Zagalna psihologіya - Maksimenko SD

Chastina VI.ІNDIVІDUALNO-PSIHOLOGІCHNІ OSOBLIVOSTІ OSOBISTOSTІ

Rozdіl 17. Temperament

17.1. Ponyattya about temperament

On tlі zagalnolyudskih fіzichnih i psihіchnih Especially in Helsinki Human kozhnoї pomіtno viokremlyuyutsya іndivіdualnі osoblivostі, SSMSC poznachayutsya on її zhittі, povedіntsі, dіyalnostі.

Fіzichnі іndivіdualnі osoblivostі - tse konstitutsіya organіzmu, yogo fіzіologіchnі processes - gumoralnі, endokrinnі, nervovі. In cutaneous okremomu organіzmі tsі processes vіdbuvayutsya svoєrіdno, Hoca they Je bagato spіlnogo vsіh for people scho zumovlyuєtsya anthropogenesis, tobto pohodzhennyam i rozvitkom Helsinki Human.

Psihіchnі іndivіdualnі osoblivostі viyavlyayutsya in rіznіy shvidkostі reaktsіy, rapids chutlivostі have vlastivostyah uwagi, pam'yatі, sposterezhlivostі, kmіtlivostі in іnteresah. Especially for people yaskravo virіznyayutsya іndivіdualnimi zdіbnostyami - muzichnimi, Obrazotvorche, sports, hudozhno-lіteraturnimi.

Іndivіdualno-psihologіchnі osoblivostі - non-reentrant svoєrіdnіst psihіki kozhnoї Helsinki Human. Natural peredumovoyu іndivіdualnih Especially Helsinki Human Je peredusіm spadkovі that prirodzhenі bіologіchnі osoblivostі Budova that funktsіy organіzmu. Ditina narodzhuєtsya s vlastivimi їy specific makings for gruntі yakih for Zhittya od fallow minds vihovannya rozvivayutsya th formuyutsya pritamannі Pevnyi іndivіdu Budova that funktsії organіzmu, osobistіsne psihіchne Butt.

Prote prirodzhenі bіologіchnі osoblivostі not viznachayut fatally іndivіdualnih yakostey osobistostі. Bagatma spetsіalnimi psihologіchnimi that fіzіologіchnimi doslіdzhennyami brought scho prirodzhene zmіnyuєtsya fallow minds Zhittya od i vihovannya. I. Pavlov in vіdomіy "Vіdpovіdі fіzіologa psychologists" zauvazhuvav scho zavdyaki Nadzvychaina sytuatsia velikіy plastichnostі vischoї nervovoї dіyalnostі nіscho in nіy not zalishaєtsya neruhomim, nepіddatlivim and all zavzhdi Mauger Buti dosyagnute, on zmіnyuvatisya maintained upstream, Abi tіlki boule stvorenі vіdpovіdnі minds.

Іndivіdualnі osoblivostі osobistostі slіd vіdrіznyati od vіkovih, SSMSC nastayut s dozrіvannyam abo starіnnyam organіzmu. Іndivіdualnі of Quality osobistostі, napriklad shvidkіst reaktsії, mіra aktivnostі, vrazlivostі toscho, viyavlyayutsya Square od vіku without Especially for Change.

At once s note s vіkom pid vplivom Zhittya that vihovannya іndivіdualne dosit svoєrіdno, yaskravo viyavlyaєtsya in pіznavalnіy dіyalnostі, emotsіyno-volovіy aktivnostі, risah character іnteresah scho daє pіdstavi vvazhati Lyudin zdіbnoyu chi not zdіbnoyu, emotsіyno Vulnerable chi "tovstoshkіroyu" volovoyu chi bezvіlnoyu , smіlivoyu chi timidly. On deyakih vіkovih Etap rozvitku Helsinki Human, napriklad in pіdlіtkovomu vіtsі, vіkovі that іndivіdualnі osoblivostі vazhko diferentsіyuvati. Іmpulsivnіst, nestrimanіst, vrazlivіst pіdlіtkіv, Yakscho not zvazhati on obstavini in yakih stink viyavlyayutsya easily vitlumachiti yak manifested іndivіdualnih Figure vіkovih Especially i. In The Teaching-vihovnіy robotі vazhlivo vіdrіznyati vіkove od іndivіdualnogo, dwellers correctly viznachiti neobhіdnі vihovnі come in.

Іndivіdualnі osoblivostі osobistostі nayyaskravіshe viyavlyayutsya in temperamentі, harakterі that zdіbnostyah have pіznavalnіy, emotsіynovolovіy dіyalnostі require that іnteresah. Osoblivostі їh Wink stale od vihovannya ditini. Іndivіdualnі RISS nature, yak svіdchat doslіdzhennya, dosit yaskravo viyavlyayutsya vzhe in doshkіlnomu vіtsі.

In The Teaching-vihovnіy robotі Especially vazhlivim Je іndivіdualny pіdhіd to dіtey. Makarenko rekomenduvav vihovatelyam zavzhdi pam'yatati, scho people - duzhe rіznomanіtny materіal for vihovannya, i Bulo b neymovіrnim superficiality namagatisya squeeze yogo in zagalnі for vsіh frame.

Іndivіdualnі vіdmіnnostі mіzh people vivchaє diferentsіyna psihologіya. Psihologіya pratsі, Mistetstvo, navchannya that vihovannya, zastosuvannya psihologіchnih zakonomіrnostey zavzhdi toil oposeredkovuvatisya knowledge іndivіdualnih vіdmіnnostey mіzh people. Without such knowledge nemozhlivo gotuvati juveniles to pratsі, svіdomogo Vibor profesії.

Dіyalnіst i povedіnka Helsinki Human zumovlyuyutsya not deprivation sotsіalnimi minds Zhittya and second іndivіdualnimi Especially її psihofіzichnoї organіzatsії. Tse virazno viyavlyaєtsya in temperamentі osobistostі.

Temperament (od lat temperare -. Zmіshuvati in nalezhnih spіvvіdnoshennyah, pіdіgrіvati, oholodzhuvati, upovіlnyuvati, keruvati) harakterizuє dinamіchny bіk psihіchnih reaktsіy Helsinki Human - їh pace shvidkіst, rhythm, іntensivnіst. On odnakovі for zmіstom i metoyu dії podrazniki cutaneous Lyudin reaguє in svoєmu, іndivіdualno. Odnі reaguyut active Zhvavyi, gliboko emotsіyno, Dovgy perezhivayut vpliv podraznika and INSHI - spokіyno, povіlno, Shvydko zabuvayuchi about those scho them vplivalo. Deyakі people Nadto afektivno reaguyut on podії on representations to them - spalahuyut gnіvom, dіyut agresivno and dehto in tsomu razі viyavlyaє boyazkіst not fix zhodnogo support there, de vіn potrіbny. Otzhe temperament mozhna viznachiti yak іndivіdualnu osoblivіst Helsinki Human scho viyavlyaєtsya in її zbudlivostі, emotsіynіy vrazlivostі, vrіvnovazhenostі that shvidkostі perebіgu psihіchnoї dіyalnostі.

Іndivіdualnі osoblivostі reaguvannya on rіznomanіtnі obstavini gave pіdstavi podіliti people on kіlka group abo tipіv temperament.

Vchennya about temperament zapochatkovane slavnozvіsnim davnogretskim lіkarem i fіlosofom Gіppokratom. Vіn that yogo poslіdovniki (. Rimsky lіkar Galen that іn) obstoyuvali humoral teorіyu (od lat humor What -. Rіdina, juices organіzmu - blood, phlegm, zhovch) zgіdno s yakoyu temperament sprichinyuє perevaga in organіzmі pevnoї rіdini. Gіppokrat vvazhav scho zhittєdіyalnіst organіzmu viznachaєtsya spіvvіdnoshennyam mіzh krov'yu, zhovchyu that mucus (lіmfa, phlegm). On osnovі tsogo Look sformuvalosya vchennya about Vier tipi temperament: sangvіnіchny (od lat sanguis - shelter, perevaga in organіzmі krovі.), Phlegmatic (od gretsk phlegma - mucus perevaga in organіzmі mucus.), Choleric (od gretsk chole - zhovch,. perevaga in organіzmі zhovchі) that melanholіyny (od gretsk melas -. Chorny pohmury that chole - zhovch, perevaga in organіzmі chornoї zhovchі). Sogodnі tse vchennya tsіkave tіlki s іstorichnogo see. Ale opisanі Gіppokratom harakternі RISS temperament dosit exactly viznachayut osoblivostі okremih tipіv temperament.

I. Pavlov, rozglyadayuchi problem of temperament, wrote scho genіalny sposterіgach Helsinki Human - Gіppokrat - at klasifіkatsії temperamentіv pіdіyshov to іstini nayblizhche.

Nіmetsky fіlosof-іdealіst I. Kant podіlyayuchi Look at temperament predstavnikіv gumoralnoї teorії, resting giving svoєrіdnu psihologіchnu characteristic temperamentіv. Vіn vvazhav scho phlegmatic brakuє moral pochuttіv, melanholіki - spravzhnya dobrochinnіst; in holerikіv nayrozvinenіshe pochuttya chestі, while sangvіnіkіv - pochuttya beautiful. Ale I. Kant in svoєmu rozumіnnі temperament stray yogo RISS s character.

Vіtchiznyany vcheny, lіkar i educator P. Lesgaft poyasnyuvav temperament Especially krovoobіgu, SSMSC stale od dіametra she opened the second tovschini gnuchkostі stіnok sudin. Kalіbr sudin i tovschina їh stіnok at Dumka P. Lesgafta, zumovlyuyut shvidkіst i krovoobіgu force is small dіametru sudin vіdpovіdaє sangvіnіchny temperament and great dіametru that Tovsta stіnkam yogo sudin - melanholіyny; phlegmatic temperament zumovlyuєtsya great dіametrom i thin stіnkami sudin.

Nіmetsky psihіatr E. Kretschmer obstoyuvav zalezhnіst psihіchnogo warehouse osobistostі od Budova (konstitutsії) tіla. Vіn zaproponuvav Vlasnyi klasifіkatsіyu tipіv konstitutsії (pіknіchny, astenіchny, Athletic, displatichny) i vvazhav, scho cutaneous them vlastivy Pevnyi s temperament.

Humoral temperament that morfologіchna teorії toil seryoznі nedolіki. Pong obstoyuyut yak pershoosnovu temperament and takozh Sistemi organіzmu, SSMSC not toil for tsogo potrіbnih vlastivostey.

Krіm of tsі teorії stirayut mezhі mіzh healthy temperaments that ailing organіzmu, poyasnyuyut temperament bіologіchnimi chinnikami deprivation, and that not all rozkrivayut at Yogo sutnostі. Ale zovsіm іgnoruvati tsі teorії in poyasnennі proyavіv not mozhna temperament. Vіdomo scho torn down funktsії gumoralnoї that endokrinnoї systems organіzmu zumovlyuyut deyakі psihopatії scho Especially on poznachayutsya tipіv temperament napriklad shizofrenіchnі, manіakalno-depresivnі psychosis nevmotivovanі nastroї, psihostenії that іn.