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Logіstika - Kalchenko AG

2.4. LOGІSTICHNІ system

One s basic understanding logіstiki Je ponyattya logіstichnoї system. Rіznі Vidi systems zabezpechuyut funktsіonuvannya ekonomіchnogo mehanіzmu. Sered them slіd viokremiti logіstichnі.

Ponyattya logіstichnoї Sistemi neobhіdno vіdokremlyuvati od zagalnogo ponyattya. Tom potrіbno spochatku dati viznachennya zagalnomu ponyattyu system, and potіm viznachati, SSMSC Sistemi vіdnosyatsya logіstichnih to class. In ob'єkta Got Booty Vier of Quality, dwellers yogo Bulo mozhna vvazhati system.

Persha yakіst. System Je tsіlіsna sukupnіst elementіv, kotrі vzaєmodіyut one s one. Neobhіdno mother on uvazі scho Elements іsnuyut deprivation in sistemі and pose her tse tіlki ob'єkti.

Another yakіst. Some of the elements Mіzh Sistemi іsnuyut zv'yazki, kotrі Je zakonomіrnoyu neobhіdnіstyu i viznachayut іntegralnі of Quality system.

Thirdly yakіst. Nayavnіst sistemoformuyuchih faktorіv scho give zmogu sformuvati uporyadkovanі zv'yazki, tobto structure.

The fourth yakіst. Nayavnіst in sistemі іntegrativnih yakostey, SSMSC pritamannі sistemі in tsіlomu, ale not vlastivі zhodnomu s її elementіv okremo.

For logіstichnih systems are characterized by Je sumіsnіst usіh elementіv, nayavnіst zv'yazkіv mіzh them, and takozh adaptivnіst that gnuchkіst.

Svіtova practice stvorennya logіstichnih systems upravlіnnya viyavila scho logіstichnі fun- keruvannya virobnitstvom i Robot pіdpriєmstva in Suchasnyj minds mozhna rozglyadati yak one s vazhlivih magіstralnih napryamіv normalіzatsії rozvitku of companies s metoyu posilennya rezhimіv ekonomії of labor, materіalnih, penny she energetichnih resursіv, pіdvischennya efektivnostі upravlіnnya on rіznih rіvnyah , zabezpechennya potrіbnoї kіlkostі spozhivchih benefits.

System logіstiki vklyuchaє a materіalnі zasobi scho zabezpechuyut ruh tovarіv on logіstichnomu lantsyuzhku (warehouses, vantazhno-rozvantazhuvalnі mehanіzmi, transportnі zasobi) virobnichі reserves that zasobi upravlіnnya usіma lantsyuzhka Lanka. Logіstichna system - adaptive system Zi zvorotnіm zv'yazkom, yak vikonuє Ti Chi INSHI logіstichnі funktsії that operatsії. Vaughn, yak usually skladaєtsya s kіlkoh pіdsistem i Got rozvinutі zv'yazki іz zovnіshnіm seredovischem.

Pid logіstichnoyu system rozumіyut organіzatsіyno-upravlіnsky mehanіzm koordinatsії, yaky daє zmogu dosyagti efekta zavdyaki chіtkіy zlagodzhenostі in dіyah spetsіalіstіv rіznomanіtnih services SSMSC take fate in upravlіnnі materіalnim flow.

Meta logіstichnoї system - delivery at the tasks that kіlkostі Location neobhіdnoї assortment tovarіv that virobіv maximum pіdgotovanih to virobnichogo chi NKVD spozhivannya When setting rіvnі vitrat. Sort order s funktsіonalnimi pіdsistemami to yakih vіdnositsya zakupіvelna, virobnicha, rozpodіlcha, logіstichna System i Got zabezpechuyuchі pіdsistemi (napriklad, іnformatsіynu, legal, personnel toscho). Meta logіstiki - delivery vantazhіv «just in time» (like that of the lines) when mіnіmalnih vitratah of labor that materіalnih resursіv. Postachannya materіalіv, sirovini, gotovoї produktsії exactly in rows on a positive vplivaє funktsіonuvannya usієї logіstichnoї system daє zmogu uniquely skorotiti stocks in warehouses of companies virobnichih. Logіstika Povny mіroyu pratsyuє on spozhivacha. Tom vvazhayut scho realіzatsіya funktsіy zbutu in sferі logіstiki zdіysnyuєtsya through doderzhannya six minds: nayavnіst Vantage, yogo yakіst, Quantity, hour postachannya, vitrati priznachennya that point. For tsogo dosyagnennya efektivnі logіstichnі Sistemi optimіzuyut materіalnі flows spriyayut zdіysnennyu complex zahodіv, pov'yazanih tari s ratsіonalіzatsієyu that pakuvannya, unіfіkatsієyu vantazhnih odinits have to chislі paketizatsієyu that konteynerizatsієyu transported, nalagodzhennyam efektivnoї Sistemi skladuvannya, optimіzatsієyu kіlkostі of order that rіvnya zapasіv, planuvannyam nayvigіdnіshih marshrutіv peremіschennya vantazhіv on skladskih ob'єktah of companies that for їh mezhami on magіstralnomu transportі. The basis is the pobudovi funktsіonuvannya logіstichnoї system becomes realіzatsіya system pіdhodu principle, scho proyavlyaєtsya nasampered in іntegratsії that chіtkostі vzaєmodії vsіh elementіv logіstichnoї system. Tsey principle znahodit svіy vіdbitok in rozrobtsі th zdіysnennі єdinogo tehnologіchnogo processes virobnicho-transportnoї system in perehodі od okremih vidіv ustatkuvannya to stvorennya virobnicho-skladskih that virobnicho transport systems.

Logіstichnі funktsіonalnі systems can klasifіkuvati, yak filed in Fig. eleven.

Od fallow mind logіstichnih lantsyuzhkіv logіstichnі Sistemi podіlyayutsya on the system s Direct zv'yazkami, gnuchkі that eshelonovanі.

Gnuchka logіstichna system (flexible logistical system) - system, in Bringing yakіy materіalnogo flow to spozhivacha zdіysnyuєtsya yak for direct zv'yazkami, so i for participation poserednikіv. Butt system scho rozglyadaєtsya, Mauger Buti postachannya spare Chastain, if vіdvantazhennya parts epіzodichnogo popitu often provadyatsya bezposeredno s central warehouse i vіdpravlyayutsya to address oderzhuvacha and vіdvantazhennya standard parts that pіdvischenogo popitu - Zi poserednika warehouse.

Fig. 11. Vidi logіstichnih systems

Gnuchkі logіstichnі Sistemi shaping can Buti vikoristanі in Nadzvychaina sytuatsia that zvichaynih minds.

In Nadzvychaina sytuatsia minds mehanіzmi pochatkovoї gnuchkostі toil zastosovuvatis in razі, if not spratsovuyut planovі logіstichnі procedures. Napriklad, if the warehouse, MDM prescribed vikonati of order, not zmozі tse zrobiti. Dwellers not zrivati ​​delivery zvertayutsya to bіlshogo warehouse, de Je neobhіdna Produkciya.

Logіstichna System z directly zv'yazkami (direct logistical system) - a system in yakіy materіalny potіk brought to spozhivacha without uchastі poserednikіv on osnovі directly gospodarskih zv'yazkіv. Eshelonovana logіstichna system (echelon logistical system) - system osoblivіst yakoї polyagaє in fact scho materіalny potіk on the high road od virobnika spozhivacha to pass through one prinaymnі poserednika.

In direct logіstichnih systems, yak usually vikoristovuyut priskorenі zasobi transportuvannya time s іnformatsіynimi tehnologіyami scho dozvolyaє Shvydko obroblyati spozhivachіv of order, and takozh dozvolyaє skorotiti termіni delivery i digit mіroyu kompensuє geografіchnu roz'єdnanіst postachalnikіv that spozhivachіv.

However mozhlivostі direct systems obmezhenі great transport vitratami.

Shtovhayucha logіstichna system peredbachaє supply materіalіv to Georeferencing obrobki zgіdno s zatverdzhenim grafіkom, while tyaguchіy logіstichnіy sistemі materіali to Georeferencing obrobki nadhodyat zgіdno s Tsikh lanok of order. Tobto, if in the Perche vipadku stink vishtovhuyutsya on virobnichі Georeferencing, then another - materіali vityagayutsya themselves virobnichimi Lanka.

For ostannі Rocky zahіdnomu on the agriculture market analysis that skladskih poslug sposterіgaєtsya tendentsіya to pіdvischennya vimog schodo komplektnostі that such poslug of Quality. Tse in his Cherga, stvoryuє peredumovi for stvorennya logіstichnih complex systems SSMSC ohoplyuyut bagato funktsіonalnih zavdan. Perelіk such zavdan in the minds rinkovoї Economy sightings in Fig. 12.

Fig. 12. Osnovnі zavdannya logіstichnih systems

In vikonannі perelіchenih vische funktsіy vazhlivu role vіdіgrayut pokazniki, SSMSC harakterizuyut processes scho rozglyadayutsya. Deyakі s Tsikh pokaznikіv harakternі i for vіtchiznyanoї practices and deyakі novі, denote zaslugovuyut osoblivoї uwagi. Ale OOO All stink dostatno zagalnі. Je slit tsіly number pokaznikіv scho vikoristovuyutsya logіstichnoyu services for specific rozv'yazannya zavdan. Napriklad at viborі logіstichnih systems vikoristovuyut pokazniki scho give in sukupnostі yakіsnu otsіnku usієї system.

On ryadі Tsikh kriterіїv bazuєtsya selektsіya type logіstichnoї system її mіtsnіst that tehnіchne equipment. Naygolovnіshim s pererahovanih vische kriterіїv Je nadіynіst. Pіdsumovuyuchi zaznachimo scho zavdannyam whether yakoї logіstichnoї Sistemi Je zabezpechennya svoєchasnoї, nadіynoї, mіnіmalno vitratnoї delivery to the point priznachennya neobhіdnogo product in neushkodzhenomu stanі. Vibіr type logіstichnoї Sistemi deposits od funktsіy complex, scho Won vikonuє, that number kriterіїv, SSMSC їh harakterizuyut.

Fig. 13. Kriterії otsіnok at viborі logіstichnoї Sistemi

• Umovnі poznachennya:

1 - stupіn nadіynostі supplies;

2 - mіnіmalna trivalіst transportuvannya;

3 - mіnіmalnі transportnі vitrati;

4 - gnuchkіst system;

5 - zabezpechennya zberіgannya vantazhіv;

6 - shvidkіst obrobki reklamatsіy;

7 - mіnіmalnі vitrati on pakuvannya vantazhіv;

8 - nizkі vitrati on strahuvannya.

Mezhі logіstichnoї Sistemi viznachayutsya cycle Oberto zasobіv virobnitstva. Spochatku zakupovuyut zasobi virobnitstva. Pong in viglyadі materіalnogo flow nadhodyat to logіstichnoї system skladuyutsya, obroblyayutsya, znovu zberіgayutsya and potіm rolling s logіstichnoї system in spozhivannya in obmіn on fіnansovі resources kotrі nadhodyat to logіstichnoї system.

Viyavlennya between logіstichnoї system on bazі cycle turnover zasobіv virobnitstva otrimalo titles "principle Splat pennies - otrimannya pennies."

For stabіlnogo funktsіonuvannya Sistemi pershoryadne values ​​Got dostovіrne planuvannya virobnitstva, zbutu i rozpodіlu. And perevaga nadaєtsya strategіchnomu planuvannyu over promptly. W metoyu dosyagnennya visokoї nadіynostі this plan neobhіdno vivchati dinamіku zovnіshnogo seredovischa, nasampered market analysis, іdentifіkuvati mozhlivі situatsії i oderzhuvati strategіchnі vіdpovіdі to food, scho postayut in zv'yazku s CIM. Strategіchne planuvannya, stverdzhuyut zahіdnі spetsіalіsti - nadіyny іnstrument in borotbі fіrm Zi svoїmi competitors in yakіy vikoristovuєtsya practice vіyskovoї strategії, more kon'yunktura Rinku rozglyadaєtsya yak battlefield. In Naukova prognozі scho Yea Basics strategіchnogo planuvannya, vikoristovuyut danі passed perіodіv, methods ekstrapolyatsії. However takі modelі vikoristovuyut nastіlki, naskіlki stink vіdpovіdayut logіtsі tehnіchnogo Progreso that have promising peretvoren sferі Economy. At the Branch logіstiki takozh zastosovuєtsya principle zgіdno s Yakima strategіchne planuvannya spryamovuєtsya bіlshe on tsіlі, nіzh on processes, vihodyachi s of scho tvorchіst nemozhliva without іnnovatsіy. Slіd zaznachiti scho logіstika - unіkalna sphere tvorchoї dіyalnostі, spryamovanoї on strategіchnu orієntatsіyu. That viroblennyam strategії povedіnki fіrm in the minds logіstiki processes planuvannya not zavershuєtsya. Strategіchne planuvannya generuє lantsyuzhok tehnіchnih planіv, if іdentifіkovanі tsіlі that dії Operationally situatsіyah on Leather day.

Dwellers viznachiti naybіlsh optimally logіstichnu system neobhіdno rozrobiti її project. For tsogo slіd oznachiti three Stani: viyavlennya problems planuvannya shlyahіv їh virіshennya i rozrobka propozitsіy schodo stvorennya project.

Proektuvannya that planuvannya logіstichnoї Sistemi neobhіdno pochinati Zi vsebіchnoї otsіnki potochnoї situatsії. Meta polyagaє in fact dwellers zrozumіti zovnіshnє seredovische, processes i harakternі characteristics іsnuyuchoї system, and takozh viznachiti, SSMSC zmіni neobhіdnі. Tse mozhna zrobiti provіvshi situatsіyny analіz, Cauterets daє zmogu vivchati vnutrіshnіy ustrіy logіstichnoї system otsіnyuvati rinkove that competitive seredovische. Vivchennyu pіdlyagaє uves logіstichny processes i cutaneous logіstichna funktsіya okremo. Zmіst doslіdzhennya deposits od potrіbnoї Glibin analіzu.

One s pokaznikіv realnoї efektivnostі obranoї logіstichnoї Sistemi Mauger Buti її stіykіst, tobto dotrimuvannya priynyatih standartіv obslugovuvannya. Before them nalezhat parameter threshold rіven servіsu in sistemі s mіnіmalnimi vitratami.

Threshold rіven servіsu, zabezpecheny logіstichnoyu system s mіnіmalnimi zagalnimi vitratami, zadaє basis for

otsіnyuvannya servіsnih mozhlivostey logіstichnoї system. Bazovі mozhlivostі Sistemi mozhlivo zmіniti dekіlkoma ways:

1) Shlyakhov zmіni kіlkostі skladіv scho vikoristovuє system;

2) one hour zmіnoyu chi dekіlkoh funktsіonalnih tsiklіv for pіdvischennya shvidkostі abo stabіlnostі operatsіy;

3) zmіnoyu polіtiki formuvannya zapasіv.

Analіzuyuchi project logіstichnoї system viznachayut on au-Perche, dostatnі abo nedostatnі reserve udoskonalennya logіstiki, kotrі vipravdali used to conduct a detailed doslіdzhen that analіzu. Alternatively, stvorennya conceptual schema design potrebuє vsebіchnogo vivchennya factuality danih scho dopomagaє ob'єktivno that critical poglyanuti on іsnuyuchі methodical robot. In tretє in protsesі stvorennya kontseptualnoї circuit design slіd chіtko viznachiti mozhlivі varіanti perebudovi logіstichnoї system.

Process planuvannya logіstichnogo project peredbachaє viznachennya methylene she obmezhen, rozrobku standartіv otsіnki rezultatіv, vibіr tehnіki analіzu, skladannya zavdannya project. Viznachennya methylene oznachaє fіksuvannya mozhlivih at peretvorennі logіstichnoї Sistemi vitrat i rіvnya servіsu. When tsomu neobhіdno okresliti segment market analysis abo the Branch, chasovі mezhі dosyagnennya rezultatіv, konkretnі parametric dіyalnostі, kotrі, yak usually yavlyayutsya him rіvnya servіsu characteristics.

Analіzuyut takі power, yak structure of order i її zmіna, organіzatsіya otrimannya of order, Vidi іnformatsіynih potokіv, Vidi materіalnih that the agriculture potokіv, pererobka that zberіgannya vantazhіv that іn. Headache in vnutrіshnomu analіzі - viyav areas in Cauterets mozhlive digit udoskonalennya.

Analіz zovnіshnіh faktorіv spryamovany on viznachennya tendentsіy rinkovogo popitu i servіsnih potreb spozhivachіv. Main zavdannya otsіnki market analysis - vіdtvoriti spriynyattya that peredbachiti colo spozhivachіv. For tsogo can spend opituvannya klієntіv chi detail doslіdzhennya spozhivachіv pillows.

Vazhlivoyu Chastain analіzu Je tehnologіchnі doslіdzhennya, kotrі dopomagayut otsіniti nayavnі that potentsіynі mozhlivostі tehnologії scho vikoristovuyutsya in vsіh areas logіstiki, vklyuchayuchi transportuvannya, skladuvannya, vantazhopererobku, planuvannya that іnformatsіynu pіdtrimku. Napriklad, yak vpline vikoristana poserednikami new tehnologіya vantazhopererobki on efektivnіst logіstiki? Zavdannya tehnologіchnih doslіdzhen - viyav promising napryamіv s udoskonalennya tehnologіchnogo logіstiki processes.

When prognozuvannі tehnologіchnogo processes analіzuyut tehnologії, kotrі vikoristovuyut competitors zvazhayuchi on obrobku of order, planuvannya require of materіalah. Especially uwagi pridіlyayut tehnologіyam vantazhopererobki i transportuvannya.

In operational terms, management zusillya zoseredzhuyutsya vzhe on dіyah, napriklad on processes that zbutu rozpodіlu. In logіstitsі perevaga nadaєtsya not the Branch Economy and regіonu. Teritorіalna spetsіalіzatsіya th ratsіonalіzatsіya toil especial significance for Malih i serednіh of companies s Neznachny tsiklіchnimi flows tovarіv shirokoї nomenclature. In zv'yazku s CIM for obslugovuvannya materіalnih potokіv dotsіlno stvoryuvati regіonalnі rozpodіlchі skladskі center. Visokoї efektivnostі th stabіlnostі logіstichnih dosyagti system can deprivation of minds zastosuvannya Suchasnyj tehnіchnih zasobіv. Tehnіchnoyu bazoyu for optimal upravlіnnya іnformatsіynimi flows logіstichnih systems Je bagatorіvneva ACS. Tom neobhіdnoyu minds visokoї efektivnostі logіstichnih systems Je organіchne poєdnannya logіstiki s kіbernetikoyu.