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Logіstika - Kalchenko AG

4.4. Ekonomichna EFEKTIVNІST TA VIDI VITRAT have LOGІSTITSІ

Logіstika Got Visokiy potentsіal ekonomіchnoї efektivnostі. Tse pіdtverdzhuєtsya vіdnosno Short іstorієyu rozvitku praktichnoї logіstiki. Vіn viyavlyaєtsya in Visoko rіvnі organіzatsії virobnitstva i, yak naslіdok in ekonomії materіalіv i koshtіv. Efekt, in his Cherga, deposits od masshtabіv poshirennya logіstiki. For danimi zahіdnoєvropeyskih scientists have Zahіdnіy Єvropі in komertsіynіy that virobnichіy dіyalnostі priblizno 64% of companies that fіrm tієyu chi іnshoyu mіroyu viyavlyayutsya logіstichnі funktsії.

Efektivnіst logіstiki konkretizuєtsya such natural pokaznikami, yak 1) rіven zapasіv; 2) hour prohodzhennya materіalіv on logіstichnomu lantsyugu; 3) trivalіst obslugovuvannya cycle of order, that yakіst rіven servіsu; 4) rozmіri partії vantazhіv; 5) rіven vikoristannya virobnichih bearing-down; 6) manevrenіst, adaptivnіst that stіykіst robots.

The problem with zmenshennya zapasіv dostavtsі vantazhіv exactly rows Duzhe relevant. Tse, one s central logіstiki problems. Pіdrahovano scho zmertvіnnya kapіtalіv in stocks dosyagaє bіlshe 1/3 on utrimuvannya zapasіv pripadaє od 20 to 40% usіh vitrat spozhivacha, vklyuchayuchi vitrati on freight skladskі operatsії. Delivery vantazhіv exactly rows daє zmogu udvіchі skorotiti hour vikonannya spozhivacha of order, 50% i zmenshiti reserves by 50-70% - trivalіst vikonannya of order on pіdpriєmstvі scho vigotovlyaє produktsіyu. Analіz pokazuє, scho in razі realіzatsії fіrmoyu principle delivery vantazhіv "exactly in the lines" 60% znizhuyutsya reserves materіalіv that komplektuyuchih virobіv, 40% - vitrati on transported vantazhіv, 40% - vitrati on materіali, 28% pіdvischuєtsya yakіst postachannya materіalіv . Yakscho priynyati vitrati logіstiku at 100%, then chastka okremih її warehouses becoming: transported magіstralnim transport - 28-30-46%; pakuvannya - 15-20-25%; upravlіnnya - 5-10-15%; INSHI, in addition to the first chislі obrobku of order - 05/10/17%. Place your pattern on vitrat logіstiku vrahovuє not deprivation osoblivostі organіzatsії virobnitstva she Economy okremih of companies i fіrm and second rіznі pіdhodi to grupuvannya that kalkulyatsії vitrat. So, when zastosuvannі logіstichnoї system "Rhythm" (div. Pіdrozd. 3.6) vrahovuyut її tehnologіchnі osoblivostі at oplatі the agriculture poslug. Koli vantazhі carrying wagons have Vlasnyi of companies (and in їh obertannі by general trammel zalіznits tse pov'yazano s obmezhennyam masi i vantazhіv shvidkostі Ruhu) vitrati on zalіznichnomu transport requires kompensuvati for rakhunok Gone dogovіrnih tarifіv, rozmіri yakih toil pokrivati ​​dodatkovі vitrati zalіznits i vodnochase zabezpechuvati ekonomіchny efekt od vprovadzhennya tsієї tehnologії. In razі Suvorov dotrimannya dogovorіv s side zalіznits yak, so i klієntіv mozhna skorotiti rozmіri "dead" kapіtalu in stocks, zniziti needful in skladskih primіschennyah, vivіlniti materіalnі th trudovі resources for rakhunok lіkvіdatsії dodatkovih perevantazhen vantazhіv that pіdvischennya їh zberezhenostі. Napriklad, metallurgy, oderzhuyut scho blizko 400 million tons sirovinnih produktіv on Year, mozhut oderzhuvati їh yak through the warehouse, so i h vivantazhuvannyam directly into the hopper of blast furnaces. Todі obsyag vantazhnih robіt Mauger skorotitis in 4 Razi scho spriyatime zberezhennyu of Quality sirovini. Aje, deprivation of odne vivantazhuvannya that zavantazhuvannya coke to 27% yogo staє nepridatnim for virobnitstva metal.

Mainly in logіstitsі Je vitrati: 1) transportuvannya; 2) away skladuvannya tovarіv; 3) zberіgannya inventory materіalnih zapasіv; 4) obsession, vіdvantazhuvannya that pakuvannya tovarіv; 5) on the one admіnіstrativnі obrobku of order. Osnovnі stattі vitrat zagotіvelnoї logіstiki - transportnі and takozh on upravlіnsku dіyalnіst that vikonannya number іnshih operatsіy. In ekonomіchnіy lіteraturі scho visvіtlyuє problemi logіstiki, vidіlyayut three Vidi vitrat: 1) Purchasing; 2) vitrati on utrimannya stock; 3) zbitki od vіdsutnostі produktsії. Before pershoї groupies nalezhat vitrati, pov'yazanі s clearance of order is the dogovorіv, vstanovlennyam zv'yazkіv s postachalnikami. Well Syudi incoming transportnі vitrati, Yakscho not vklyuchaєtsya vartіst transported to vartostі product and takozh vitrati, pov'yazanі skladuvannyam Zi is the obsession of order. Before Druha groupies nalezhat vitrati scho peredbachayutsya on utrimannya stock. Pong viznachayutsya vitratami on skladske zberіgannya produktsії protyagom Pevnyi hour i bezposeredno stale od obsyagu Vantage, scho skladuєtsya. Before tretoї groupies nalezhat zbitki, yakih zaznaє virobnik in razі vіdsutnostі produktsії. Osnovnі vitrati at skladuvannі pov'yazanі s vikonannyam such vidіv operatsіy: 1) priymannya produktsії s virobnitstva; 2) skladuvannya that zberіgannya produktsії; 3) pіdgotovka produktsії to vіdvantazhennya (komplektuvannya partії postachannya, pakuvannya, markuvannya); 4) delivery to produktsії Georeferencing vіdpravki that zdavannya її transportnіy organіzatsії for transported; 5) Obl_k nayavnostі i Ruhu gotovoї produktsії on skladі.

FIRMA Got virіshiti power about neobhіdnu Quantity punktіv zberіgannya. Chim bіlshe such punktіv, team shvidshe mozhna dostaviti spozhivacham goods. However, in tsomu zrostayut vitrati. Rіshennya about Quantity punktіv zberіgannya slіd priymati, pov'yazuyuchi mіzh him problemi rіvnya servіsu for spozhivachіv that vitrat s rozpodіlu.

For an hour she skorochennya vitrat turnover vazhlive stvorennya on the main traffic routes of the great, tehnіchno equipping termіnalіv that skladskih punktіv on yakih widely vikoristovuyutsya package th pіddoni, zavdyaki chomu, zokrema, zmenshuєtsya obsyag vantazhno-rozvantazhuvalnih robіt hour that vitrati on їh vikonannya.

Without sumnіvu, orієntatsіya on mіnіmіzatsіyu vitrat zalishaєtsya expired ale for the minds optimal poєdnannya vitrat basically the working kapіtalu, vikoristanogo in furrows rinkovoї strategії pributku that scho yogo vіn bring. So rank, strategіya materіalno-tehnіchnogo zabezpechennya kompanії Got tsіlkom pіdporyadkovuvatisya rinkovіy strategії. Uspіshna realіzatsіya ostannoї - guarantor dosyagnennya temple rіvnya rentabelnostі fіrmi.

Pokazniki otsіnki robots logіstichnih pіdrozdіlіv podіlyayutsya on vnutrіshnі that zovnіshnі. otsіnki system for vnutrіshnіmi pokaznikami priznachena for porіvnyannya rezultatіv dіyalnostі (operatsіy protsesіv i) s poperednіmi results analogіchnoї dіyalnostі. Logіstichnі pokazniki in tsomu razі rozpodіlyayut for such kategorіyami: vitrati, obslugovuvannya spozhivachіv, produktivnіst, upravlіnnya assets yakіstyu. Naybіlsh efektivnosti logіstika in viznachennі rozmіru vitrat on logіstichnі Process (transportuvannya, zberіgannya, planuvannya that іn.).

Їh skladaє zagalna penny penny abo vitrat scrip scrip in rozrahunku on odinitsyu produktsії.

Before pokaznikіv, pov'yazanih s obslugovuvannyam spozhivachіv, vіdnosyat: normal nasichenostі popitu, defіtsit zapasіv, svoєchasnіst delivery trivalіst vikonannya obrobki cycle of order, Quantity pretenzіy.

One s nayvazhlivіshih pokaznikіv Je produktivnіst. Vaughn viznachaєtsya vіdnoshennyam mіzh kіntsevim result (obsyagom viroblenih tovarіv abo poslug) i obsyagom resursіv scho spozhivayutsya for otrimannya rezultatіv.

Types pokaznikami logіstichnoї produktivnostі Je Quantity vіdvantazhen, KOTRA pripadaє per pratsіvnika, Quantity of order one torgovelnogo agent that іn.

The subject otsіnki aktivіv Mauger Buti efektivnіst vikoristannya kapіtalu, Cauterets contribution from sporudzhennya th obladnannya and takozh working kapіtalu in stocks. Logіstichnі potuzhnostі obladnannya i reserves mozhut stanoviti Velika chastku aktivіv fіrmi.

Pokazniki of Quality vikoristovuyut not tіlki for viyavlennya efektivnostі okremih operatsіy and second for complex operatsіy. Before them vіdnosyatsya pokazniki turnover zapasіv, Quantity pretenzіy that Povernennya product od spozhivachіv that іn.

Koli vnutrіshnі pokazniki neobhіdnі upravlіnskogo to control robots logіstichnih systems, the zovnіshnі otsіnki neobhіdnі for viyavlennya that realіzatsії spozhivchih ochіkuvan. Vazhlivim component in tsomu mozhna vvazhati spriynyattya robots logіstіv spozhivachami. Yak has rozglyanuli ranіshe, otsіnyuvannya zdіysnyuєtsya, vihodyachi s dostupnostі zapasіv, Informácie, a method virіshennya pressing problems servіsnoї pіdtrimki product.

Main chastkoyu mіkrologіstiki slіd vvazhati rozpodіlchu logіstiku.

Before pokaznikіv, kotrі harakterizuyut robot logіstiki, pov'yazanu s rozpodіlom gotovoї produktsії, vіdnosyat: 1) frequency oborotnostі usіh zapasіv, yak yak viznachayut vіdnoshennya rozmіru trade to obsyagu skladskih zapasіv; 2) zagalnі vitrati on materіalno-tehnіchne postachannya s rozrahunku odinitsyu on turnover; 3) stupіn gotovnostі postachalnika (%), yaky viznachayut yak chastku od dіlennya obsyagu require scho zadovolnyayutsya in zaznacheny termіn on zagalny obsyag required; 4) vitrati on logіstiku (% od zagalnih vitrat); 5) shvidkіst obertannya materіalnih resursіv on okremih warehouses; 6) vitrati on vіdpravlennya odinitsі produktsії; 7) vitrati tonne-kіlometr vantazhіv, carrying scho; 8) zavantazhennya warehouse that fleet zasobіv; 9) stupіn riziku, pov'yazanogo Zi skladuvannyam zapasіv.