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The history of the world economy - Polyak GB

33.3. Restoring the economy, the transition to NEP

Measures of the New Economic Policy

In March 1921, X RCP (B) Congress considered and approved the main activities formed the basis of policy, received later (May 1921) the name of the New Economic Policy (NEP).

The fundamental activity of the NEP was the tax reform in agriculture. She was replacing the surplus natural food tax (tax in kind) in the form of interest payments or equity products, taking into account the number of consumers, the availability of the number of livestock and the resulting crop. The size of the tax in kind was set up sowing and wore strictly differentiated: for the poor peasants, he was underestimated, and in special cases abolished altogether. Excess production could be implemented within the framework of exchange of goods, which meant de facto recognition of commodity-money relations and trade as a form of implementation. food tax system allows storage of agricultural products and raw materials in excess of the peasantry, which created an incentive (the demand) for industrial production.

To carry out such a project required inventory, which could be in the devastated country. Therefore, it became clear that to meet the growing demand necessary to attract private capital into the production of consumer goods, and this requires the denationalization of the enterprises.

Since state trading could not ensure the growth of trade, private capital was also admitted into the sphere of trade and monetary circulation. At the same time, and the commanding heights of the decisive sectors of the economy (heavy industry, land, banks, transport, foreign trade) remained in the hands of the state. This allowed the government to control the growth of capitalist elements, and to influence them. One of the new forms of economic relations was the rent. For rent small and medium-sized enterprises producing mainly consumer goods. Landlords were the Supreme Economic Council and its local (district and provincial). Total rent 4860 enterprises were commissioned. They produced 3% of gross industrial output. However, with the 1924-1925 biennium. delivery of state-owned enterprises to lease start and had to decline stopped in 1928

Rental industry as a whole yielded positive results: it was restored several thousands of small businesses, which contributed to the development of the market of goods and strengthening economic ties between town and country; created new jobs; rents increased material and financial resources of the state.

Another major capitalist form in the first half of the 20s were the concession. They occupy an important place in the relations of the state with foreign capital. State constituted enterprise or territory to develop its natural resources and control over their use, without interfering in the economic and administrative affairs. Concessions were subject to the same taxes as the state-owned enterprises. Part of the profits (in the form of products) surrendered as payment to the state, and the other part could be realized abroad.

The stabilization of the monetary system have a positive impact on the normalization of market relations in the country. In 1924 it was created the People's Commissariat of Internal Trade of the USSR. They began to work the fair (in 1922 -1923 gg. There were more than 600). The largest - Nizhniy Novgorod, Kiev, Baku, Irbit), trade shows and exchange (in 1924 they were about a hundred). Form a network Gostorg (GUM Mostorg et al.), Public and mixed commercial companies ( "bakeries", "hides" and so on. D.).

It plays an important role consumer cooperatives in the market. She was separated from the People's Commissariat of Food and the system has become a widely ramified system to cover the whole country. Thus, the domestic trade and government participated, and cooperative, and private enterprises. They complemented each other, and the competition arising between them, further stimulated the growth of trade. By 1924 it is already well served by economic links in the economy.

Recovery of industry and management reform

Industry Recovery began with the restructuring of the organizational forms and methods of management. The decrees of the Central Executive Committee and SNK (May - August 1921) to suspend the nationalization of small and medium industry and allowed private enterprise (in private hands could be transferred to the Company of up to 20 people) with the use of rent and concessions, as well as provided for the reorganization of the public sector through the introduction of cost accounting relations.

A role in the rapid recovery of the industry played a translation of enterprises to cost accounting, the basic principles which were proclaimed operational independence and self-sufficiency.

The restructuring of the management of industry in the years of the NEP as a whole has been reduced to its centralization. This in turn led to the need for regulating the gain scheduled start. To this end, the State Planning Committee (Gosplan) was established at the beginning of the recovery period. At the provincial and regional executive committees were created planning commissions, and in the economic People's Commissariats and departments - special planning authorities.

By 1925, the industry gave 75.5% of pre-war production. It was a great success. A huge role in it played by the construction of energy-based electrification plan: restore the old power and erected new - Kashira, Shatura, Kizel, Nizhny Novgorod and other electricity generation has increased six times..

The main directions of economic and social development of the village

Despite the reasonableness of measures for the establishment of direct trade between the urban and rural areas have suffered a complete failure. In the summer of 1921. instead of the planned 160 million. tons of grain was udder 3.4 million. pounds, because farmers preferred to exchange the established state equivalents exchange for money. Experience has shown that the main factor in reviving the country's economy can only be a monetary circulation. Therefore, first in 1923, was introduced the unified agricultural tax collected in mixed form - in cash and in kind, at the option of the peasant, and later in 1924 began to dominate his cash. And poor deducted 1.2% of their income, the middle peasants - 3.5%, and fists - 5.6%.

Modify and land-use system. Resolution of the Central Executive Committee of 21 March 1921 the Land Code of 1922 prohibited land redistributions less than nine years. Also allowed the renting of land and the use of hired labor. Help Agriculture of the state implied its lending. Most of the funds channeled by way of aid to the poor and middle peasants. In order to eliminate hunger and its consequences has been introduced general civil tax in favor of the inhabitants of areas affected by the disaster, organized catering and procurement of grain abroad. A special role was given to the technical and scientific assistance. To this end, the All-Union Institute of Applied Botany and New Crops (Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Lenin) was opened in 1925. In order to promote best practices (agronomy, animal husbandry) in Moscow in 1923 were agricultural exhibitions.

As a result, changing the social structure of the village. Reduce the proportion of bespolevyh and malopolevyh and beskorovnyh and horseless households. Due to this growing share of the middle class. The central figure in the village become middle peasants. Mass proletarization replaced by leveling the extreme poles, lifting the poor, filling up the core of the middle peasant. But this alignment passed through the lower level of security means of production and subsistence minimum. At the same time it increased the number of mnogoposevnyh and mnogoloshadnyh farms. It is from this layer of kulaks grew its retailing. Kulak Group owned 16% of total production, 22% of agricultural machinery and implements. It accounted for 11% of village income.

In addition to the middle peasant, prosperous and kulak strata in the village early 20-ies were proletarian and semi-proletarian groups without sowing and planting 1 acres, without draft animals, or no more than one head. These layers are entirely dependent on the power expected of her privileges and benefits from 25 to 35% of the poorest households (2-4 acres of land) were exempted from the tax, they assisted in the procurement of seeds, purchase inventory.

Thus, the socio-economic structure of the agricultural population in 1925 was as follows: Agricultural Labourers-poor farms amounted to about 28%, middle peasants - 68%, the kulak - 5% *.

* For comparison, before the revolution in Russia was the middle peasants - 20%, agricultural laborers and the poor - 65% of the kulaks - 15%.

Collective farms

In the 20s appeared the first collective farms (collective farms) - cooperative farms voluntarily united peasants for joint large-scale agricultural production on the basis of social means of production and collective labor.

The collective farms were allocated to boost the supply of agricultural machinery and more sophisticated work tools (plows, harvesters), they decreased labor costs, increased marketability of production. In contrast to individual farms they are easier to move on to progressive forms (for example, the replacement of the three-on multiple-crop rotation, to introduce purebred crops). In 1925, the country already there were about 22 thousand. Collective farms.

Continues to operate farms (joint management) - large state-owned enterprises established in 1918 on land confiscated landlords' state-owned enterprises to improve the food supply of the workers and employees. However, at this time, their share was small. By 1925 there were only 3382 farm.

By the end of 1925 there was a sharp jump in agricultural production: surpassed the pre-war level of grain yield: 1913 - 7 kg / ha, in 1925 - 7.6 t / ha; increased grain harvest: in 1913 - 65 million tons, in 1926 - 77 million tons....

Reform of the financial system

In order to strengthen the overall economic situation of the country, the state had to take a number of measures to create a stable monetary system and stabilization of the ruble. These included: the formation of the Soviet credit system, the elimination of the state budget deficit, the currency reform. To this end, the government decree of November 16, 1921 opened the State Bank of the RSFSR and specialized banks. Bank lending at this stage becomes grant funding, but purely commercial transaction between banks and customers, for breach of which he had to answer by law.

Tough is not only credit but also fiscal policy. For example, 70% of industry profits are deducted to the Treasury. Agricultural tax was 5%, increasing or decreasing depending on the quality of land, the number of cattle and so forth.

Income tax consists of basic and progressive. Main board, all citizens, except laborers, day laborers, state pensioners, as well as the workers and employees with a salary of less than 75 rubles. per month. Progressive tax is paid only one who received an additional profit (nepmen, private lawyers, doctors and so on. N.). In addition, there are also indirect taxes: salt, matches and so forth.

The stabilization of the national currency contributed two denominations of banknotes. First held in 1922, the so-called Soviet notes were issued. One new ruble was equal to 10 thousand. Rubles earlier. The second was held in 1923. The ruble this sample amounted to 1 million. Rubles earlier.

Coins of the Soviet state coinage of 1921-1923.

1-5 - silver ruble and 50 kopecks, Billon 20.15 and 10 cents. 6 - golden ducat

Nevertheless, the overall rate of new money constantly falling, as historically only the equivalent cost in the country that is trusted by the population, acted gold. Therefore, at the end of 1922, the State Bank is launching a new banknote - the Soviet gold pieces, gold exchanged and assimilated to the old ten-gold coin. Chervonets was provided by the State Bank to 25% precious metals and foreign currencies and by 75% - bills, scarce goods, etc. So, at the end of 1922 to March 1924 were in circulation at the same time stable and ducat falling Sovznaks... And one gold piece was equal to 60 thousand. Sovznaks, which adversely affected the country's economic life. Therefore, II Congress of Soviets of February 2, 1924 ordered the completion of the monetary reform and the issue of Treasury notes in denominations of 1, 3, 5 rub., As well as copper and silver bargaining chip. Now one ducat equaled 10 rbl. in treasury bills. Release the old model of money has been discontinued, while in circulation signs bought from the State Bank of the population (at the rate of 1 ruble gold = 50 thousand. Rub. Of the sample 1923).

On the basis of hard currency it made possible the complete elimination of the deficit in the budget, which begins to act as a unified state plan, and most of the budget expenditure is for the restoration and development of the economy.

The formation of the USSR

Successful recovery of the economy was largely due to the association of independent Soviet republics - the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR and the Transcaucasian SFSR in a single state - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on a voluntary basis with the equality of each of them.

December 30, 1922, Moscow hosted the I Congress of Soviets of the USSR, which had adopted a Declaration on the formation of the Soviet Union and the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, was elected supreme body - the Central Executive Committee. At the second session of the CEC was created by the People's Commissars of the USSR.

The initial stage of industrialization

1925 The year was a turning point in the history of our country. Along with the further deployment of commodity-money relations began to grow centripetal tendencies, that is, strengthening the role of the state apparatus. This is primarily due to the decision of the XIV Congress of the CPSU (b) the course towards industrialization, the main task of which was the transformation of a country importing machinery and equipment in the country that produces them. The main sources of industrialization implies: income from the nationalized industry, transport, trade; tax system; home loans, income from agricultural exports; intra-industrial reallocation of funds in favor of the "A" group of industries.

At this time there is a revision of views on the very essence of the NEP. Leninist interpretation of NEP as a way of building socialism gave way to install that NEP - a temporary retreat, and the success of the recovery period seemed to be convincing proof of that. Therefore, the implementation of industrialization policy was associated with the closing of market principles and the onset of the private capital, as well as strengthening of administrative trends in management.

In 1926, he revealed a lack of metal, and then the other materials and raw materials. The reason was the deployment of new construction, tight output plans for existing plants. Committee of state orders was created to regulate supply. At the same time he began to mature goods shortage in the consumer market. Among the reasons for this situation are the following:

1) the peasantry could not meet the government procurement prices and it preferred to sell products to private loggers or wait for more favorable market conditions. The consequence of this was the failure of the grain procurement and non-compliance with export commitments. Lack of export revenues has forced the plans to reduce industrial production and capital construction;

2) involvement in the construction of a large number of workers (mainly from the village) increased the effective demand is not covered commodity weight; In addition, the decline in prices by 10% was held in 1927, at the same time increased nominal wages;

3) since 1926 began to carry out an active policy of repression of private capital: increased tariffs for private transportation of goods; stopped state loans to private companies; the liquidation of the mutual credit societies; except for fishing and a progressive income tax was introduced (1927), excess profit tax; It is forbidden to rent state-owned enterprises and individuals terminates the contract, reduce the number of foreign concessions. This led to a rapid reduction in the private sector especially in trade and maintain a normal state trade turnover could not because of the lack of development of its network. The same can be said about the state procurement agencies.

XV Congress of the program to transform agriculture

In these circumstances, it is going XV Congress of the CPSU (b) (December 1927). На него партийное руководство вышло с программой дальнейшего социалистического строительства: развертывание кооперирования по производственному принципу и коллективизации, расширение плановых начал в экономике, активное наступление на капиталистические элементы города и деревни. И хотя съезд предостерегал от максимальной перекачки средств из сферы крестьянского хозяйства, тем не менее хлебозаготовительный кризис 1927/28 хозяйственного года привел к неизбежности применения чрезвычайных мер, использования административного и судебного нажима на крестьянство для обеспечения города хлебом, включая конфискацию хлебных излишков. На июльском (1928) Пленуме ЦК И.В. Сталин выступил с теорией «дани», то есть добавочного налога на крестьянство, сверхналога для поддержания высоких темпов индустриализации.

К 1930 г. было ликвидировано большинство концессий. К февралю 1930 г. были упразднены товарные биржи и ярмарки. Прекращалась деятельность частных и смешанных акционерных обществ, обществ взаимного кредита и т. д.

Переход в 1929 г. на карточную систему снабжения нанес последний удар по частной торговле. К осени 1931 г. была ликвидирована и частная промышленность.