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Global trading system: rozvitok іnstitutіv, rules іnstrumentіv COT - Tsigankova TM

3.3. Mehanіzm vregulyuvannya superechok within COT

3.3.1. Evolyutsіya mehanіzmu vregulyuvannya superechok od GATT to COT

Vregulyuvannya superechok vіdіgraє provіdnu role in mіzhnarodnіy torgіvelnіy sistemі. So, statte III item 2 Domovlenostі about rules of i procedure is vregulyuvannya superechok viznacheno scho "system vregulyuvannya superechok COT Je Central Elements in spravі zabezpechennya Bezpeka i peredbachuvanostі bagatostoronnoї torgіvelnoї system. The members of the COT viznayut scho vіn serve to Zahist rights that zobov'yazan chlenіv COT for ohoplenimi lands and takozh to clarify the position of іsnuyuchih Tsikh lands vіdpovіdno to zvichaynih rules tlumachennya mіzhnarodnogo publіchnogo law. " [5, c.371]

Vregulyuvannya superechok Je vazhlivim zasobom garantuvannya vikonannya members COT zobov'yazan, SSMSC boule priynyatі pid hour trading peregovorіv. Without efektivnosti mehanіzmu rozv'yazannya problems scho vinikayut in torgovelno-ekonomіchnih vіdnosinah, Kraina could b vikoristovuvati diplomatіyu deprivation. In takіy situatsії virіshennya superechki mozhlive, Yakscho in oboh storіn Je Bazhannya Know vzaєmopriynyatne rіshennya. In protilezhnomu vipadku superechka virіshuvalasya b s pozitsії Seeley: Ekonomichna chi polіtichna force uchasnikіv viznachala b їh result. Tom odnієyu s basic perevag COT Je zabezpechennya mozhlivostі to whether yakoї Kraina member vikoristovuvati Square vregulyuvannya superechok procedure for realіzatsії svoїh rights for the sake of trading vіdpovіdnimi COT.

In praktitsі svіtovoї torgovelnoї Sistemi superechkami Je suttєvі rozbіzhnostі in іnterpretatsії Pevnyi trade rules chi zobov'yazannya. Zazvichay superechka vinikaє, Yakscho Kraina Pevnyi zaprovadzhuє torgovі come in chi zastosovuє dії, SSMSC on Dumka odnієї chi kіlkoh kraїn-chlenіv COT, porushuyut ukladenі lands chi prizvodyat to nevikonannya kraїnoyu svoїh zobov'yazan.

Before mayzhe hrestomatіynih nalezhat takі superechok butt. In 1958 rotsі Velikobritanіya filed will call up to the GATT, scho іtalіysky law yaky peredbachaє spetsіalnі kredituvannya fermerіv minds, scho zakupovuyut viroblenu in Іtalії sіlskogospodarsku tehnіku, porushuє GATT about natsіonalny mode, i scho tse Yea diskrimіnatsієyu schodo britanskogo eksportu analogіynoї produktsії.

And in 1989 rotsі Canada filed Call scho yaponska system klasifіkatsії vidіv Dereviny Je diskrimіnatsіynoyu on vіdnoshennyu to kanadskih postachalnikіv, i scho tse superechit zobov'yazannyam Yaponії schodo zabezpechennya natsіonalnogo regime. In 1997, the United States filed rotsі Call scho Іndіya not vprovadila vіdpovіdne natsіonalne zakonodavstvo stosovno patent Zahist, yak that vimagaє lands TRІPS, i scho tse zavdaє Skoda roztashovanim in US farmatsevtichnim that hіmіchnim pіdpriєmstvam, SSMSC zdіysnyuyut eksport vіdpovіdnoї produktsії to Іndії.

Procedure vregulyuvannya superechok іsnuvala i GATT, ale in nіy not іsnuvalo chіtko vstanovlenih hours obmezhen schodo rozglyadu will call i Tsei Bulo Legshei zablokuvati processes. Rules This procedure vregulyuvannya superechok GATT Pocha skladatis pіslya Konferentsії UN s torgіvlі that zaynyatostі scho held in Gavanі in 1947-1948 Rokach. Paragraph 1 Stattі XXII GATT peredbachav Venue of dvostoronnіh konsultatsіy yak basis for vregulyuvannya sporіv mіzh parties "schodo whether yakogo power, yak stosuvalos dії danoї lands." Takozh on RFQ storіn held i podalshі bagatostoronnі konsultatsії "schodo whether yakogo power to yakogo mozhna not know zadovіlne rіshennya through konsultatsії zgіdno paragraph 1". [2, c.469]

The following procedure is stadієyu tsієї Bulo stvorennya robochoї groupies. GATT practice rozvivalo stvorennya robochem group for vregulyuvannya sporіv s cob svoєї dіyalnostі rotsі in 1948 and 1952 s rock tse was zvichaynoyu procedures. In vіdpovіdnostі s grupa her guilty bula skladatis of 3 ekspertіv od kraїn, zatsіkavlenih in spravі scho rozglyadalas. Grupa zbiralas for sluhan that z'yasuvannya pozitsіy on sutі Spravi oboh kraїn and takozh іnshih zatsіkavlenih dogovіrnih storіn. Potіm EXPERT groupies gotuvalas dopovіd, yak bazuvalas tlumachennі on the provisions of the GATT that quiet principles SSMSC vikoristovuvalis at rozglyadі poperednіh ref.

Dopovіd passed on rozglyad Generalnoї sake. In vipadku skhvalennya Reports of the Parties povinnі boule dіyati in vіdpovіdnostі s її visnovkami that rіshennyami. Against Yakscho rіshennya not vikonuvalis odnієyu s storіn, Parliament could not її primusiti.

Pіslya round Kennedі that Tokіyskogo round bagatostoronnіh trading peregovorіv, procedures, GATT schodo vregulyuvannya superechok postіyno vdoskonalyuvalis that dopovnyuvalis novimi rіshennyami that domovlenostyami. Before them zokrema vіdnosyatsya:

Rіshennya 5 od 1966 roku about kvіtnya procedures over statte XXIII of GATT, SSMSC zastosovuvalis in vіdnoshennі superechok mіzh rozvinenimi kraїnami that kraїnami scho rozvivayutsya;

Domovlenіst about Notification, konsultatsії, vregulyuvannya sporіv that sposterezhennya od 28 leaf fall in 1979 roku that Dodatok to neї: Uzgodzheny Opis zagalnoї GATT practice in the Branch vregulyuvannya superechok;

Rіshennya about PROCEDURE vregulyuvannya superechok od 29 leaf fall 1982 roku dopovnila Domovlenіst 1979 roku, yak small udoskonaliti procedure is zabezpechiti bіlsh efektivnosti vikoristannya іsnuyuchogo mehanіzmu rozv'yazannya superechok;

Rіshennya about PROCEDURE vregulyuvannya superechok od 30 leaf fall in 1984 roku Where Money Does rozglyadalis power stvorennya that the robot group ekspertіv;

Rіshennya about udoskonalennya rules that GATT procedures s vregulyuvannya superechok od 12 kvіtnya 1989 roku, yak introduced in dіyu rozshireny varіant Domovlenostі 1979 rock, scho dіyala to nabuttya chinnostі lands zasnuvannya about COT.

Tsya system vregulyuvannya superechok pridіlyala Especially uwagi prirodі trading superechok, napolyagayuchi on neobhіdnostі їh amicably vregulyuvannya and takozh gnuchkomu tlumachennyu land (s urahuvannyam poperednіh rіshen) s metoyu yaknayshvidshogo vregulyuvannya superechki. Prote hotіlosya b vkazati on deyakі negativnі aspects of the system vregulyuvannya superechok GATT SSMSC viklikali INCREASING sturbovanіst uchasnikіv land in the Rocky ostannі Urugvayskogo round peregovorіv:

vіdstrochennya stvorennya group that cob schodo procedures eight rіznih superechok;

vіdstrochki pіdtverdzhennya dopovіdey ekspertіv group;

zbіlshennya kіlkostі nezgod s rіshennyami s vregulyuvannya superechok in the 80 Ti Rocky (Especially s side of the United States, Canada is the ЄS) that nepovne chi umovne vikonannya rіshen s vregulyuvannya superechok;

Visokiy vіdsotok nevikonannya from the right about that antidempіngovі kompensatsіynі mita, that nevisoky rіven їh vregulyuvannya in tsіlomu;

zbіlshennya kіlkostі zastosuvan odnostoronnіh trading sanktsіy pіslya zapitіv about dozvіl prizupinennya to act in vіdpovіdnostі s paragraph 2 stattі XXIII of GATT Where Money Does Bulo vіdmovleno;

INCREASING criticism PROCEDURE vregulyuvannya sporіv s side kraїn-chlenіv GATT.

Tom in rezultatі Urugvayskogo round peregovorіv qiu system Bulo suttєvo vdoskonaleno Shlyakhov Introduction bіlsh chіtkogo i reglamentovanogo mehanіzmu vregulyuvannya superechok. Domovlenostі of acceptance about the rules of that procedure vregulyuvannya superechok skasuvalo mozhlivіst blokuvannya rіshennya kraїnoyu scho prograє right. On vіdmіnu od GATT rіshennya priymaєtsya, Yakscho not Got consensus proti Demba. So rank, whether yak Krajina, yak Hoca zablokuvati rіshennya guilty perekonati in tsomu vsіh chlenіv COT (in fact i chislі Svoge suprotivnika on spravі), scho malovіrogіdno.