home Investments books The insurance that іnvestitsіyny management - VG Fedorenko

The insurance that іnvestitsіyny management - VG Fedorenko

2.7. BANKING SYSTEM of I BANKІVSKA

W rozvitkom virobnitstva Postal commodity demand from spetsіalіzovanih fіnansovo CREDIT establish scho obslugovuyut ruh koshtіv i spriyayut priskorennyu ekonomіchnogo zrostannya Shlyakhov ratsіonalnogo vikoristannya timchasovo vіlnih penny resursіv tovarovirobnikіv i spozhivachіv. So іstorichno z'yavilisya banks i bankіvska powers system.

In Suchasnyj rinkovih minds banks - tse fіnansovі organіzatsії (Set), scho zberіgayut, nadayut, rozpodіlyayut, obmіnyuyut, kontrolyuyut Costa d obіg pennies i tsіnnih paperіv. Nayvazhlivіshі funktsії bankіv takі:

• emіsіya zasobіv obіgu have to chislі pennies i tsіnnih paperіv;

• akumulyatsіya (zberіgannya) timchasovo vіlnih koshtіv deponentіv (vkladnikіv) s viplatoyu їm income from viglyadі vіdsotka (vіdsotka deposit);

• nadannya pozichok debіtoram Yakimov timchasovo potrіbnі groshі, іz styaguvannyam pozichkovogo vіdsotka;

• poserednitskі Hotel in rozrahunkah i payments іz styaguvannyam komіsіynoї vinagorodi;

• іnvestuvannya Vlasnyi koshtіv Bank Gospodarstwa in ob'єkti national obsession s income from the rights vlasnostі formі pributku, divіdendіv for aktsіyami toscho.

Fallow od Main funktsіy rozrіznyayut banks tsentralnі (emіsіynі) komertsіynі (depozitnі) іpotechnі, zovnіshnotorgovelnі, mіzhnarodnі that іn.

In kolishnomu CPCP іsnuvala factuality єdina monopolіzovana bankіvska system to the warehouse were yakoї emіsіyny Derzhbank, іnvestitsіyny "Budbank" CPCP i "Zovnіshtorgbank" CPCP.

Dosyagnuty rіven monopolіzmu Derzhbanku prizvіv before scho respublіkanskі that mіstsevі banks boule factual vіddіlennyami Central Bank sovereign Kraina. Moreover, pozayak Derzhbank CPCP CCB bezposeredno pіdporyadkovany Uryadov i Mіnіsterstvu fіnansіv, vinikla uncontrolled Derzhavna fіnansovo-bankіvska olіgarhіya, yak Trimai in svoїh Key infrastructure in the hands of obіg pennies rozpodіl i vikoristannya koshtіv, Trimai in taєmnitsі іnformatsіyu about gold stocks i Reigning Borg.

Boundary tsentralіzatsіya bankіvskoї system is small i svoї perevagi for okremih ekonomіchnih sub'єktіv. Penny perebuvala system in the same hands, scho give zmogu strimuvati іnflyatsіyu that zbіlshennya sovereign vnutrіshnogo i zovnіshnogo borgіv, stabіlіzuvati obіg penny. Go zdіysnyuvati practical bezvіdsotkove bankіvske kredituvannya Reigning of companies, Especially radgospіv that kolgospіv; in okremih vipadkah Borg state-sponsored bank simply does not povertalis i peretvoryuvalisya on dotatsії.

Already in Pershi Rocky perebudovi viyavilosya scho oderzhavlena i tsentralіzovana bankіvska system does not vіdpovіdaє vimogam zdіysnennya efektivnoї credit and groshovoї polіtiki not spriyaє rozvitkovі inventory vіdnosin penny. Spend at protsesі perebudovi (19871988 pp.) Reform bankіv s viokremlennyam іz Sistemi Derzhbanku CPCP spetsіalіzovanih "Prombudbanku", "Zhitlosotsbanku", "AGROPROMBANK", "Oschadbank" i pereymenuvannyam "Zovnіshtorgbanku" y "Zovnіsh-ekonombank" CPCP on sutі little scho zmіnila , oskіlki spetsіalіzovanі banks began rozdіlenim tsentralіzovanim bank to yakogo Doda vertikalnі structure. Tse bula sproba udoskonaliti tsentralіzovanu zagalnoderzhavnu bankіvsku system її chastkovoyu modernіzatsієyu. In rezultatі transition to rinkovoї Economy was zrozumіlo scho molded bankіvska system potrebuє lіkvіdatsії derzhavnoї monopolії, vstanovlennya control zakonodavchih organіv Reigning over the bank, sent messages number funktsіy i povnovazhen sovereign bank respublіkanskim, regіonalnim, mіstsevim banks, Renaissance komertsіynih bankіvskih-sovereign entities.

In the minds command system, the role admіnіstrativnoї i funktsії bankіv boule Nadto obmezhenі. Pong zvodilisya to zdіysnennya bezgotіvkovih rozrahunkіv mіzh pіdpriєmstvami to kasovogo obslugovuvannya and takozh fіnansuvannya kapіtalnogo budіvnitstva for rakhunok i koshtіv derzhbyudzhetu spetsіalnih tsіlovih fondіv. Yak warehouses sovereign aparata banks at tsentralіzovanomu zagalnoderzhavnomu planuvannі zdіysnyuvali kreditnі operatsії in furrows Suvorov reglamentovanih napryamkіv vikoristannya koshtіv i lіmіtovanih fondіv kredituvannya. Pozaplanovі operatsії allowed tіlki s allowed partіyno-Uriadovy organіv. For kerіvnikіv of companies i bankіvskih pratsіvnikіv factuality not Bulo іstotnoї vіdmіnnostі mіzh budgetary i Credit fіnansuvannyam; kredituvannya zdіysnyuvalosya s of f the budget for umovnimi vіdsotkami. Such a system could bankіvska deprivation galmuvati rozvitok inventory vіdnosin penny.

Treba mother on uvazі, scho banks - not just skhovischa kasi i vidachі for pennies i nadannya kreditіv. Pong stanovlyat bearing-down іnstrument strukturnoї polіtiki i regulyatsії Economy, zdіysnyuvanoї through pererozpodіl fіnansіv, kapіtalu in formі bankіvskogo kredituvannya іnvestitsіy, neobhіdnih for pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі, stvorennya i rozvitku virobnichih i sotsіalnih ob'єktіv. Banks mozhut spryamovuvati Costa, fіnansovі resources from viglyadі kreditіv at the Branch, Sphere, regіoni de kapіtal matim zastosuvannya maintained upstream.

Unreasoned polіtika kredituvannya, piece rates zanizhenі vіdsotkovі prizvodyat to ruynіvnih іnflyatsіynih protsesіv, defіtsitu sovereign budget neefektivnogo vitrachannya koshtіv. In the minds, if banks are state-sponsored pіdporyadkovanі aparata, fіnansova samoregulyatsіya zamіnyuєtsya primusovim rozpodіlom naychastіshe not real and fіktivnih koshtіv (primіrom, pributku od zalishkovogo gross obsyagu budіvelno robіt and installation), Ruh omertvіlogo kapіtalu. Perehіd to rinkovoї Economy potrebuє zvіlnennya bankіvskoї Sistemi od command admіnіstrativnogo upravlіnnya, peretvorennya її on active іnstrument upravlіnnya fіnansami in ekonomіtsі Kraina, regіonu, admіnіstrativnih teritorіy.

In ekonomіtsі rinkovogo type of credit-system bankіvska skladaєtsya s rіznomanіtnih bankіv i-bank fіnansovih setup. In organіzatsіynomu aspektі bankіvska system sukupnіstyu vzaєmozalezhnih Yea i vzaєmodіyuchih bankіv, skin s yakih vikonuє funktsії, scho s yogo viplivayut priznachennya.

Odnochasno s perelіchenimi banks dosit actively Pocha stvoryuvatisya komertsіynі, іnvestitsіynі, strahovі that INSHI fіnansovі kompanії, spetsіalnі (pensіynі, sotsіalnі, іnnovatsіynі) of the Fund i banks. Together usі tsі fіnansovo-kreditnі place the utvoryuyut bankіvsko-credit system.

In tsentralіzovanіy ekonomіtsі funktsії bagatoh bankіv boule not zovsіm zrozumіlі, stink naychastіshe dublyuvali one single. Oharakterizuєmo osnovnі funktsії bankіv sogodnі.

Central (emіsіyny) power bank - tse "Bank bankіv" nadіleny monopoly rights Key infrastructure bankіvskih bіletіv (Penny znakіv, banknotes, Reigning tsіnnih paperіv). Main yogo zavdannyam Je zdіysnennya derzhavnoї polіtiki in sferі trumpery obіgu, kredituvannya i rozrahunkіv, regulyuvannya dіyalnostі vsієї bankіvskoї system zdіysnennya funktsіy tsentralnoї system. Tsey Bank zvichayno natsіonalіzovany i yogo pid control dіyalnіst is staying power. Tom yogo nazivayut Reigning, abo Central.

Reigning Bank zberіgaє i vikoristovuє in razі require gold reserve powers, obov'yazkovі reserve vsіh іnshih bankіv Kraina i nadaє їm loans, zdіysnyuє kasove vikonannya sovereign budget vstanovlyuє rules bankіvskoї dіyalnostі. Tsі funktsії takі vazhlivі for normal funktsіonuvannya Economy, scho in bagatoh kraїnah svitu tsentralnі banks pіdporyadkovanі not Uryadov (vikonavchіy vladі) and bezposeredno Parliament abo glavі powers. Emіsіynі banks vіdіgrayut role of "lender ostannogo" in kritichnіy, krizovіy situatsії, їh polіtika i reserve іstotno vplivayut on vіdsotkovі rates ekonomіchnu aktivnіst, іnflyatsіyu. Yak vazhіl zdіysnennya derzhavnoї ekonomіchnoї polіtiki vikoristovuєtsya directly fіnansuvannya emіsіynim Central Bank abo Reigning vitrat pridbannya him tsіnnih paperіv the credit operatsіyah vіdkritomu on market analysis. There, de pіdporyadkovany Uryadov central bank (primіrom, Yak Bulo in CPCP) defіtsit sovereign budget often pokrivaєtsya dodatkovoyu emіsієyu pennies, not zabezpechenih trademark masoyu. When tsomu rozvivaєtsya іnflyatsіya, zrostayut tsіni.

Komertsіynі banks - naychislennіshy view bankіv scho rinok obslugovuyut penny. Zatsіkaviti deponentіv dwellers have zberіgannі pennies banks for deposits viplachuyut Pevnyi vіdsotok. In razі nadannya pozichok s debіtorіv styaguєtsya vischy vіdsotok. For rakhunok rіznitsі mіzh tsimi vіdsotkami utvoryuєtsya bankіvsky Prybutok. Yogo norm, yak i in іnshih areas of Economy, pragne to serednoї normalized pributku.

Absolutely rozmіr oblіkovogo (pozichkovogo) vіdsotka viznachaєtsya in skin Pevnyi time popitom i propozitsієyu on pozichkovy kapіtal, rіvnem іnflyatsії in kraїnі, ochіkuvanimi prospects rozvitku Economy. Vіdsotki, styagnutі banks rozrіznyayutsya fallow od strokіv i rozmіrіv nadanih pozichok, їh spromozhnostі, kredituvannya forms, stages credit riziku toscho. For great nadіynih debіtorіv, yak usually zastosovuyut znizhenі vіdsotkovі rate i pіlgovі kredituvannya minds. Rіven vіdsotkovih rates zaznaє great Oscillations. Skazhіmo, from 70 - to 80 cob rokіv rates vіdsotka pіdnіmalis the US to 20% in Frantsії - up to 24%. Before kіntsya 80 rokіv tsі znizilisya rate to 4.5%. Іnvestitsіyna dіyalnіst great bankіv daє їm mozhlivіst zoserediti in svoїh hands velikі package aktsіy Promyslova that іnshih of companies. Komertsіynі banks zvichayno nederzhavnі.

Іnvestitsіynі banks spetsіalіzuyutsya on fіnansuvannі that dovgostrokovomu kredituvannі rіznih of companies i Galuzo. Zvichayno rozrіznyayut fіnansovі іnvestitsії - kupіvlya Bank tsіnnih paperіv, tobto vkladennya pennies in tsіnnі Papero, i "realnі" іnvestitsії - vkladennya kapіtalu in promislovіst, budіvnitstvo, sіlske Gospodarstwa, tobto in ob'єkti virobnichoї i nevirobnichoї sphere.

Іpotechnі banks nadayut pozichki pid outpost neruhomogo Lane, perevazhno zemlі on trivaly termіn (10-15 rokіv). Іpoteka - one s Persha forms of the loan - to wish zabut in kraїnah nerinkovogo type.

Vіddayuchi the outpost neruhomіst, borzhnik deprivation formally zberіgaє right vlasnostі on neї, factuality Well vіn is staying at stanovischі orendarya scho viplachuє creditor orendnu fee at formі vіdsotka.U razі nesplati іpotechnogo Borg vchasno neruhomіst prodayutsya s auktsіonu. The US rate for vіdsotka іpotechnim credit dosyagaє 19-20% rіchnih.

Іnnovatsіynі banks abo Fondi, zdіysnyuyut kredituvannya (mostly venture capital, tobto pov'yazane Pevnyi rizikom s) on vsіh Etap i stadіyah іnnovatsіynogo processes stvorennya that vprovadzhennya rіznih innovations NAUKOVO i-tehnіchnih rozrobok.

Oschadnі banks - tse fіnansovo kreditnі-Install, SSMSC zaluchayut vіlnі Costa population, zberіgayut zaoschadzhennya, zdіysnyuyut bezgotіvkovі rozrahunki, nadayut retail loans, zdіysnyuyut rozrahunkovo-groshovі operatsії s obslugovuvannya population vklyuchayuchi operatsії s tsіnnimi Papero.

Іsnuє bagato іnshih rіznovidіv fіnansovo CREDIT organіzatsіy, zokrema Lombardi, SSMSC vidayut groshovі pozichki pid outpost Rukh Lane, rotarі funds that INSHI dobrodіynі Fondi, scho fіnansuyut prog pіdvischennya osvіti th receptionists Health Protection.

Vazhlivu role in svіtі vіdіgrayut mіzhnarodnі, mіzhderzhavnі banks zokrema Mіzhnarodny Bank rekonstruktsії i rozvitku. Bank mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv, Mіzhnarodny Bank ekonomіchnogo spіvrobіtnitstva. Єvropeysky іnvestitsіyny Bank.

Analіz rozvitku bankіvskoї Systems of Ukraine pokazuє scho nezvazhayuchi on trudnoschі transition to rinkovih vіdnosin Won still prosuvaєtsya to market analysis. About Tse svіdchit rozderzhavlennya bankіv i stvorennya-sovereign bankіvskih structures osobі komertsіynih bankіv. Sposterіgaєtsya to tendentsіya digit obmezhennya rights povnovazhen, sovereign funktsіy Central Bank. Z'yavlyayutsya Pershi Find our konkurentsії mіzh komertsіynimi banks.

In the minds rinkovoї Economy rіznі komertsіynі viplachuyut banks for deposits rіznі vіdsotki. Tom vkladniki samostіyno virіshuyut, in yaky bank vigіdnіshe vklasti groshі. Naychastіshe vibіr pripadaє on bank yaky daє bіlshy vіdsotok of deposits (deposits), but odnochasno slіd urahovuvati nadіynіst, stabіlnіst bank. In kapіtalіstichnіy rinkovіy ekonomіtsі stabіlny solid vіdsotok viplachuyut derzhavnі banks ale vіn descho nizhchy, nіzh one yaky viplachuyut komertsіynі banks. So rank, in svoїy dіyalnostі banks vikoristovuyut Vlasnyi kapіtal yak, so i have zalucheny formі rіznih vkladіv, scho Costa akumulyuyut vіlnі of companies i population.

Minds i uspіshnogo nadіynogo funktsіonuvannya skin komertsіynogo Bank, yak i Sistemi bankіvskoї zagalom, Je not tіlki pіdpriєmlivіst bankіv and second polіtika regulyuvannya i strahuvannya s side power. In Ukraїnі zakonodavcho rozmezhovano vіdpovіdalnіst powers bankіv i scho Virage from the principles: "Banks do not vіdpovіdayut for zobov'yazannyami Power, Power is not vіdpovіdaє for zobov'yazannyami bankіv", "Komertsіynі banks nezalezhnі od derzhavnoї Vladi at priynyattі them rіshen, pov'yazanih h operational bankіvskoyu dіyalnіstyu ". However zdіysnyuvati tsentralіzovane regulyuvannya processes stvorennya i dіyalnostі bankіv, zapobіgati collapse bankіvskoї system kontrolyuvati Quantity pennies i kredituvati, strahuvati bankіvskі deposits blame power.

The body of the regulyuvannya poklikany Buti Reigning Centrum Bank Square od Economy type (rinkovoї chi-kovoї Nerina), yaky in svoїy dіyalnostі guilty pіdporyadkovuvatisya not Uryadov and vischomu zakonodavchomu powers authority.

Centrum Bank Reigning guilty zabezpechuvati stabіlnіst trumpery obіgu, spriyati zdіysnennyu єdinoї derzhavnoї fіnansovo-kreditnoї polіtiki, regulyuvati dіyalnіst komertsіynih bankіv, zahischati Interests kreditorіv i vkladnikіv.

One іz poshirenih sposobіv regulyuvannya dіyalnostі komertsіynih bankіv i funktsіonuvannya fіnansovo-kreditnoї Sistemi Je vstanovlennya that zmіna vіdsotkovih rates. Napriklad at zbіlshennі vstanovlyuvanih central bank vіdsotkіv for nadannya pozichok vіdsotok for credit, scho їh nadayut klієntam komertsіynі banks takozh zbіlshuєtsya.

Utrudneny komertsіyny credit znizhuє іnvestitsіy scale in pіdpriєmnitskomu sektorі. Dwellers will win Prybutok i splatiti vіdsotki for loans pіdpriєmtsі robitimut іnvestitsії in visokopributkovі tsіnnі Papero.

Before the railway central bank zdatny regulyuvati gospodarsku, pіdpriєmnitsku dіyalnіst, zaprovadzhuyuchi obmezhennya on rozmіr vіdsotkovih rates for operatsіyami komertsіynih bankіv in viglyadі mіnіmalnoї i maksimalnoї between Oscillations rates. Primіrom, dwellers zniziti aktivnіst bankіv for credit operatsіyami s metoyu zmenshennya rozmіrіv іnvestitsіy, the central bank Mauger vstanoviti mіnіmalnu vіdsotkovu bet on Duzhe temple rіvnі - 20 abo 30% rіchnih. Todі brati komertsіyny credit for zdіysnennya іnvestitsіy bude dotsіlno tіlki with slim termіnі okupnostі, scho not perevischuє, skazhіmo 5 rokіv. Pіslya zakіnchennya tsogo termіnu vkladennya pochnut prinositi pіdpriєmtsyu Prybutok.

Inshyj sposіb regulyuvannya dії komertsіynih bankіv polyagaє in vstanovlennі standards obov'yazkovih rezervіv. For law usі komertsіynі banks zobov'yazanі trimati Chastain svoїh koshtіv from the central bank. Tse robitsya s metoyu strahuvannya, spromozhnostі that lіkvіdnostі vkladіv. Rozmіr obov'yazkovih rezervіv vstanovlyuєtsya in vіdsotkah to zobov'yazan komertsіynih bankіv.

Central bank Got the right to figure out dozvіl stvorennya komertsіynih bankіv i Mauger vіdmoviti in їh vіdkrittі, Yakscho tsіlі organіzatsії not vіdpovіdayut іnteresam Economy Power, razі histkogo fіnansovogo encampments zasnovnikіv abo uchasnikіv, nadannya nedostovіrnih vіdomostey.

Central bank Got the right lіtsenzuvati operatsії, SSMSC zdіysnyuyut INSHI banks іnozemnіy valyutі in kraїnі i behind a cordon, vidavati dozvіl on zaluchennya kreditіv s of the cordon in the furrows lіmіtu zovnіshnoї zaborgovanostі. The Central Bank of Veda book reєstratsії bankіv.

W metoyu zabezpechennya fіnansovoї stabіlnostі komertsіynih bankіv i Zahist іnteresіv їh kreditorіv central bank Got the right vstanovlyuvati ekonomіchnі standards for komertsіynih bankіv.

The Central Bank Mauger Buti nadіleny right vstanovlyuvati order abo organіzatsіynі obmezhennya kredituvannya, zdіysnyuvati INSHI operatsії.

In sferі organіzatsії obіgu penny znakіv central bank Got monopoly rights in Key infrastructure obіg i viluchennya s obіgu znakіv penny. Vіn organіzovuє vigotovlennya transported that zberezhennya penny znakіv, viznachaє order їh zamіni i znischennya.

Kontrolnі power

1. Fіnansi that fіnansovі resources.

2. Fіnansovі zv'yazki scho іsnuyut in ekonomіtsі.

3. Osnovnі vіdmіnnostі fіnansovih potokіv for rіznih forms fіnansovih zv'yazkіv.

4. Osnovnі podatkіv groupies.

5. The essence podatkovoї system.

6. Credit that kreditnі resources.

7. Kriterії rozpodіlu budget.

8. Structure byudzhetnoї Systems of Ukraine, її funktsіonuvannya.

9. Dіyuchі banks that їh osnovnі funktsії.

List vikoristanoї that rekomendovanoї lіteraturi

1. Bocharov VV Financial and credit management practices of the investment market. - M .: Finance and Statistics, 1993. - 243 p.

2. R. Hilferding financial capital. latest phase of capitalist development studies. - M .: Publishing House of Social-ehkon. lit., 1959. -. 491 p.

3. Rozvinennya fіnansovo-bankіvskoї sphere - Way to udoskonalennya іnvestitsіynoї polіtiki / DV Stepanov, VV Stepanova, V. Fedorenko that іn. // Stock rinok. - 2001. - number 2 - pp 12-16.