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Global trading system: rozvitok іnstitutіv, rules іnstrumentіv COT - Tsigankova TM

4.2.5. Problems of that prospect rozrobki bagatostoronnіh competition law

Vіdsutnіst zakonodavstva, yak regulyuє konkurentsіyu, abo yogo mehanіzmіv vikonannya in bagatoh cranes member COT Je logіchnim obґruntuvannyam neobhіdnostі uhvalennya mіzhnarodnih rules against tse odnochasno stvoryuє dodatkovі problemi schodo їh rozrobki i uzgodzhennya. Krіm of Je dosit small ymovіrnіst of scho vdastsya stvoriti єdinu vіdpovіdnih a comprehensive system of norms, yak vlashtuє vsіh Chlenіv organіzatsії. Rіzny rіven ekonomіchnogo rozvitku kraїn, and especially transit camp Economy bagatoh s them ob'єktivno vimagayut rіznih pіdhodіv that printsipіv organіzatsії konkurentnoї polіtiki.

Navіt Sered rozvinenih rinkovih ekonomіk іz stronger competition law regimes, zalishayutsya znachnі vіdmіnnostі in tsіlyah natsіonalnih zakonіv about konkurentsіyu and takozh in sutnostі standards that їh vikonannya modes. Napriklad, amerikanske competition law poklikat maksimіzuvati Dobrobut spozhivacha [10], in one hour yak rehearse competition law іnshih kraїnah such yak Canada poklikanі dosyagati th INSHI tsіlі. Paragraph 1.1 Kanadskoї Holds about konkurentsіyu zaznachaє scho "tsіllyu tsієї Holds Je pіdtrimka i zaohochennya konkurentsії in Kanadі for stimulyuvannya efektivnostі th adaptivnostі kanadskoї Economy, Szo dopomozhe rozshiriti mozhlivostі prisutnostі Kraina on svіtovih Rink at odnochasnomu viznannі rolі іnozemnoї konkurentsії in Kanadі for dwellers garantuvati . Malim i serednіm pіdpriєmstvam rіvnopravnі mozhlivostі uchastі in kanadskіy ekonomіtsі i zabezpechennya competitive spozhivchih tsіn i mozhlivostey Vibor produktsії "[9-11; 13; 19, p. 29] In Єvropі, competition law formuєtsya pid vplivom osnovnoї polіtichnoї tsіlі - stimulyuvannya rozvitku spіlnogo market analysis [12].

Іnshoyu Problems Yea those scho bagato natsіonalnih rezhimіv competition law stvoryuyut spetsіalnі viklyuchennya for Pevnyi vidіv dіyalnostі chi sektorіv Gospodarstwa. Okremі Vidi dіyalnostі, zvіlnenі od vplivu competition law in the US i Kanadі, in the same hour, mozhut pіdpadati pid dіyu Єvropeyskih competition rules. Deyakі natsіonalnі laws are clearly dopuskayut diskrimіnatsіyu іnozemnih konkurentіv i spozhivachіv. Napriklad, US law does not i Canada zaboronyayut kartelnі land, Yakscho їh dіyalnіst wear viklyuchno eksportny character. Kanadskі virobniki not shaping can housewifely about fіksatsіyu tsіn for goods SSMSC stink prodayutsya in Kanadі, ale shaping can housewifely about їh fіksatsіyu for tovarіv, SSMSC prodayutsya stink on Rink zovnіshnіh.

Nazvanі vische problemi obgovoryuvalis uchasnikami peregovorіv for "Ugodі torgіvelnі about aspects of the right іntelektualnoї vlasnostі", yak Perche became sproboyu mіzhnarodnogo torgovelnogo spіvtovaristva in stvorennі yuridichnoї bazi competition law in sferі іntelektualnoї vlasnostі. Sogodnіshnya situatsіya s competition law nagaduє camp right at the sferі іntelektualnoї vlasnostі ukladannya to land, if bagato kraїn poterpali od nestachі basic rules that nespromozhnostі zabezpechiti їh vikonannya.

Dodatkovogo pesimіzmu dodaє slit i those scho prinaymnі two main factors SSMSC zabezpechili ukladannya "lands torgovelnі about aspects of the right іntelektualnoї vlasnostі" vіdsutnі vіdnoshennyu according to competition law. Purshia s them stosuєtsya vіdsutnostі chіtko viznachenogo Cola zatsіkavlenih storіn. Dobre organіzovanі pіdpriєmnitskі Interests in the United States, she Єvropі Yaponії sponukali to maksimіzatsії zusil for the dwellers about the power of law іntelektualnoї vlasnostі that standardization їh efektivnosti vikonannya, boules vnesenі in order denny Urugvayskogo round peregovorіv. Pokey Absent nіyakogo svіdchennya about podіbnі silnі pіdpriєmnitskі Interests schodo mіzhnarodnih competition law krіm, mozhlivo, іnteresіv schodo garmonіzatsії PROCEDURE perevіrki protsesіv zlittya. Іnshoyu klyuchovoyu vіdmіnnіstyu in kontekstі rozrobki competition rules Yea those set scho Absent mіzhnarodnih land, SSMSC b іsnuvali ranіshe, i mozhna to yakih Bulo b zvernutisya NOW. Bagato aspektіv іntelektualnoї vlasnostі, natomіst, regulyuvalisya rіznimi land, pochinayuchi s kіntsya XIX stolіttya [11].

Sche odnієyu Problems Yea those yak about lands competitive polіtiku bude uzgodzhuvatisya s trading standards COT right. Yak zaznacheno vische, trade second is competitive polіtiki mozhut іnodі konflіktuvati, i sumіsnіst standards torgovoї polіtiki s whether yakimi novimi standards konkurentsії povinnі Buti vіdobrazhenimi in ugodі about competition law.

Trash chi vibіrkove vikonannya standards konkurentnoї polіtiki Mauger Buti nastіlki zagrozlivim Well, yak i sutnіsna nedorozrobka rules themselves. Trash vikonannya became the basis Skarga amerikantsіv schodo Spravi Kodak / Fuji. Bagato kraїn-chlenіv COT against not toil dostatnіh resursіv i spetsіalnih knowledge that dosvіdu, neobhіdnih for efektivnosti vikonannya standards konkurentnoї polіtiki. On vіdmіnu od Zahist rights іntelektualnoї vlasnostі, yaky in bіlshіy mіrі, realіzuєtsya Private parties in tsivіlnih courts realіzatsіya competition law od dієvogo deposits, good fіnansovanogo natsіonalnogo body yaky Got polіtichnu nezalezhnіst i vіdpovіdnu kompetentsіyu. Kompetentsіya vіdіgraє the great significance of the fact scho zastosuvannya competition rules do not directly Je. In bagatoh vipadkah rozglyad Spravi s power konkurentsії vimagaє collapsible ekonomіchnogo analіzu on osnovі rozslіduvannya factuality.

Nayavnіst problems in vikonannі competitive zakonodavstva in bagatoh Chlenіv organіzatsії uskladnyuє processes ukladannya lands s mіzhnarodnih standartіv vikonannya, Especially for standartіv, SSMSC zastosovuvatimutsya in vregulyuvannya superechok processes in the framework of the COT.

Pristosuvannya procedures vregulyuvannya superechok scho іsnuyut furrows in the COT, for standartіv efektivnosti vikonannya konkurentnoї polіtiki stvoryuє dodatkovі problem. Vregulyuvannya superechok potrebuє vіdpovіdі zapitannya on the following: Chi no superechat normalized natsіonalnogo zakonodavstva powers that standardization vikonannya tsogo zakonodavstva їhnіm obov'yazkam furrows in COT? Vіdpovіd zapitannya on tse, and especially to a friend Yogo Chastain, peredbachaє dosit folding procedure. Potrіbna foldable metodologіya analіzu for rozslіduvannya vіdpovіdnostі dіyalnostі Reigning Antimonopoly organіv s Reigning zobov'yazannyami that for otsіnki mozhlivih naslіdkіv antikonkurentnoї dіyalnostі.

In the COT vinikayut pevnі skladnoschі s so otsіnyuvannyam. According au-Perche, groupies ekspertіv COT іnstrumentіv not toil for dwellers zabezpechiti filed vsіma parties superechki Povny package potrіbnoї for rozslіduvannya Informácie, yak wearing virіshalny character at protsesі vregulyuvannya. In other words, in "the first rule about Domovlenostі PROCEDURE vregulyuvannya superechok" (DSU) is not Got chіtkogo viznachennya mainly printsipіv that mehanіzmіv vikoristannya Informácie pid hour protsesіv. In one hour yak DSU deklaruє, scho all Informácie guilty Buti konfіdentsіynoyu "Hіd, negotiated at Grupo ekspertіv Je konfіdentsіynim. Zvіti group ekspertіv skladayutsya without prisutnostі storіn superechki in svіtlі nadanoї Informácie i zroblenih stated. Dumka, vislovlenі in zvіtі groupies ekspertіv okremimi members tsієї groupies anonіmnimi Je "(statte 14) [2, p. 381], mehanіzm Zahist konfіdentsіynostі zalishaєtsya not zrozumіlim. Procedure vregulyuvannya superechki vimagaє rozkrittya neobhіdnoї Informácie for vsіh storіn processes, ale Absent nіyakih spetsіalnih іnstrumentіv, SSMSC b garantuvali, scho tsya not bude іnformatsіya vikoristovuvatis for tsіley not pov'yazanih s PROCEDURE vregulyuvannya superechki. Thirdly mozhliva skladnіst - tse nevpevnenіst vіdnosno mozhlivostey COT schodo neobhіdnih Venue of Sanitary and Epidemiological, vklyuchayuchi Sanitary and Epidemiological sferі in competition law, Economy, Statistics vіdpovіdnoї that the Branch virobnitstva, Hoca i DSU rules nadayut pevnі garantії schodo vikonannya neobhіdnih Sanitary and Epidemiological. Grupa ekspertіv COT guilty Buti visokokvalіfіkovanoyu th od zalezhnostі obiratis in particular vipadku. In Stattі 8 DSU zaznacheno scho "GROUP ekspertіv skladayutsya s visokokvalіfіkovanih Uriadovy that / abo neuryadovih osіb, in addition chislі, SSMSC vzhe pratsyuvali at Grupo ekspertіv abo fed up neї right, ... vikladali mіzhnarodne torgovelne right chi polіtiku abo Mali publіkatsії in Tsikh Galuzo, abo Well pratsyuvali in rolі head predstavnika in sferі torgovelnoї polіtiki Member COT.

The members of groupies ekspertіv povinnі obiratisya such rank, dwellers zabezpechiti nezalezhnіst її chlenіv, dostatno rіznostoronnyu їh profesіynu pіdgotovku that a practicality dosvіd "[2, p. 376].

The members of groupies in the right s torn down competition law expert of shaping can Buti tsіy in the Branch, abo povinnі zvertatisya to spetsіalіstіv, SSMSC podavatimut potrіbnі їm zvіti against, rіshennya schodo Glibin zastosuvannya danih zvіtіv priymayutsya members tsієї groupies i do not regulyuyutsya DSU rules, scho dodaє sub'єktivnostі in priynyattі rіshennya.

Vibіr vіdpovіdnogo standard for specific processes takozh Je problematic. Basic principles DSU polyagaє in fact, scho on the cob processes vregulyuvannya superechki robochem grupa guilty zrobiti ob'єktivnu otsіnku situatsії, yak yogo sprichinila. For ob'єktivnostі otsіnyuvannya sumіsnostі natsіonalnogo s mіzhnarodnimi rights standards require Mauger viniknuti їh pereglyadu in naydrіbnіshih details Ale procedural law COT not peredbachaє tsogo. Standard for Relief yakogo priymaєtsya rіshennya, staє critical. Yakscho in protsesі vregulyuvannya superechki viyavitsya scho potrіbny standard DSU doskonalim not Yea, robochem grupa bude zmushena priynyati varіant rіshennya, zaproponovany natsіonalnim antitrust authorities. So rank, potrіbno maximum opratsyuvati that zazdalegіd pogoditi s konflіktuyuchimi parties Leather standard SOT, scho zabezpechit ob'єktivnіst that bezumovnіst zastosuvannya specific zahodіv to porushnikіv competitive zakonodavstva.

In kontekstі rozrobki mіzhnarodnih rules konkurentsії velikі skladnoschі viklikaє takozh power mіzhnarodnogo opodatkuvannya, Aje rіznі Sistemi opodatkuvannya constitute kompanії have not odnakove encampment and transnatsіonalnі korporatsії (TNCs) otrimuyut dodatkovі konkurentnі perevagi manіpulyuyuchi podatkovih kraїn systems in yakih toil BIZNES.

Vrahovuyuchi zaznachenі problems can zrobiti visnovok scho govorito about the prospects rozrobki povnotsіnnogo mіzhnarodnogo competition law, vikonannya yakogo zabezpechuvatis bude in furrows of the DSU, slit peredchasno. Against potrіbno vidіliti deyakі power on yakih already sogodnі mozhlivo ukladannya bagatostoronnoї land, yak b became real peredumovoyu away stvorennya mіzhnarodnogo regime konkurentnoї polіtiki.

In 1998 rotsі, Organіzatsіya Ekonomіchnogo Spіvrobіtnitstva that Rozvitku (OECD) zaproponuvala system basically i printsipіv procedures of competition law, yak vklyuchaє nastupnі to [18]:

1. First of acceptance vikonannya poslіdovnogo, vsebіchnogo law about konkurentsіyu vklyuchaє nastupnі Elements:

viznachennya tsіley;

zastosuvannya scale vklyuchayuchi zastosuvannya to Uryadov, i Reigning of companies sanktsіonovanih powers monopolіy that spetsіalnі viklyuchennya;

zobov'yazannya stvoriti efektivnosti Square antimonopoly body yaky volodіє adequacy rozslіduvalnoyu Vlad zabezpecheny resources that mozhlivostyami filed pozovіv;

advokatskі funktsії antitrust authority;

adekvatnі th dostatnі zasobi strimuvannya antikonkurentnoї povedіnki.

2. Natsіonalny mode i de jure de facto.

3. Prozorіst.

4. Vіdpovіdnu procedure vklyuchayuchi:

right podavati Skarga antimonopoly bodies i / abo before the court;

Zahist konfіdentsіynoї Informácie;

publіkuvannya that tlumachennya rіshen Antimonopoly organіv;

prozorіst vessels that admіnіstrativnih Act reasonably.

5. Mіzhnarodne spіvrobіtnitstvo, vklyuchayuchi principle chemnostі i, mozhlivo principle pozitivnoї chemnostі.

6. Mіzhuryadovі konsultatsії th vregulyuvannya superechok in furrows spіvstavnostі derzhavnoї polіtiki s mіzhnarodnimi principles th procedures.

Otzhe, printsipіv system that has been viewed OESR procedures used as a basis to please about vіlnu torgіvlyu mіzh Canada that Costa Rіkoyu. Canada takozh proponuvala zastosuvati qiu system i in talks schodo Amerikanskoї lands about vіlnu torgіvlyu. However, the US zaproponuvali bіlsh obmezhenі th oberezhnі іdeї schodo competition law. In proektі text Amerikanskoї lands about vіlnu torgіvlyu viznacheno number of alternative propozitsіy, vklyuchayuchi Elements kanadskoї pozitsі and takozh bіlsh more details perelіk zasobіv anticompetitive control viznachennya order Act reasonably Reigning organіv i mehanіzmu control vikonannya competition law in vіdpovіdnostі s land.

Robochem Grupa COT s competition law viznachila nastupnі realnі sketches for іnternatsіonalіzatsії competition law:

stimulyuvannya kooperatsії mіzh kraїnami member organіzatsії;

zabezpechennya relevantnostі Fundamental printsipіv COT on vіdnoshennyu to natsіonalnih Especially, zabezpechennya prozorostі th regime naybіlshogo spriyannya konkurentnіy polіtitsі;

zabezpechennya for Relief konkurentnoї polіtiki dosyagnennya bunt tsіley organіzatsії, vklyuchayuchi stimulyuvannya rozvitku mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі.

In deklaratsії chetvertoї mіnіsterskoї Konferentsії Dohskogo round (No. 23 -. 35) zaznacheno scho mіnіstri viznayut role in konkurentnoї polіtiki away rozvitku mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі the one thing needful in nadannі tehnіchnoї Relief kraїnam scho rozvivayutsya that naymensh rozvinutim kraїnam. Such dopomoga Got to metі stvorennya peredumov for rozrobki competitive polіtik in Tsikh kraїn, pogliblennya spіvpratsі schodo viznachennya tsіley, pіdgotovki staff that rozvitku іnstitutsіy such polіtik. Mіnіstri viznayut neobhіdnіst in spіvpratsі s іnshimi mіzhuryadovimi organіzatsіyami, vklyuchayuchi UNCTAD, that nadannі kraїnam vіdpovіdnoї resursnoї pіdtrimki through regіonalnі that dvostoronnі channel. Mіnіstri pogodzhuyutsya an opened negotiations on konkurentnіy polіtitsі pіslya p'yatoї mіnіsterskoї Konferentsії. Before tsієї konferentsії robochem Grupa COT s competition law is guilty skontsentruvati uwagi on viznachenі: Main printsipіv, vklyuchayuchi fun- prozorostі, nediskrimіnatsії, protsedurnoї spravedlivostі that zaboroni kartelnoї dіyalnostі; aktsentіv dobrovіlnoї spіvpratsі that pіdtrimki active Formation іnstitutsіynoї bazi konkurentnoї polіtiki in kraїnah scho rozvivayutsya.

So rank, the main napryamkom on stvorennyu mіzhnarodnoї konkurentnoї polіtiki Je posilennya spіvpratsі Antimonopoly organіv rіznih kraїn i mіzhnarodnih organіzatsіy (COT, OECD, UNCTAD) napravlenoї on garmonіzatsіyu natsіonalnih competition law that mehanіzmіv yogo realіzatsії. On Danian hour Je appears little prospect for standards at bagatostoronnomu rіvnі, SSMSC will pose rozroblyatisya ramkovih printsipіv zaproponovanih OECR. Viznayuchi zbіlshennya vіdmіnnostey in natsіonalnih pіdhodah to konkurentnoї polіtiki, realіstichnoyu tsіllyu for stvorennya mіzhnarodnih standards Mauger Buti kontsentratsіya uwagi on garantuvannі: іsnuvannya, prozorostі, nediskrimіnatsіynostі natsіonalnih standards konkurentnoї polіtiki and takozh on zabezpechennі of scho natsіonalnі procedure does not nakladatimut on pіdpriєmstva nadmіrnih vitrat.

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