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Krimіnalіstika - Bіlenchuk PD

1.2 SYSTEM KRIMІNALІSTIKI

System - tse sukupnіst Pevnyi elementіv, mіzh yakimi іsnuє zakonomіrny vzaєmozv'yazok. Sistemnіst Je ob'єktivnoyu vlastivіstyu, pritamannoyu cutaneous ob'єktu materіalnogo svitu, yavischu, podії. In tsomu kontekstі whether yak yak Galuzo science knowledge Je sukupnіstyu okremih portsіy (Chastain) knowledge, scho perebuvayut in pevnіy poslіdovnostі schodo їh znachuschostі, vzaєmozv'yazku that vіdnoshennya. Krimіnalіstika - not vinyatok. Viniknuvshi Nadra krimіnalnogo processes yak sukupnіst Applied priyomіv i zasobіv scho zastosovuyutsya for fіksatsії dokazovogo materіalu, do not Won bula i samostіynoyu galuzzyu knowledge, nature, science. Axis chomu spochatku okremі Chastain knowledge scho stosuyutsya, napriklad, tehnіki fotografіchnoї fіksatsії dokazіv, vikoristovuvalisya nasampered dіznannya bodies (polіtsієyu) to th dіstali titles "polіtseyska tehnіka", "krimіnalna tehnіka".

H hour krimіnalіstichnі Znannya nagromadzhuvalisya, їh role in rozslіduvannі zlochinіv pіdvischuvalasya, i "germinal" perіod krimіnalіstiki skіnchivsya. Akumulovany practicality dosvіd vikoristannya tehnіchnih zasobіv i priyomіv pid hour rozslіduvannya zlochinіv uzagalniv G. Gross. Vіn zіbrav tsі zasobi priyomi i have i sukupnіst viklav in pevnіy poslіdovnostі, team itself sformuvavshi krimіnalіstiki system. Same in tsomu polyagaє merit G. Gross in stvorennі krimіnalіstiki.

Yak zaznachalosya, spochatku krimіnalіstiku not podіlyali at Chastain - just Tse bula "polіtseyska tehnіka". H hour Bulo viokremleno that uzagalneno priyomi vikonannya slіdchih Act reasonably. So z'yavilasya other її Chastina - tactics. Naprikіntsі 20s - on the cob rokіv 30s of XX century. krimіnalіstika zbagatilasya tert Chastain - Methodology rozslіduvannya okremih vidіv zlochinіv. So rank, krimіnalіstiki system scho sklalasya on the hour, three mіstila rozdіli: krimіnalіstichnu tehnіku, slіdchu tactics that rozslіduvannya technique, the tactics have become the first tehnіka zagalnu Chastain and technique - Especially. Such a system іsnuvala to 50 rokіv, if Pocha vivchati subject zavdannya, іstorіyu, rozvitok i Suchasnyj krimіnalіstiki camp, and Zgoda - Methods krimіnalіstiki, vchennya about versії, problems vzaєmodії s authorities dіznannya that gromadskіstyu. In Taqiy sposіb sformuvalasya fourth Chastina Sistemi krimіnalіstiki - metodologіya.

Suchasna system krimіnalіstiki ob'єdnuє Vier rozdіli: metodologіyu krimіnalіstiki; krimіnalіstichnu tehnіku; krimіnalіstichnu tactics; methodology rozslіduvannya okremih vidіv zlochinіv.

1. Metodologіchnі Ambush krimіnalіstiki. Zagalna teorіya krimіnalіstiki - tse vchennya about the subject krimіnalіstiki, її zavdannya, Meta second law rozvitku, ponyatіyny aparata i Location krimіnalіstichnih knowledge of sistemі Yurydychna Sciences.

Nayvazhlivіshimi rozdіlami krimіnalіstiki Je vchennya about zakonomіrnostі that chastkovі krimіnalіstichnі teorії. Yak zaznachalosya, krimіnalіstika vivchaє takі zakonomіrnostі:

a) mehanіzm vchinennya zlochinu;

b) viniknennya information The zlochin i yogo uchasnikіv and takozh її dzherela;

c) that zbirannya vikoristannya krimіnalіstichnoї Informácie in protsesі dokazuvannya.

Chastkova krimіnalіstichna teorіya - tse sukupnіst theoreticity provisions SSMSC rozkrivayut essence, the object i Metodi doslіdzhennya okremoї the Branch krimіnalіstiki, napriklad daktiloskopії, trasologії, balіstiki.

Chastkovі krimіnalіstichnі teorії:

• krimіnalіstichne vchennya about navichki;

• Find our krimіnalіstichne vchennya about that vlastivostі;

• teorіya krimіnalіstichnoї іdentifіkatsії that grupofіkatsії;

• krimіnalіstichne vchennya about sposіb vchinennya zlochinu;

• vchennya about krimіnalіstichnu versіyu that planuvannya rozslіduvannya (stvorennya versіy);

• mehanіzm utvorennya slіdіv;

• sistematizatsіya that in Registration krimіnalіstichnih Jerel Informácie;

• zbirannya, zberіgannya, obrobka that avtomatizovane vikoristannya Informácie.

W rozvitkom krimіnalіstiki perelіk chastkovih (okremih) krimіnalіstichnih teorіy zmіnyuєtsya fallow od necessary in practice Borotba Zi zlochinnіstyu. Axis chomu sightings perelіk Je pribliznim.

2. Krimіnalіstichna tehnіka - tse rozdіl krimіnalіstiki scho ob'єdnuє system theoreticity PROVISIONS i rozroblenih on їh osnovі tehnіchnih zasobіv i metodіv zbirannya that by giving to krimіnalіstichnoї Informácie s metoyu rozkrittya that Poperedjennia zlochinіv [19; thirty].

Warehouses tsogo rozdіlu Je vessels fotografіya, trasologіya, balіstika, tehnіko-krimіnalіstichne doslіdzhennya dokumentіv, krimіnalіstichne letter doslіdzhennya, gabіtologіya, krimіnalna in Registration, fundamentals teorії th tehnіka vіdeo- is the sound recording, the basis is zasobi krimіnalіstichnoї odorologії.

Krimіnalіstichna tehnіka zastosovuєtsya not tіlki for viyavlennya that fіksatsії materіalnih Jerel - slіdіv zlochinu. Vaughn mіstit takozh zasobi that spetsіalnі priyomi otrimannya dokazovoї Informácie s materіalnih Jerel. Umіnnya on mіstsі podії "Chitat" slіdi zlochinu - one s vazhlivih yakostey slіdchogo.

In krimіnalіstitsі vikoristovuyut tehnіchnі zasobi that method zapozichenі s rіznih prirodnichih i tehnіchnih Sciences. Bagato s zastosovuyut without them whether yakih pererobok, stvoryuyutsya spetsіalnі deprivation techniques for doslіdzhennya krimіnalіstichnih ob'єktіv. Together s note bagato zapozichenih zasobіv pereroblyayut have rezultatі chogo stink nabirayut spetsifіchnogo krimіnalіstichnogo nature. So, for sudovoї vimіryuvalnoї zyomki pereroblyayut zvichayny fotoaparat and for stereozyomki vmіschuyut stereoplіvku in valіzu slіdchogo. For panoramuvannya target on Coke spetsіalnu Panoramic Tripod golіvku, and for fotozyomki through nevelikі open to vinaydeno svіtlovo di. Vikoristannya spetsіalnogo teleob'єktiva "MTO-1000", fotorushnitsі "Fotosnayper-FS-12" daє zmogu zdіysnyuvati pіznavalnu zyomku zlochintsya vіdstanі at 600-800 m. Fіksatsії slіdchih Act reasonably promptly i zahodіv widely vikoristovuyut suchasnі vіdeo- that kіnokameri. Shvidkіsna kіnokamera type "ZHLV-2", scho znіmaє kadrіv 4.5 million for the second, s ekspertnoyu metoyu Mauger zafіksuvati time ruynuvannya pereshkodi projectile zіtknennya the agriculture zasobіv, mehanіzmi vibuhu, postrіlu th navіt kul, scho letit.

Poshukovu krimіnalіstichnu tehnіku vikoristovuyut for viyavlennya taynikіv, skhovanih trupіv, narkotikіv, kolorovih metalіv, precios. So, adjusted the "spinner" diferentsіyuє kolorovі methane scho mіstyatsya in cache, priladit "Truposhukach" viyavlyaє zakopanі the ground bіologіchnі ob'єkti (corpse organіchnі spoluki, rechovini scho rozkladayutsya, toscho). For Relief suchasnoї krimіnalіstichnoї tehnіki mozhna analіzuvati slіdi smell i znahoditi caches s drug chi vibuhovimi rechovinami. Zastosovuyuchi folding krimіnalіstichnu tehnіku that spetsіalnі techniques doslіdzhennya sound slіdіv, rozshukuyut zlochintsіv for їh votes (soundtracks usnoї MTIE) i navіt znahodyat skhovanі ob'єkti (corpse) Set for soundtracks usnoї MTIE dopituvanogo.

In krimіnalіstitsі tehnіchnі zasobi vikoristovuyut for rozv'yazannya such zavdan:

• Act reasonably fіksatsії slіdchih i promptly zahodіv, Poshuk th poperednogo doslіdzhennya Retschow Jerel Informácie slіdchim, special, scho Provadia dіznannya, court;

• Sanitary and Epidemiological vikonannya vessels have Reigning ekspertnih i neeks pertnih-install, and takozh expert of privacy;

• vikonannya profіlaktichnoї robots;

• zdіysnennya pravoohoronnoї dіyalnostі Gromadska organіzatsіyami th okremimi gromadyanami.

3. Krimіnalіstichna tactics. Termіn "tactics" (od gretsk іakI a minute -. Mistetstvo shikuvannya vіysk) zapozicheny s vіyskovoї the Branch i oznachaє Mistetstvo keruvati vіyskami. Vіyskova tactics doslіdzhuє zakonomіrnostі character i zmіst battle rozroblyaє zasobi pіdgotovki yogo th reference. For rozkrittya zlochinіv Absent require at boyovih dіyah against slіdchy naychastіshe is staying in konflіktі Zi zlochintsem and hour i s okremimi uchasnikami processes rozslіduvannya, napriklad lzhesvіdkom chi lawyer. In skin sub'єkta processes tsogo Mauger Buti Vlasna lіnіya povedіnki scho vіdrіznyaєtsya od versії slіdchogo. In tsomu zv'yazku for virіshennya slіdchih situatsіy scho vinikayut, slіdchy viznachaє Vlasnyi lіnіyu povedіnki th vikonannya slіdchih Act reasonably. Vіn obiraє nayoptimalnіshі priyomi vikonannya slіdchih Act reasonably, viznachaє їh poslіdovnіst i, otzhe, keruє slіdstvom. Zvіdsi in krimіnalіstitsі tactics oznachaє vchennya about priyomi vikonannya slіdchih Act reasonably, keruvannya slіdstvom, yogo planuvannya that visuvannya versіy, vikoristannya spetsіalnih knowledge i tehnіchnih zasobіv for dosyagnennya efektivnostі vikonuvanih slіdchih Act reasonably that organіzatsіynih zahodіv s metoyu rozkrittya th Poperedjennia zlochinіv.

Krimіnalіstichna tactics - tse rozdіl krimіnalіstiki scho zaymaєtsya rozrobkoyu priyomіv vikonannya slіdchih Act reasonably, zagalnih tactfully rekomendatsіy company profile is the planuvannya slіdstva processes.

Basic Elements krimіnalіstichnoї tactics Je ponyattya Priya. Priya tactfully - tse nayefektivnіshy sposіb dії in situatsії, scho pid hour sklalasya rozkrittya zlochinu. Taktichnі priyomi mozhut mother Laws i optional. Zakonnі taktichnі priyomi navedenі in Krimіnalno-protsesualnomu kodeksі (CCP). їh obov'yazkovo slіd zastosovuvati pid hour vikonannya slіdchih Act reasonably. Napriklad, taktichnі priyomi dopit nepovnolіtnogo svіdka vikladenі detail in Art. 168 CPC of Ukraine, priyomi zdіysnennya obshuku - near the station. 177, look around - the mouth. 191 CPC of Ukraine.

Rekomendatsіyny tactfully Priya Got optional, i yogo zastosuvannya Je prerogative of slіdchogo. Napriklad, protokolyuvannya slіdchih Act reasonably - Law Priya fіksatsії and fotografuvannya - Optional; prisutnіst notion of pid hour obshuku obov'yazkova (particle tactfully priya i Got Laws protsesualno zasvіdcheny character) todі yak fate fahіvtsya not obov'yazkova. Zastosuvannya Optional priyomіv deposits od slіdchoї situatsії scho sklalasya, i kvalіfіkatsії slіdchogo. In razі zastosuvannya Optional priyomіv pіdvischuєtsya yakіst slіdstva, the results slіdchih Act reasonably podayutsya court in zrozumіlіy i perekonlivіy formі. Zaznachimo scho bіlshіst rozroblenih krimіnalіstami tactfully priyomіv toil optional.

Oskіlki taktichnі priyomi gruntuyutsya on psihologіchnih zakonomіrnostyah spіlkuvannya slіdchogo s uchasnikami processes rozslіduvannya tactics yak rozdіl krimіnalіstiki vklyuchaє a foundation of psihologії spіlkuvannya.

Spochatku tactics nazivalasya krimіnalnoyu, pіznіshe - slіdchoyu, denote pіdkreslyuvalosya, scho Won rozglyadaє deprivation іnstrumentarіy slіdchogo. Krimіnalіstichna tactics - Shirshov ponyattya, more vmіschuє іnstrumentarіy not tіlki slіdchogo and the second trial. Tom at krimіnalіstitsі z'yavivsya rozdіl "Tactics slіdstva ship." Іsnuє takozh Zahist tactic ship pid hour poperednogo slіdstva that in sudі.

Until the system krimіnalіstichnoї tactics incoming takі slіdchі dії: Look around, dopit, obshuk, upіznavannya, zatrimannya, vіdtvorennya situation th obstavin podії. Ostannіm hour krimіnalіstichna priest's daughter tactics such novimi tactfully zasobami, yak operatsіya tactful, discreet kombіnatsіya, Diplomatic rіshennya, slіdcha situatsіya, psihologіchna zasіdka, slіdcha hitrіst toscho, SSMSC zbagachuyut її zmіst yak the Branch krimіnalіstichnih knowledge.

4. Krimіnalіstichna technique - tse system Naukova PROVISIONS i rekomendatsіy scho bazuyutsya them, schodo rozslіduvannya th Poperedjennia vbivstv, rozkradan, kradіzhok, rozboїv that іnshih vidіv zlochinіv. Warehouses krimіnalіstichnoї techniques Je zagalnі provisions scho stosuyutsya rozslіduvannya whether yakogo zlochinu, krimіnalіstichna characteristic that okremі techniques SSMSC viznachayut order rozslіduvannya Pevnyi vidіv zlochinіv. In metoditsі rozslіduvannya realіzuyutsya krimіnalіstichna tehnіka second tactic on the provisions osnovі metodologіchnih krimіnalіstiki.

Usі rozdіli krimіnalіstiki vzaєmopov'yazanі. For Relief zasobіv krimіnalіstichnoї tehnіki mozhna deprivation Know th doslіditi dzherela Informácie. Prote tse not give rekomendatsіy, yak i in yakіy poslіdovnostі for Relief yakih priyomіv zbirati th vikoristovuvati dzherela Informácie in rozkrittі that rozslіduvannі zlochinіv. Tse zavdannya rozv'yazuє krimіnalіstichna tactics. Rozroblyuvanі her priyomi th rekomendatsії Je organіzatsіynoyu Basics vikonannya Pevnyi slіdchih Act reasonably, Vibor tactics povedіnki slіdchogo in situatsії scho sklalasya for zabezpechennya Shvidky rozkrittya that rozslіduvannya zlochinіv. Napriklad, znaydeny slіd finger Nese deprivation Chastain Informácie, priyomi vikoristannya yakoї in dokazuvannі rozroblyaє krimіnalіstichna tactics. vikoristannya procedure slіdu thumbs skladaєtsya s such priyomіv:

• doslіdzhennya slіdu that vstanovlennya yogo pridatnostі for vikoristannya in kartotetsі іdentifіkatsії;

• Relief for perevіrka filing slіdіv paltsіv s hands mіsts nerozkritih zlochinіv;

• perevіrka osіb for file cabinets, SSMSC perebuvayut pid admіnіstrativnim lucid i on mіstsevomu operational oblіku;

• priznachennya daktiloskopіchnoї for Sanitary and Epidemiological іdentifіkatsії individuals for slіdami paltsіv hand chi dolonі.

Tsya poslіdovnіst Act reasonably Je specific tactfully rekomendatsіyami for dіyalnostі slіdchogo schorazu, if znaydeny vіdbitok finger Je Jerel dokazіv.

Otzhe, krimіnalіstichna technique Je practicality realіzatsієyu in dіyalnostі organіv dіznannya that poperednogo slіdstva zasobіv krimіnalіstichnoї tehnіki time s priyomami that rekomendatsіyami krimіnalіstichnoї tactics for rozkrittya, rozslіduvannya that Poperedjennia zlochinіv.

Structural technique rozslіduvannya okremih zlochinіv skladaєtsya s such elementіv:

• Method Statement zagalnih rozslіduvannya okremih vidіv zlochinіv;

• krimіnalіstichnoї characteristics;

• scientists about rozkrittya zlochinіv for "garjachego" slіdah;

• Scientists proforma vikoristannya forces i zasobіv Gromadska organіzatsіy in rozslіduvannі that poperedzhennі zlochinіv.

Zaznachenі Elements stanovlyat zagalnі the provisions (principles), the basis of SSMSC Je pobudovi okremih metodіv rozslіduvannya.

Methods rozslіduvannya yak Intelektualna dіyalnіst slіdchogo peredbachaє otsіnyuvannya zіbranoї dokazovoї Informácie i protsesualnih of acceptance that neprotsesualnih rіshen on osnovі krimіnalno-protsesualnih, tehnіko-krimіnalіstichnih i tactfully knowledge. Pravilnіst i obgruntovanіst obranogo rіshennya stale od kіlkostі i zіbranoї Informácie of Quality, Knowledge profesіynih i dosvіdu slіdchogo. Tom vazhlivim Etap in suchasnіy metoditsі rozslіduvannya zlochinіv Je stvorennya bankіv krimіnalіstichnih knowledge i dokazovoї Informácie, vikoristannya machines zasobіv zbirannya, obrobki, zberіgannya that vidavannya Informácie koristuvachevі.