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Management - Vikhanskiy OS

4.3. Characteristics of a person's personality

All people in something similar to each other. And this allows us to talk about a person in general, to talk about his features, behaviors, etc. However, no specific person is an impersonal "man in general". Each carries within itself something that makes it unique, exclusive, that is, A person with an individuality. It is such a person who enters the organization, it is such a person who performs a certain work and plays a certain role in the organization, it is this person that needs to be managed, helping him to discover and use his potential in solving the organization's problems, creating the necessary conditions for his successful work, interaction with the organizational environment And solving their own life problems.

The individuality of a person consists of three principles . Firstly, each person in something similar to all the others. Secondly, each person in something is identical with some other individuals. And finally, thirdly, each person in something does not resemble anyone. Depending on how these principles are combined, the individuality of each particular person is formed. At the same time, no matter how this combination was built, one must always remember that a person always simultaneously has a common with the others and is not like the others.

Each person has a stable set of features and characteristics that determine his actions and behavior. These features manifest themselves in a sufficiently long period of time, so that you can fix and feel the individuality of a person.

The concrete person is fixed by the environment according to his individuality, since the individuality of the person has a certain stability, people recognize each other and retain a certain relation to each other. At the same time, it should be noted that under the influence of experience, communication with others, upbringing and education, there is a change in the individuality of a person, sometimes very significant.

Individuality of a person is formed under the influence of three groups of factors. The first group consists of the heredity and physiological characteristics of man. Heredity preserves and transmits the external features of a person. But not only. Studies conducted with twins show that heredity can carry in itself and the transmission of some behavioral traits. The physiology of man says that there is a lot in common in people that determines their behavior. In particular, the common for all syndrome is the adaptation syndrome, which reflects the physiological response to irritation.

The second group of factors that form the individuality of a person are factors that result from the environment of a person. In general, the influence of these factors can be regarded as the influence of the environment on the formation of individuality. First, the culture in which it is formed has a strong influence on the individuality of the person. A person receives norms of behavior from society, assimilates certain values ​​and beliefs under the influence of culture. Secondly, the individuality of a person is strongly determined by the family in which he was brought up. In the family, children learn certain behavioral stereotypes, develop their attitudes, attitude towards work, people, their duties, etc. Thirdly, the individuality of a person has a strong influence of belonging to certain groups and organizations. A person develops a certain identification, which assigns to him a certain type of individual with whom he personifies himself, as well as stable forms of behavior and, in particular, reactions to the impact from the environment. Fourth, the formation of individuality occurs under the influence of life experience, individual circumstances, random events, etc. Sometimes it is this group of factors that can lead to a significant change in the individuality of a person.

The third group of factors affecting the formation of the individuality of a person are the features and characteristics of a person 's personality , his personality. That is, in this case, the situation with the formation of individuality is as follows: individuality has an effect on its own formation and development. This is due to the fact that a person plays an active role in his own development and is not only exclusively a product of heredity and environment.

At all depth of individuality of the person and its variety it is possible to allocate some directions of its characteristic on which the individuality can be described.

There are people who prefer to stay away from others, and this has a noticeable effect on their behavior in the team. People with an authoritarian character believe that there should be order and a difference in the status and position of people, they strive to establish a hierarchy of relations and use force methods in decision-making and management, readily recognize power and value conservative values. Love and faith in people as an individual character trait have a strong influence on the interaction of a person with others. This is especially evident in the willingness to participate in group events, to promote the development of contacts, interactions and mutual support.

Sensitivity to other people is manifested in the ability of people to sympathize with others, take their problems to heart, in the ability to put oneself in the place of another, and so on. People who have such personality traits are well received in the team and seek to communicate with people.

Stability in human behavior plays an important role in establishing its relationship with the environment. If a person is stable, responsible and generally predictable, then the environment perceives it positively. If he is constantly unbalanced, capricious and inclined to make unpredictable steps, then the collective reacts negatively to such a person.

Self-assessment, i.e. How people look at their behavior, capabilities, abilities, appearance, etc., has a strong influence on human behavior. People with higher self-esteem usually achieve more in life, as they set themselves higher goals and strive to solve more complex tasks. At the same time, people with low self-esteem often put themselves in a dependent position and easily obey people with higher self-esteem.

Perception of risk is an important behavioral characteristic that visually reflects the individuality of a person. People who are prone to risk spend less time making decisions and are ready to make decisions with less information. The result of the decision is by no means necessarily worse than those who scrupulously prepare a solution and collect all the necessary information.

Dogmatism is usually a feature of the character of individuals with a limited view. Dogmatists see the environment as a concentration of threats, refer to authorities as absolute and perceive people according to how they relate to dogma and absolute authority. Usually dogmatists are people who have authoritarian character traits. Dogmatists are not inclined to search for a large amount of information, they are quick enough in making a decision, but at the same time they demonstrate a very high level of confidence in the accuracy and correctness of the decisions taken. It is noted that dogmatists prefer to work in well-structured groups no matter what position they occupy in the group. It is also noted that dogmatists are poorly aware of the way they spend their time doing work, and the fact that they are struggling with administrative work poorly.

The complexity of the comprehension of phenomena as a characteristic of a person's individuality reflects his ability to decompose the cognized phenomenon into parts and integrate, synthesize general concepts or conclusions about the realized phenomenon. People with a high degree of comprehensiveness of awareness show great ability to process information, consider more alternatives and make more complex decisions than people with low comprehensiveness of awareness. It is noted that managers with high complexity of awareness in situations with a wide variety of environments are better able to cope with their duties, that this type of managers is more inclined to broader contacts with people than managers with a low level of comprehensiveness of awareness, and also that these managers are eager to use Various resources in solving problems.

The scope of control reflects how an individual looks at the source of the factors that determine his actions. If a person believes that his behavior depends on himself, then in this case it is characteristic for him to have an internal control sphere (introverts). If he believes that everything depends on the case, external circumstances, actions of other people, then it is considered that he has an external sphere of control (extroverts). Introverts better control their actions, are more result oriented, more active, more satisfied with their work. They like the informal management style, they like to work on others, but do not like to influence themselves, like to occupy leadership positions. Extroverts, on the contrary, prefer formal structures, prefer to work under directive leadership. If they occupy leadership positions, then widely used methods of force.

There are a large number of tests and other tools to determine the characteristics of a person's personality. In modern management, these issues and this type of activity are given great attention. And this is due primarily to the fact that the success of an organization directly depends on how successfully it can tap into all the human potential that it has at its disposal.

The necessity of studying the individuality of a person is also caused by the fact that usually a lot of incorrect conclusions are made about people, about their characteristics, their individuality. This is due to the fact that people in the knowledge of others rely on stereotypes, prejudices, unreasonable generalizations. Making wrong conclusions about the individuality of people, we create the basis for harmful conflicts, scandals, gossip, difficulties in communication and interaction of people. This all harms individuals and the organization as a whole.

The fact of the need for a thorough and regular study of the individual characteristics of the members of the organization is beyond doubt. However, recognizing the significance and usefulness of this type of management activity, it is also necessary to remember that the individuality of a person's behavior depends not only on his personal characteristics, but also on the situation in which his actions are carried out. Therefore, the study of man should always be conducted in conjunction with the study of the situation.

Finally, when studying the individuality of a person, one must take into account his age. A person passes through various stages in his life, to which the different state of his individuality corresponds. Therefore, drawing conclusions about the nature of a person, his personalities, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that his behavior is very strongly determined by the age at which he is. Only the consideration of all these factors together can provide the key to understanding the individuality of a person, and consequently, to the management of a person.