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Krimіnalіstika - Bіlenchuk PD

9.2 SLІDI HANDS

Shkіra Dolon on hand i pіdoshvah nіg Got Especially Budova. Vaughn skladaєtsya s dvoh sharіv: Upper - Lower epіdermіsu i - dermis tobto Vlasnyi shkіri.

In verhnіy chastinі Dhermi roztashovanі papillae (od lat. Rarіїїa) SSMSC utvoryuyut cooperate for (lіnії). Pokritі epіdermіsom, stink Yea Basics valikіv scho nazivayutsya papіlyarnimi lіnіyami. Ostannі toil three osnovnі Vidi uzorіv: dugovі, petlovі that zavitkovі, SSMSC nalezhat zagalnih to acquaint themselves. Cutaneous papіlyarna lіnіya Got pevnі osoblivostі Budova (rozrivi, rozdvoєnnya, potovschennya, krapki toscho); їh roztashuvannya i form - Find our okremі papіlyarnih uzorіv. Poєdnannya zagalnih that okremih іndivіdualnih Find our papіlyarny becoming non-reentrant pattern yogo іndivіdualnіst.

Іndivіdualnіst papіlyarnih uzorіv - Basic їh vlastivіst. Sche odnієyu їh vlastivіstyu Je vіdnosna nezmіnnіst. The pattern on the fingers formuyutsya up to six months at vnutrіshnoutrobnogo Zhittya zarodka Helsinki Human i mayzhe not zmіnyuyutsya to Povny rozkladu tkanin pіslya smertі Helsinki Human. Papіlyarnі pattern on fingers toil vlastivіst vіdnovlyuvatisya, Yakscho ushkodzhennya not torkaєtsya Vlasnyi shkіri, tobto papillary ball. Ushkodzhennya papillary ball zalishaє rubtsі on papіlyarnomu uzorі. In Pokhil vіtsі on papіlyarnomu uzorі z'yavlyayutsya zmorshki, folds, "Bili lіnії" pobutovі ushkodzhennya, ale zagalna form that okremі іndivіdualnі Find our zalishayutsya nezmіnnimi scho daє zmogu іdentifіkuvati Lyudin for slіdami hands whether coli.

Narіvnі s papіlyarnimi lіnіyami on dolonі hands іsnuyut INSHI Find our Budova shkіri: fleksornі lіnії (lіnії zginannya), fold-zmorshki that Pori.

Fleksornі lіnії - tse naybіlshі lіnії zginannya on poverhnі dolonі that mіzh paltsіv phalanges.

Folds-zmorshki roztashovanі on vsіy poverhnі dolonі. їh appeared that zniknennya stale od elastichnostі shkіri.

Pori - voronkopodіbnі zagliblennya on papіlyarnih lіnіyah - priznachenі for vihodu vivіdnih protokіv sweat zaloz, roztashovanih have buds. Sukupnіst vihodіv sweat protokіv, tobto long viklyuchno іndivіdualna th vikoristovuєtsya for poroskopіchnoї іdentifіkatsії.

Slіdi paltsіv hands on zalishayutsya vsіh subjects yakih torkaєtsya Lyudin: Plastic (napriklad, plastilіn, vіsk, clay, oil, rozіgrіty wax, stearin) i Sipko (napriklad, Kreid, Boroshnev, talc, cement).

In Sipko i plasticity ob'єktah zalishayutsya ob'єmnі slіdi paltsіv hands, and solid - poverhnevі. Poverhnevі slіdi utvoryuyutsya for rakhunok storonnoї rechovini, yak nasharovuєtsya on ob'єktі scho spriymaє їh, abo instal lment s Demba. Tom stink podіlyayutsya vіdpovіdno on slіdi nasharuvannya that vіdsharuvannya. Yakscho on slіd applied kolorovu rechovinu (napriklad, shelter, Farben, powder, Brood), Yogo nazivayut zabarvlenim and Yakscho rechovina bezkolіrna then utvoreny slіd bude invisible (bezbarvnim).

Bіlshіst slіdіv paltsіv hands bezbarvnі (nevidimі); stink utvoryuyutsya potozhirovoyu rechovinoyu, yak on the surface vidіlyaєtsya papіlyarnih lіnіy. Yakscho finger torknutisya subject zalishaєtsya sweat (not potozhirovy ale) slіd, more hands on Dolon i pіdoshvah nіg on vіdmіnu od іnshih Chastain shkіri, fat zaloz Absent. The fat rechovina Mauger potrapiti on dolonі hands od dotiku to іnshih Chastain shkіri, oblichchya, shiї, hair SSMSC much zmaschenі rechovinoyu fats. Yakscho finger torkaєtsya kіlka subject again slіd staє not so nasichenim. Spіtnіlі hands zalishayut nasichenі slіdi.

Іsnuyut rіznі methodological th zasobi viyavlennya potozhirovih slіdіv paltsіv hands: on subjects vityagnutih s Vod; on subjects perebuvayut scho pid vplivom visokoї temperature; in textile i is synthetic tkaninah іz drіbnoyu poverhnі structures; tili in the Helsinki Human.

Method viyavlennya slіdіv paltsіv podіlyayut hands on Dvi groups: for i viyavlennya apparently invisible slіdіv.

Vidimі slіdi paltsіv hands - tse ob'єmnі that zabarvlenі poverhnevі slіdi. For їh viyavlennya dostatno vіzualnogo sposterezhennya at zvichaynomu osvіtlennі chi s kishenkovim lіhtarikom for stvorennya obliquely spryamovanogo osvіtlennya. Viyavlenі slіdi fotografuyut large-scale way іz zastosuvannyam svіtlofіltrіv, Yakscho zabarvleny slіd low contrast. Ob'єmnі slіdi fіksuyut for Relief vigotovlennya zlіpkіv, vikoristovuyuchi for tsogo gіps, pasta K sієlast that INSHI polіmernі mouth. However naychastіshe ob'єmnі that zabarvlenі slіdi neobhіdno viluchati time іz subject.

Rozrіznyayut fіzichnі, hіmіchnі that radіografіchny methodological viyavlennya slіdіv paltsіv invisible hand.

The basis fіzichnih metodіv stanovlyat adgezіya, zmochuvannya, condensation, galvanostegіya that lyumіnestsentsіya.

Adgezіya - tse sticking zcheplennya poverhon rіznih til. Yakscho on invisible slіd (nasharuvannya potozhirovoї rechovini, yak Pevnyi hour zalishaєtsya sticky) potraplyayut chastinki whether yakoї rechovini, the stench prilipayut i slіd staє visibility. Tom to svіzhih slіdіv powders prilipayut good and vnaslіdok visihannya potozhirovoї rechovini through deyaky hour mozhlivіst viyavlennya slіdu adgezіynimi methods that zasobami zmenshuєtsya. Zastosuvannya tsogo method viyavlennya slіdіv peredbachaє takі minds:

• Invisible slіd mozhna viyaviti Doty, Pokey potozhirova rechovina not visohla;

• You can vikoristati whether yaky Sukhiy drіbny kolorovy powder (carbon black, zinc oxide, zalіza powder oxides mіdі toscho);

• Yakscho slіd nemozhlivo viyaviti for Relief powder is not oznachaє Tse, scho yogo Absent. In tsomu razі treba zastosuvati INSHI methods.

In fіzichnih methods viyavlennya slіdіv zastosovuyut powder vіdnovlenogo aquatic zalіza, carbon black, oxides of cobalt, lead oxide, din kolorovih poroshkіv on feromagnіtnіy osnovі: Bili (opal, topaz), Chervona-zhovtі (rubіn, pomegranate) that temnі (agate, sapfіr, malahіt ). In aerozolnіy upakovtsі zastosovuyut nemagnіtnі powders "Dactyl-sol" - alyumіnієvu powder, "Daktozol-C" - carbon black, "Dactyl-sol-T" - talcum, "Daktozol-OZ '- zinc oxide. Yak zamіnniki poroshkіv vikoristovuyut th INSHI rechovini. Vazhlivo, dwellers stink boule dry i retelno podrіbnenimi. Zokrema widely zastosovuyut powders Roslyn pohodzhennya (napriklad, podrіbnenu Pevnyi grass).

Zmochuvannya - tse fіzichne yavische, yak vinikaє in razі contact rіdini s tіlom keep talking. Іsnuyut zmochuvanі that nezmochuvanі tіla. Napriklad, fat rechovina - nezmochuvana. On tsomu printsipі bazuyutsya methodological viyavlennya slіdіv zhirovoї rechovini on paperі farbuvannyam aquatic rozchinі anіlіnovogo barvnika (fіoletovogo, sinogo toscho). Yakscho zanuriti Paper the Arcos in rozchin barvnika, the background yogo zafarbuєtsya and slіd potozhirovoї rechovini zalishitsya bіlim. Tsim method viyavlyayut slіdi to clean Paper the Arcos.

Condensation - perehіd rechovini s gazopodіbnogo camp in rіdky abo solid kristalіchny. Tse yavische lezhit in osnovі metodіv viyavlennya slіdіv iodine vapor that vacuum napilyuvannya. The method of vacuum napilyuvannya dosit Folding i yogo to zastosovuyut in laboratory drain.

Poshirenіshim Je method viyavlennya slіdіv iodine vapor. To obsession parіv iodine іsnuyut rіznі yodnі tube. For pіdіgrіvannya vikoristovuyut, napriklad, thermos. Before viїzdom on Location podії in Demba nalivayut garjachego water. For viyavlennya slіdіv in a thermos flask zanuryuyut iodine tube i obkuryuyut surface zvichaynim way. Taqiy sublіmator parіv iodine daє zmogu win a strumіn h at 60 ° C for neobhіdny viyavlennya slіdіv hands on tkaninah.

For viyavlennya potozhirovih slіdіv zastosovuyut i taku Sumish: one Chastina iodine 10 Chastain Krochmal. For її prigotuvannya kristaliki iodine roztirayut in stuptsі i zmіshuyut іz Krochmal. On tkaninu powder causing schіtochkoyu chi posipayut. After 7-8 xs powder strushuyut and viyavleny slіd zakrіplyuyut powder zalіza, vіdnovlenogo aq. In Taqiy sposіb viyavlyayut slіdi papіlyarnih uzorіv on tkaninah davnіstyu 3-5 dnіv.

Galvanostegіya - coating the surface of the object chastinok metals, metalіchnih plіvok method elektrolіtichnogo osadzhennya. Yakscho subject Zi slіdom zanuriti in elektrolіtichnu bath UNL yogo surface pokriєtsya metals and papіlyarnі lіnії yak nezmochuvanі zalishatsya clean.

Potozhirovі slіdi mozhna viyaviti i for Relief lyumіnestsentsії, yak sposterіgaєtsya perevazhno in ultrafіoletovіy that іnfrachervonіy dіlyankah spectrum. Ninі yak dzherela zbudzhennya lyumіnestsentsії zastosovuyut laser.

The essence of hіmіchnih metodіv viyavlennya invisible potozhirovih slіdіv paltsіv polyagaє hand in the fact scho hіmіchna rechovina, yak inflicting on slіd, reaguє s potozhirovoyu rechovinoyu slіdu. Utvoryuєtsya zabarvlena spoluka, yak vіdrіznyaєtsya od background Paper the subject of chi.

Before hіmіchnih zasobіv viyavlennya slіdіv paltsіv hands nalezhit rozchin srіbla nitrate, permanganate kalіyu іz sіrchanoyu acid (100 ml3 Vod 1 g of permanganate kalіyu, 0.2-0.3 mL sіrchanoї acid). For viyavlennya slіdіv on sklі, polіmernih plіvkah, fayansі, paperі dostatno zanuriti subject at rozchin and potіm yogo rinse with water.

Dosit poshirenі takі hіmіchnі zasobi viyavlennya slіdіv paltsіv hands, yak rozchini nіngіdrinu abo aloksanu in atsetonі. Rozchin Deemed to abo ob'єkt spray pad i zalishayut on svіtlі. After 7-9 Godin on ob'єktі z'yavlyaєtsya fіoletove (nіngіdrinove) abo Orange (aloksanove) The image slіdu.

Hіmіchnі rozchini zastosovuyut in laboratory minds for viyavlennya Old slіdіv on paperі, kartonі, derevі davnіstyu 10 rokіv.

The essence of the method radіografіchnogo polyagaє in fact scho ob'єkt Zi slіdami paltsіv opromіnyuyut flow neytronіv, unaslіdok chogo okremі Elements (natrіy, kalіy, phosphorus, magnіy toscho) SSMSC incoming to warehouse potozhirovoї rechovini, peretvoryuyutsya on radіoaktivnі іzotopi. Potіm to ob'єkta in mіstsі roztashuvannya papіlyarnih lіnіy slіdu pritiskayut fotoplіvku, i won zasvіchuєtsya. Yakscho plіvku proyaviti, then Prozorov fonі bude slіd fingers. Tsei method zastosovuyut todі, if slіd application to drukovanomu tekstі, kolorovomu malyunku, od vplivu yakih zvichaynim fotografuvannyam pozbavitisya mayzhe nemozhlivo. Krіm of radіografіchny method daє zmogu viyaviti slіdi davnіstyu 50 rokіv.

In potozhirovih slіdah paltsіv polіrovanih hand on smooth surfaces yakіsnomu paperі that іnshih podіbnih ob'єktah vіdbivayutsya Pori roztashuvannya yakih on papіlyarnih lіnіyah Sotho іndivіdualne. The complex has mozhna vikoristovuvati for іdentifіkatsії Helsinki Human, more vіn іndivіdualny.

In poroskopіchnomu doslіdzhennі for ototozhnennya dostatno mother dіlyanki papіlyarnogo rozmіrom pattern 5x5 mm. When tsomu vazhlivo, dwellers in slіdі boule chіtko vіdobrazhenі Pori. Eksperimentalnі zrazki poroskopіchnih slіdіv spetsіalіst vіdbiraє, yak usually on sklі, smooth polіrovanih ob'єktah. Poroskopіchne doslіdzhennya zdіysnyuyut in ekspertnih pіdrozdіlah.