Basics of polіtologії - Bregeda AY

Rozdіl VII POLІTICHNA SYSTEM SUSPІLSTVA

1. Sutnіst polіtichnoї is the structure of the system

Termіn "polіtichna system" suspіlstva nalezhit to vіdnosno novih understand scho became widely vikoristovuvatisya in suspіlnih sciences already in our hour. Neobhіdnіst vidіlennya in nautsі about polіtiku the category "polіtichna suspіlstva system" zumovlena digit rozshirennyam in the XX century. Act reasonably spherical polіtichnih Reigning іnstitutіv, polіtichnih partіy, suspіlno-polіtichnih organіzatsіy, ruhіv scho zv'yazanі s Borotba for polіtichnu Vlad that її zdіysnennya [1].

Polіtichna system - tse tsіlіsna, uporyadkovana vіdnosin system Act reasonably, іdey, tsіley, metodіv i іnstitutіv, pov'yazanih polіtikoyu s, s її rozrobkoyu that zdіysnennyam practicality. Polіtichna suspіlstva system - tse foldable, bagatogranna system vіdnosin Reigning i-sovereign sotsіalnih іnstitutіv, SSMSC vikonuyut vіdpovіdnі polіtichnі funktsії for Zahist іnteresіv Pevnyi klasіv that sotsіalnih group. Analіzuyuchi qiu problem amerikansky polіtolog Dahl uvazhaє scho polіtichna system vklyuchaє takі golovnі components yak Vlad kerіvnitstvo abo authority. Sutnіst polіtichnoї system on yogo Dumka, polyagaє in reglamentatsії povedіnki people. A reglamentatsіya realіzuєtsya tsya for Relief polіtichnoї Vladi. Axis chomu "Central Elements, Strizhnev polіtichnoї Sistemi Je polіtichna Vlad podіbno before yak at such ekonomіchnіy sistemі Elements Je vlasnіst" [2].

Polіtichna system Yea odnієyu s Chastain (abo pіdsistem) sukupnoї suspіlnoї system. Vaughn vzaєmodіє s іnshimi її pіdsistemami:

sotsіalnoyu, ekonomіchnoyu, іdeologіchnoyu, upmost, legal, cultural toscho. Polіtichna system specific suspіlstva viznachaєtsya yogo klasovoyu nature, sotsіalnim ustroєm, forms pravlіnnya (parlamentskogo, prezidentskogo i t. N.), The type of power (monarhіya, Republic), character polіtichnogo regime (democratic, totalіtarnogo, authoritarian) sotsіalno-polіtichnih vіdnosin (stabіlnih Abo ni, gostrokonflіktnih abo consensus i t. n.) polіtiko legal status of power (konstitutsіyna, s rozvinutimi abo nerozvinutimi legal structure), the nature of polіtiko-іdeologіchnih that cultural vіdnosin in suspіlstvі (vіdnosno vіdkritih abo Closed-, s parallel tіnovimi, margіnalnimi structures abo without them), іstorichnim type derzhavnostі (tsentralіstskim, s ієrarhіchnimi bureaucratic structures i t. n.) іstorichnoyu that natsіonalnoyu traditsієyu way of polіtichnogo Zhittya (polіtichno Activity abo Passive population s hard-Rodino zv'yazkami abo bez them rozvinutimi s abo nerozvinutimi Gromadyanska vіdnosinami i, etc.) [3].

Stvorennya polіtichnoї Sistemi rozpochinaєtsya s podіlu suspіlstva to Klas that viniknennyam s powers. W rozvitkom suspіlstva that zrostannyam rolі powers polіtichna system staє all bіlsh folding that rozgaluzhenoyu. Її structure that mehanіzm funktsіonuvannya viznachayutsya rіvnem ekonomіchnogo, sotsіalnogo, spiritual and moral rozvitku suspіlstva and takozh rіznimi factors that mіzhnarodnogo іnshogo nature.

Sogodnі in polіtichnіy praktitsі mozhna vidіliti takі tipi polіtichnih systems postіndustrіalnі (postkapіtalіstichnі) perehіdnі, postkolonіalnі toscho. For postіndustrіalnoї (postkapіtalіstichnoї) polіtichnoї system on Suchasnyj etapі harakternі: funktsіonuvannya parlamentskogo mehanіzmu Borotba for Vlad; zrostannya rіvnya Zhittya perevazhnoї bіlshostі population, decay napruzhenostі klasovoї Borotba, that have been approved sotsіalnogo partnership posilennya pozitsіy Gromadyanska suspіlstva, Helsinki Human rights Zahist.

For perehіdnogo type polіtichnoї System (DNS Kraina, Kraina Shіdnoї Єvropi) harakternі takі RISS, yak: nadmіrna polіtizatsіya folk mass, there was a democratically іnstitutіv that іnshih democratically elementіv in suspіlstvі s odnochasnim іsnuvannyam zalishkіv totalіtarizmu that command admіnіstrativnoї system. Tsya obstavina generally produces up posilennya Borotba for Vlad, yak in suspіlstvі all bіlshe nabiraє FORMS mіzhpartіynoї Borotba. In suspіlstvі poshiryuyutsya kraynoradikalnі Look "lіvogo" th "right" spryamuvannya, posilyuєtsya natsіonalіzm. Perehіdny type polіtichnoї Sistemi harakterizuєtsya takozh Shvidky znizhennyam rіvnya Zhittya people ruynuvannyam yogo duhovnostі, strіmkim zrostannyam zlochinnostі toscho.

Postkolonіalna polіtichna harakterizuєtsya system: great rozmaїttyam polіtichnih rezhimіv i forms of sovereign pravlіnnya, nizkim rіvnem Zhittya people spadix becoming in bіlshostі kraїn kapіtalіstichnih vіdnosin, їh vіdrivom od naturalnoї Economy, pasivnіstyu broad mass through їhnyu zlidennіst i negramotnіst toscho.

Ponyattya polіtichnoї Sistemi vikonuє in polіtologії vazhlivu metodologіchnu funktsіyu. According au-Perche, vono daє zmogu uyaviti polіtichne Zhittya sama yak system povedіnki people viyaviti mehanіzmi vplivu polіtichnih Act reasonably okremih osіb i tsіlih polіtichnih group on the character polіtichnih іnstitutіv that їhnyu structure.

Alternatively, Taqiy pіdhіd daє mozhlivіst rozglyanuti polіtiku yak tsіlіsne suspіlne yavische, proanalіzuvati way to that form її vzaєmodії s navkolishnіm seredovischem, components yakogo shaping can Buti nature ekonomіka, Culture sotsіalna structure.

In tretє, zdіysnennya this system pіdhodu umozhlivlyuє viyavlennya sposobіv pіdtrimannya rіvnovagi th stabіlnogo will polіtichnoї system її zdatnostі adaptuvatisya to vplivu zovnіshnogo seredovischa.

Nareshtі the I, in the fourth, metodologіchna funktsіya ponyattya polіtichnoї Sistemi polyagaє in zabezpechennі єdnostі, tsіlіsnostі suspіlnogo organіzmu scho neminuche vklyuchaє chislennі vіdmіnnostі, rіznonapryamlenі tendentsії suspіlnih protsesіv. Same polіtichna system for Tsikh minds staє zasobom sotsіalnoї іntegratsії suspіlstva, vazhlivim factor strimuvannya destructive vplivu sotsіalnih vіdmіnnostey on funktsіonuvannya warehouses Chastain suspіlnogo organіzmu.

Efektivnosti funktsіonuvannya polіtichnoї Sistemi spriyaє realіzatsії superechlivih, ale vzaєmozv'yazanih tsіley suspіlnogo rozvitku: do updates sotsіalnih protsesіv, yak neobhіdne s Look vrahuvannya pristosuvannya minutes to drain, scho postіyno zmіnyuyutsya, i stabіlіzatsії - factor zberezhennya sotsіalnoї tsіlіsnostі. Priznachennya polіtichnoї Vladi sama th polyagaє in fact dwellers zabezpechiti rozvitok yak, so i stabіlnіst sotsіalnoї system. Vlad Yakscho to tsogo nezdatna then neminuchі chislennі destruktsії polіtichnih vіdnosin.

For marriage is the order in stabіlnostі suspіlstvі znizhuєtsya rіven zahischenostі osobistostі, devalvuєtsya authority powers, in suspіlstvі zrostaє trivoga, nevpevnenіst that sotsіalne napruzhennya. In takіy situatsії polіtichna system is bіlshe vtrachaє mozhlivostі vplivu on polіtichnі processes.

Zrostannya sotsіalnoї nevporyadkovanostі Mauger prizvesti suspіlstvo navіt to become chaos abo sotsіalnoї s catastrophic decay rіzkim zhittєvogo rіvnya population paralіchem vladnih structures, loss BEZPEKA, tobto zrostannyam zlochinnostі, avarіy, polіtichnogo ruynuvannya sotsіalnoї іnfrastrukturi toscho.

Іstorichny dosvіd svіdchit scho іsnuє Pevnyi boundary tsіni, yak masi zgodnі splachuvati for zmіni in suspіlstvі. Nevporyadkovanіst sotsіalnih zv'yazkіv in suspіlnomu zhittі pid hour transfer to nova ekonomіchnu th sotsіalnu model rozvitku ob'єktivno neminucha, ale won not guilty porodzhuvati pochuttya vtrati BEZPEKA, naslіdkom chogo staє gotovnіst weight spriynyati whether SSMSC zasobi vporyadkuvannya sotsіalnih zv'yazkіv. Suspіlna svіdchit practice, if scho Vlad vtrachaє zdatnіst kontrolyuvati negativnі tendentsії rozvitku, suspіlna svіdomіst pochinaє all bіlshe skhilyatisya to zastosuvannya Enforced yak protidії nevdalіy polіtitsі novih mozhnovladtsіv.

Zvіdsi viplivaє visnovok scho polіtichna Je folding system, bagatovimіrnim utvorennyam, mainly priznachennyam yakogo Je zabezpechennya tsіlіsnostі that Act reasonably єdnostі people that have їhnіh spіlnot polіtitsі. In lіteraturі zaznachaєtsya scho "polіtichna system Yea dіalektichnoyu єdnіstyu chotiroh storіn: 1) іnstitutsіynoї (Power, polіtichnі partії, sotsіalno-ekonomіchnі that INSHI organіzatsії scho stvoryuyut in sukupnostі polіtichnu suspіlstva company profile); 2) regulyativnoї (right polіtichnі that traditsії normalized, normalized deyakі moralі i, etc.)..; 3) funktsіonalnoї (method polіtichnoї dіyalnostі scho stanovlyat basis polіtichnogo regime); 4) іdeologіchnoї (polіtichna svіdomіst, peredovsіm panіvna in danomu suspіlstvі іdeologіya) "[4].

Pogodzhuyuchis s so pіdhodom to rozglyadu polіtichnoї system dotsіlno, we'll see zaznachiti takі її components:

1) polіtichnі vіdnosini;

2) polіtichnu company profile, scho ohoplyuє sukupnіst polіtichnih іnstitutіv that organіzatsіy;

3) polіtichnі, pravovі moralnі is the norm, scho i іsnuyut dіyut in viglyadі konstitutsіy, statutіv that program partіy, polіtichnih traditsіy i procedures regulyatsії polіtichnih protsesіv;

4) method polіtichnoї dіyalnostі scho stanovlyat basis polіtichnogo regime;

5) polіtichnu culture scho viyavlyaєtsya in polіtichnih Look, іdeyah, teorіyah have polіtichnіy svіdomostі that polіtichnіy povedіntsі.

Polіtichnі vіdnosini in suspіlstvі vinikayut through Borotba, zavoyuvannya that zdіysnennya polіtichnoї Vladi. Tse, for au-Perche, mіzhklasovі, vnutrіshnoklasovі, mіzhnatsіonalnі that mіzhderzhavnі vіdnosini. In another, Tse so zvanі vertikalnі vіdnosini scho skladayutsya in protsesі zdіysnennya polіtichnoї Vladi mіzh polіtichnimi organіzatsіyami (Power, partіyami, suspіlnimi organіzatsіyami toscho). In tretє, tse vіdnosini, SSMSC skladayutsya mіzh polіtichnimi i nepolіtichnimi organіzatsіyami that Set (admіnіstratsіya oblastі that pіdpriєmstvo, іnstitut, set a culture partіya, labor collective of toscho).

Before polіtichnoї organіzatsії (organіzatsіynogo polіtichnoї component systems) nalezhat Power, polіtichnі partії, profesіynі spіlki, kooperativnі, molodіzhnі that INSHI organіzatsії th ob'єdnannya. Usі tsі organіzatsії stvoryuyutsya for dwellers virazhati, zahischati in polіtichnіy sistemі bagatomanіtnі sotsіalnі Interests: klasovі, grupovі, natsіonalnі, molodіzhnі, zhіnochі, profesіynі toscho. Truncated aktivnіshim i samostіynіshim Elements polіtichnoї organіzatsії stayut zasobi masovoї Informácie.

VZAYEMODIYA polіtichnih іnstitutіv vіdbuvaєtsya on zasadі Pevnyi standards polіtichnogo Zhittya. Naybіlsh vazhlivimi Je pravovі standards: konstitutsіya, laws, SSMSC on nіy bazuyutsya, that INSHI normativnі acti for nedotrimannya Cauterets nakladayutsya admіnіstrativnі sanktsії. Great significance for zdіysnennya polіtichnoї dіyalnostі toil takozh norms stvorenі suspіlnimi organіzatsіyami for regulyuvannya vіdnosin useredinі them - nasampered statutnі normalized Tsikh organіzatsіy.

Pisanі pravovі th statutnі normalized dopovnyuyutsya in polіtichnomu zhittі unwritten zvichayami that traditsіyami. Especially stink harakternі, napriklad for britanskoї polіtichnoї system. Labour's buduyut its programa, spirayuchis the long-traditsіyu robіtnichogo Ruhu - traditsіyu legalnoї opozitsії i zavzhdi vistupayut yak polіtichnі opponent has th suprotivniki partії konservatorіv.

Polіtichne Zhittya regulyuєtsya th etiko-moral norms. Dear, scho "polіtika - tse Brudnyi right", so i Bulo vіkami. Ninі all bіlshe usvіdomlyuєtsya neobhіdnіst moralnoї povedіnki in sferі polіtiki, vіdbuvaєtsya Povernennya to such moral figure, yak sovіst, honor, nobility. For polіtichnogo dіyacha chesnіst - tse nasampered Yednist words i DILA and nobility - tse toleration (terpimіst) that povaga to chuzhoї pillows (in addition to the first chislі pillows polіtichnih oponentіv), a temple is personal vіdpovіdalnіst for their dіyalnіst.

Funktsіonalnim Elements polіtichnoї Sistemi suspіlstva Je polіtichny mode. Polіtichny mode - tse way to the second methodological zdіysnennya polіtichnogo vladaryuvannya, order vzaєmovіdnosin Gromadyanska suspіlstva that polіtichnoї Vladi [5]. Vіn vklyuchaє sposіb i order formuvannya predstavnitskih SET, vzaєmovіdnosini zakonodavchoї that vikonavchoї Vladi, Central i mіstsevih organіv, minds dіyalnostі polіtichnih partіy, suspіlnih organіzatsіy, Masov ruhіv, osobistostі legal status, order funktsіonuvannya pravoohoronnih organіv. On polіtichny mode vplivayut rіven polіtichnoї stabіlnostі suspіlstva, spіvvіdnoshennya sotsіalnih forces іstorichnі that sotsіokulturnі traditsії in suspіlstvі. Tsі very hard factorization based tipologії polіtichnih rezhimіv.

Klasifіkuvati polіtichnі rehearse of Namangan i predstavniki ukraїnskoї polіtichnoї pillows. So, svoїh "sheet to bratіv-hlіborobіv" V. Lipinsky vidіlyaє three tipi polіtichnih rezhimіv: 1) demokratіya s respublіkoyu; 2) ochlocracy s dictatorship 3) klasokratіya s legal - the "law obmezhenoyu i obmezhuyuchoyu law" - monarhієyu [6].

In suchasnіy polіtichnіy teorії rozrіznyayut takі osnovnі tipi polіtichnih rezhimіv: demokratichnі, avtoritarnі that totalіtarnі. More democratic regime - tse naybіlsh Progressive polіtichny order oskіlki vіn stvoryuє minds for spravzhnoї Svobody osobistostі, її tvorchostі th samoviznachennya access in all areas dіyalnostі. Over the minds of a democratic regime "іndivіdi domagayutsya of acceptance for Vladi rіshen zasobami konkurentnoї Borotba for the votes of the people", otzhe, "Je demokratіya pravlіnnyam polіtika" [7].

Ninі democratically panuє mode bagatoh kraїnah svitu. Axis deprivation deyakі harakternі yogo Find our: vibornіst in organic derzhavnoї Vladi, podіl derzhavnoї Vladi on zakonodavchu, vikonavchu second vessels, a wide range of rights is the freedom of gromadyan, Zahist that garantuvannya Tsikh rights dіyalnіst-sovereign suspіlno-polіtichnih organіzatsіy yak rіvnopravnih partnerіv powers, polіtichny plyuralіzm, glasnіst, shirokі mozhlivostі for osobistostі vplivati ​​on the processes of acceptance that zdіysnennya polіtichnih rіshen.

Authoritarian regimes bazuєtsya on bezumovnomu pіdporyadkuvannі vladі. Zamіna kerіvnih kadrіv zdіysnyuєtsya through kooptatsіyu instead peredvibornu competitive Borotba mіzh candidates vіdpovіdalnі derzhavnі planted. For such rezhimіv Absent (abo stink іgnoruyutsya) vstanovlenih law procedures unaslіdok chogo pripinennya that committing Vladi Je often the result of a vio, konfrontatsії instead іnstitutsіonalіzatsії [8]. For such a regime nepodіlno panuє vikonavcha Vlad. Parliament hoch i zberіgaєtsya, ale, yak usually valued Chastain priznachayut yogo, not obirayut. Vіn peretvoryuєtsya on doradchu set when golovі Powers, Cauterets at bіlshostі vipadkіv himself posіdaє OAO All klyuchovі derzhavnі planted. Osnovnі methodological derzhavnoї dіyalnostі - Mandate th team. Osobistіst utrachaє zdatnіst to samostіynostі sudzhen that Act reasonably, slіpo pіdkoryayuchis authority.

Naybіlsh reaktsіynim regime Je totalіtarny [9]. Tse nasilnitske polіtichne panuvannya groupies "vibranih" yakih ocholyuє "leader" (Führer, Duce). Find our Osnovnі tsogo mode: total control over vsіma areas Zhittya suspіlstva, zaborona konstitutsіynih rights i freedoms, democratic organіzatsіy, represії, mіlіtarizatsіya suspіlnogo Zhittya, panuvannya odnієї zagalnoviznanoї іdeologії. Over the minds totalіtarizmu osobistіst tsіlkom pіdkoreno vladі.

In polіtiku people (sub'єkti polіtiki - osobistostі, sotsіalnі groupies, verstvi, class, narodnostі, natsії) zavzhdi privnosyaschy Chastain Svoge vnutrіshnogo svitu, nadіy, spodіvan, іnteresіv, uyavlen about Sens Zhittya that Happiness. Tse viyavlyaєtsya in polіtichnіy kulturі (in polіtichnih Look, іdeyah, teorіyah have polіtichnih platforms programa i have polіtichnih rіshennyah have polіtichnіy povedіntsі). Polіtichna culture - Nadzvychaina sytuatsia vazhlivy component polіtichnoї system oskіlki's World polіtiki not without іsnuє Helsinki Human, nadіlenoї svіdomіstyu. The I od of SSMSC polіtichnі th moralnі principle (tsіnnіsnі orієntatsії) vibiraє osobistіst in protsesі polіtichnoї dіyalnostі, deposits efektivnіst polіtiki and otzhe, i Zhittya suspіlstva in tsіlomu, yogo progression.

Sutnіst polіtichnoї Sistemi viyavlyaєtsya in її funktsіyah. Beruchi zagalom, tse mozhna poyasniti so. Polіtichna system vіdbivaє camp suspіlstva, vklyuchayuchi ekonomіchnі minds Yogo іsnuvannya, sotsіalnu th natsіonalnu structure demografіchnі th ekonomіchnі processes, rіven osvіti population mill suspіlnoї svіdomostі, truncated spiritual іdeologіchne Zhittya, mіzhnarodne encampment. Through polіtichnu system viyavlyayutsya that akumulyuyutsya osnovnі groupies sotsіalnih іnteresіv, viznachayutsya sotsіalnі prіoriteti scho potіm zakrіplyuyutsya in polіtitsі. Napriklad, ninі in Ukraїnі, Mabuchi, naybіlsh folding polіtiko-vladnih structures zavdannya polyagaє in fact dwellers for the transition to rinkovih vіdnosin Know balance rіznih sotsіalnih іnteresіv.

Polіtichna system vikonuє koordinuyuchu that іntegrativnu funktsії. For zabezpechennya stabіlnostі polіtichnoї Sistemi neobhіdno, dwellers won, urahovuyuchi Interests uchasnikіv polіtichnogo Zhittya, superechnostі scho mіzh them vinikayut, Domagala nayoptimalnіshogo uzgodzhennya іnteresіv, koordinuvala zusillya іsnuyuchih in suspіlstvі klasіv sotsіalnih that group, and takozh i organіzatsіy Interests Group, SSMSC їh reprezentuyut. Polіtichna system poklikat іntegruvati rіznі Elements sotsіalnoї i natsіonalnoї structures bazі consensus that the main tsіnnostey іdealіv, yak їh rozumіyut nasampered provіdnі ekonomіchnі th polіtichnі Sealy suspіlstva.

In furrows polіtichnoї Sistemi vіdbuvaєtsya all polіtichny processes. Axis chomu one s nayvazhlivіshih funktsіy tsієї Sistemi polyagaє in fact dwellers domagatisya adequate vіdobrazhennya prіoritetnih for neї sotsіalnih іnteresіv in polіtichnih rіshennyah scho uhvalyuyutsya, that їhnogo bezumovnogo vikonannya.

Отже, політична система є складною підсистемою суспільства. Її оптимальне функціонування має винятково важливе значення для життєдіяльності й нормального розвитку як суспільства в цілому, так і соціальних груп та індивідів, що складають це суспільство.