, but in detail regulate all possible processes and activities for the object of the skin concrete concessions. Розглянуті вище угоди стосуються різних аспектів міжнародної торгівлі, але всі вони розроблені з урахуванням ключових principleів functціонування міжнародної торговельної системи. With the principle of the principles of rozumyutsya basics, vihіdnі pozdnjanya, rules diyalnosti. Secretarial of SOT vidilyaє nastupnі keyovі principle of international trade system :

• Недискримінація;
• Вільна торгівля;
• Perebachuvannost;
• Competition is fair;
• Spryannya rozvitku ta ekonomichnim reforms.

Principle torgіvlі without diskrimіnatsії realіzuєtsya Shlyakhov zastosuvannya regime naybіlshogo spriyannya at Money Does Krajina zabezpechuє odnakovі minds torgіvlі for vsіh uchasnikіv COT, that natsіonalnogo mode, Money Does іmportovanі when the goods are not shaping can pіddavatisya diskrimіnatsії on vnutrіshnomu Rinku Kraina. In this way, the principle of non-discriminatory access to the two rivnyah: Mizh kraineami-members of the COT (through the regime naybіlshogo spryannya) and між національними та неноземними товаров на интеріішньому ринку (through the national trading regime).

Poslozhnya shodo regimen naybіlshogo sprijannya є nastilki important, scho vono є prioritetnim in the main SOT - GATT, GATS, TRIPS.

In General, in the tariffs and trade regimes of the niblilshogo spryprennya, Stattia I - the Overbearing regime of the niblilshogo sprijannya "schodomit m ta mitnikh zborіv be-yakogo genu, nakladeni imimport chiksport, zak zyazku z them, nakladenih na mіzhorннніння for payment for import The export of goods, and also the method of stamping such mittens and zaboriv that of all rules and formalities in the name of importation by export, be it a yoke of surrender, sprynynya, priavili chi umunitet, yakі nadayuyutsya be-ostavlyayu side, scho domovlyaetsya, vidnosno be- I like the goods, but resemble the be-for-the-curve distinctions for the sake of self-confidence, compulsorily and irresistibly nadavatisya analogous goods, such as the description of the terriotії of all the іnshіsі of terms of the іt of accounts for the accounts for terіtorії allіh інших сторін. [3 page 438]

In Generalnіy ugodі s torgіvlі Hotel mode naybіlshogo spriyannya traktuєtsya the following rank (statte II - naybіlshogo spriyannya mode): "schodo whether yakogo sunset, yaky ohoplyuєtsya tsієyu lands, skin member responsible Nadachi negayno i bezumovno for poslug i postachalnikіv poslug whether yakogo іnshogo Member Regime, not mensh prjatlivlivy, anizh tom, yakiy vin nadaє for the same ambassador abo postavalnikov obedient be-anchovoshin kraїni. [4 с.304]

Lands about torgovelnі aspects of the right іntelektualnoї vlasnostі traktuє mode naybіlshogo spriyannya in Stattі 4 - natsії mode, yak koristuєtsya naybіlshimi perevagami "whether yak perevaga, spriyannya, pіlga abo іmunіtet scho nadaєtsya member of pіddanim whether yakoї іnshoї Kraina, povinnі Buti negayno i bezumovno Надані підданим всіх інших Memberів ". [5 p.339]

It is imposed on the regime of the niblilshogo sprijannya є rіznimi for the form, але вони віддзеркалюють one and the same principle недискримінації в торгівлі країн-членів СТО. To the principle of non-discriminatory mozhilі viklyucheny viklyuchennya, ymov zastosuvannya yakikh zakischeni y vidpіdnih stataty GATT, GATS ta TRIPS.

Zrozumilo, scho regimen naybіlshogo sprijannya nedostatno for zabezpechennya nediskriminatsіyno torgіvі vasledіdok of that, nо rіvnі mozvy access to the market edge mіyut bouti nіveljovіі natsіonalnim regimen po vіdnoshennі to іnozhnikh eksporterіv. And the main part of the national regime of the households of the COT is the non-disguise of the non-terrestrial goods, which served as subscriptions to the telecommunication authorities for the domestic market. The goal is to clarify the status of the GATT, GATS and TRIPS statistics:

• GATT, Article III - The national regime of shodo vnutrennogo obodotkatvannya ta reguljuvannya: "... intranstvennye podatki i інші внутрирішні zbori ta zakony, rulesa vimogi, yakі stosuyut'sya vnutrishnogo gorod, propositions up to sale, purchase, transportuvannya. Rozpodіlu chi vikoristannya tovarіv and takozh rules vnutrіshnogo kіlkіsnogo regulyuvannya, SSMSC vstanovlyuyut vimogi schodo zmіshuvannya, pererobki chi vikoristannya tovarіv in Pevnyi kіlkostyah chi proportsіyah not povinnі zastosovuvatisya to іmportovanih chi vіtchiznyanih tovarіv such rank, dwellers stvoryuvati Zahist for vіtchiznyanogo virobnitstva "; [3 page 441]
• GATS statte XVII - Natsіonalny mode "in sectors SSMSC incoming to natsіonalnogo Rozkladu, i for vikonannya minds that kvalіfіkatsіynih vimog, obumovlenih in nomu, skin Member responsible Nadachi Hotel i postachalnikam poslug whether yakogo іnshogo Member schodo vsіh zahodіv, SSMSC torkayutsya delivery The service, the regime, not the mischievous, the anil of the one, a certain vin nada, the same to his own ambassadors to the servicearies "; [4 p. 317]
• TRІPS, statte 3 - Natsіonalny mode "Cutaneous Member responsible Nadachi pіddanim іnshih Chlenіv mode is not Mensch spriyatlivy, nіzh one yaky vіn nadaє svoїm pіddanim schodo receptionists іntelektualnoї vlasnostі for vinyatkami, SSMSC vzhe peredbachenі, vіdpovіdno have Parizkіy konventsії (1967) The Bernsk Convention (1971), the Rome Convention in the Treaty on Intellectual Property Stocks and Integral Microcircuits. Що стосується виконавців, виробників phonogram та радіомовних оргаізацій, таке збов'яяня застасовується лише щдо прав, добачених цією The face. Be a Member, be scotivated by the opportunities, pugilism of the Stati VI of the Berne Convention (1971), paragraph 1 (b) of the Statutes of the XVI Rome Convention, MAE spovistiti Radu TRIPS, yak pobarcheno in tsikh polozhennyah. [5 p.339]

In the national regime, as in the regime of the niblilshogo sprijannya mozhut buty zbobleni pivnі viklyuchennya, order zastosuvannya some regulate the incoming documents and the hospitality of the COT.

The principle of real trading is realized in the SOT by carrying out rounds of bagatelong trade negotiations with the method of selling and selling barteries and keeping the minds for business negotiations. Early it became clear that at the time of the GATT's fall in 1947, the bicycles were held during the rounds of such negotiations, and the result was a breeze of the depreciation of the rates of the mit on comrades, the middle rivets of which at times become approximately 5% of commodities. In addition, bilsh vіlnіі torgіvі сілили і домовленості про vілний (тобто з nullлькоюю микую мита) access багатох товарів на внутрирішні ринки країн-членів. Лібералізації світової торгівлі сприяло також збільшення частки адвалорних тарифів, які є більш правовими з тору міжнародної торгівлі порівняно зі специфічними і комбінованими, in zagalnyі kіlostі zastosovuvanіy fіlііvіv. On the basis of 90% of the rates of tariffs, to be zastosovuyutsya members of the COT, - advalornimi.

Розвитку більш вільної торгівлі сприяє і домовленість країн-членів about зарону застсування кількісних обмежень (імпортних квот, ліцензій). In a single sphere, the adherence of kіlkісних обмежень to viglyadі tariff quotas on сьогодні залишається сільське годарство.

Застосування заходів з лібералізації торгівлі є, as a rule, postupovim. For vprovazhenzhenya zayotih on yourself zobov'azan nadaetsya pevniy period. Він є більш довгим для країн, що розвиваються.

Predstabachannost rozvitku mіzhnarodnogo torghіvі to reach dyama shams: зв'язуванням tariffs on tariff positions та забезпеченням прозорості національної торговельної політики.

If, in the result of trade negotiations, the COTs are removed from the trading negotiations, they are accounted for in the domestic markets for non-terrestrial goods and services, then stink "zv'zyuyut" for themselves in the form of zobovans. In Pershu chergo tsessaetsya, zvichayno, rivnya імпортних tariffs for tariff positions. The name of the tariff is signified, scho kraina, yaka took on itself taki zobov'jannja, it is guilty:

• Do not pay a fare to the rate of the "zv'yazany" river;
• The extension of the termed term (for bilshosti kraїn vіk to become 5 rock), postpone zniziti rate of a mite up to a minimally gorged river.

Taksy zobov'yazanya kraїni fіksyutsya in tariff rozkladah і є available for znakoymlenya all the members of the COT. Зрозуміло, що знання існуючої highest bid мита та розкладу її зниження робить торгівлю передбачуваною. One of the positive moments of the Uruguay Round from the point of view of the realiza- tion to the principle of perinality in the trade of the pythonage of the calling tariffs (Table 4). With the price for 100% of the tariffs for the production of the Silesian statehood, it is called.

Table 4

Зміна рівня зв'язаності тарифів по групах країн після Uruguay Round GATT [11]

Peredachchavostnost rozvitku Torgovelnyh protsessiv spriyane і vimoga prozorostі natsionalnogo trade polity. Taka prozorost to reach yak іnformuvannyam poddpіdіnіh structural підрозділів SOT about zmіni in the laws of the naimіrah zastosuvannya pivnikh іnstrumentіv trade and politics, oprylyudnennyamіpovіdnіh normative actives in the form of masovoі іnformatsії, so І shlashom zastosuvannya mekhanizmu oglyadu promyshlennoї polіtiki. Vimogi prozorostі torgovelnih zahodіv mіstyatsya access in all sectoral lands COT: the general ground of the s i tarifіv torgіvlі (statte X - Publіkatsіya that zastosuvannya torgіvlі rules); General for the sake of trading trades (Stattya ІІІ - Prosority); Ugoda pro vozdevelnyi asyte of rights інтелектуальної власності (Стаття 63 - Відкритість).

The principle of fair competition can not be literally rozuminnyi chiogo words pidstverditi yakimos one z stolenen ugod SOT. However, the sukupnist Cich ugod yakraz і is rectified to the brainstorm of the minds for fair competition. Tse i schodo provisions of that regime naybіlshogo spriyannya natsіonalnogo mode, i antidempіngovі procedure is come in, i the position of pro subsidії i kompensatsіynі come in toscho. COT is not a syllable sprimati yak institute, єdinoyu metoyu yakogo є vіlna torgivlya. In rozporyadzhennі kraine zalyshayatsya dostatnya kіlkіst zahisnih zahodіv, ave stinks pozvonovі zasstosovavatysya prisushennya minds of good-natured rivalry.

The principle of the development of economic development and economic reforms най nybіlsh diskusіnim in otsінці діяльності оргаізації. W one side, dіysno, membership in SOT nadaє mozhlivostі koristuvannya perevagami naybіlshogo spriyannya mode, the system rozv'yazannya superechok scho stimulyuє natsіonalny eksport that ob'єktivno priskoryuє rozumіnnya neobhіdnostі Venue of seryoznih ekonomіchnih reforms. On the other side, lіberalіzatіsya intranіnogo rinku vzryatі kraїnuyu zobov'yаnnya izkladnuyat, as a rule, socially-economical, and unіdі and polіtichnu situatsіyu in kraїnі, іo іnemozhlіnu zdіysnennya neobhіdnih reforms. As such sobі membership to the WTO is not virіshuє problemi rozvitku that reformuvannya Economy Kraina and tіlki stvoryuє minds for vikoristannya Uryadov kraїn-chlenіv potentsіynih perevag uchastі in mіzhnarodnіy torgovelnіy sistemі. To Tom, characterizing the principle of promotion to the economic reforms of the conflict, to signify the declko suttiev, to our view, aspects. According au-Perche, the principles at the basis put SSMSC dіyalnostі mіzhnarodnih organіzatsіy Je vіddzerkalennyam pragnen schodo dosyagnennya tsіley that organіzatsії dіyalnostі s tsієyu metoyu rather than concrete results funktsіonuvannya organіzatsії. W tsogo drive dorechno nagadati Marrakesku deklaratsіyu od 15 kvіtnya 1994 rock in yakіy mіnіstri pіdtverdili scho zasnuvannya Svіtovoї organіzatsії torgіvlі "provіschaє nova Yeru global ekonomіchnogo spіvrobіtnitstva, vіdobrazhaє wider Bazhannya pratsyuvati in the minds bіlsh spravedlivoї i vіdkritoї bagatostoronnoї system on korist she Dobrobut svoїh narodіv" . [1 p.XIII] In a different way, the principle is complex, including in fact two processes: the conduct of economic reforms and economic development. To prichomu tsi processions do not zavzhdi garmoniyno vzaimopov'yazimimi, tobto not all economical reforms (for various reasons) to produce up to an economical zrostannya. However, the economy is harder to work, but it is far behind the reforms. Tom slid pogoditis, scho destiny svyotovy Torgovelnіy sistemy dіysno spriyeє reformed national economic. For example, in the Marrakeshi Declaration on 15 June 1994, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs considered that "the hour of negotiations for the banks, the cities, the regions, the past, the planned, centralized economy, the bullets in the most important way, go directly to the reform of the economy," he said. [1 с.ХІV] The problem of the economical zrostania is in the sphere of non-middle-class competence, in the sphere of competence and not in the COT, but in the regions of the region.

Literature

1. Marrakeskaya declarations for 15 quarters of 1994. - in the book. Result, 1998. p. ХІІІ-ХІV.

2. Marrakeska lands about zasnuvannya Svіtovoї organіzatsії torgіvlі - in the book .: Result Urugvayskogo round bagatostoronnіh torgovelnih peregovorіv: Text ofіtsіynih dokumentіv. К .: "Вимір", Секретаріат Міжвідомчої комісії з feed the entrance of Ukraine to the SOT, 1998. p.3-15.

3. General requirements for tariffs and trade. - in the book: Results of the Uruguay Round of Bagatopolis Trade Negotiations: Texts of Documentary Documents. К .: "Вимір", Секретаріат Міжвідомчої комісії з feed the entrance of Ukraine to the SOT, 1998. с.438-503.

4. General for the sake of trading trades. - in the book: Results of the Uruguay Round of Bagatopolis Trade Negotiations: Texts of Documentary Documents. К .: "Вимір", Секретаріат Міжвідомчої комісії з feed the entrance of Ukraine to the SOT, 1998. p.301-335.

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12. Trade Training Program Module 1: Thinking About Trade Policy. Catapult network. Center for Trade Policy and Law (Canada).

13. Trade Training Program Module 2: Introduction to Trade Principles. Catapult network. Center for Trade Policy and Law (Canada).

14. Trade Training Program Module 3: The Mechanics of the WTO - how the Institution Works.

15. The 128 countries that had signet GATT 1994 - the official web site of the COT - www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/gattmen_e.htm

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19. Members of the WTO budget and the budget of the Appellate Body for the year 2002 - the official web site of the COT - www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/secre_e/contr_e.htm

20. WTO Secretariat budget for 2002 - the official web site of the COT - www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/secre_e/budget_e.htm

21. Least-developed countries - the official web site of the COT - www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org7_e.htm

22. The Secretariat - the official web site of the COT - www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org4_e.htm

23. Divisions - the official web site of the COT - www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/secre_e/div_e.htm

24. WTO 2000 - the official web site of the COT - www.wto.org/about/about.htm

25. Members specific commitments - the official web site of the COT - www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/schedules_e/goods_schedules_e.htm