home Marketing Tsіni that tsіnova polіtika - Tormosov YG

Tsіni that tsіnova polіtika - Tormosov YG

7.2. Vpliv sovereign regulyuvannya tsіnna ekonomіchnі Process

In the minds Rinku Rate zdebіlshogo viznachaєtsya in protsesі vіlnih torgіv mіzh owner i pokuptsem. Such uzgodzhena Price per drain zbіgu mіzh popitom i propozitsієyu nazivaєtsya rіvnovazhnoyu. Ale in deyakih vipadkah to tsogo processes pіdklyuchaєtsya Power, ustanovlyuyuchi residuals tsіni on іnshomu rіvnі.

Yakscho regulovana Cena blizka to rіvnovazhnoї, then TAKE obmezhennya bude tіlki pіdtrimuvati stabіlnіst tsіn i іstotno not vpline the camp that popitu Offers. Ale Yakscho derzhavnі bodies will be obmezhuvati freedom zmіni tsіn s metoyu strimannya їhnogo zrostannya (napriklad in the minds іnflyatsії) abo introduce nadmіrnі podatkovі platezhі, the bіlshostі vipadkіv tse negatively vpline on virobnitstvo that tovarіv sales vikliche їh defіtsit i, yak naslіdok, prizvede up pіdvischennya tsіn.

Rozglyanemo vpliv ekonomіku on such basic napryamіv vtruchannya power in the processes vіlnogo tsіnoutvorennya:

• Installed fіksovanih abo tsіn of boundary;
• Gone are the trademark podatkіv;
• pіdtrimka tsіn i dohodіv Shlyakhov zastosuvannya dotatsіy virobnikami produktsії abo subsidіy її spozhivacham.

Naybіlsh zhorstkim method tsіnovogo regulyuvannya Je vstanovlennya fіksovanih abo tsіn of boundary. When tsomu takі tsіni shaping can Buti vstanovlenі on rіvnі scho perevischuє tsіnu rіvnovagi abo nizhche її. In Persha vipadku vinikaє nadlishok produktsії, and in another - її defіtsit (Figure 7.1.).

Fig. 7.1. Naslіdki Introduction fіksovanih tsіn

The figure peretin lіnіy popitu (D) i Offers (S) pokazuє rіvnovazhnu tsіnu (CR) that rіvnovazhny obsyag virobnitstva (KR). Pripustimo, scho power, pіdtrimuyuchi virobnika, vstanovila on produktsіyu fіksovanu tsіnu (C2) on rіvnі scho perevischuє rіvnovazhny. In tsomu razі Quantity zaproponovanoї produktsії zbіlshitsya to K4 and popit on neї zmenshitsya to K1, scho prizvede to nadlishku produktsії in rozmіrі K1 - K4 odinits.

On praktitsі Mauger viniknuti protilezhna situatsіya, if s Power metoyu Zahist spozhivacha vstanovlyuє tsіnu (TS1), yak nizhcha for rіvnovazhnu. In tsomu vipadku znizhena Cena pіdvischit popit on produktsіyu to K3 obsyagu and propozitsіya, navpaki, zmenshitsya to K2, tobto on market analysis z'yavitsya defіtsit in obsyazі, yaky dorіvnyuє ploschі pryamokutnika K2SEK3. Yak can be seen s grafіka in oboh vipadkah obsyag virobnitstva bude nizhchim rіvnovazhnogo. Yakscho in Persha varіantі obsyag realіzatsії stanovitime K1, the other - K2 odinits. So rank, odnostoronnє pіdtrimuvannya tsіni popitu abo tsіni Offers zreshtoyu generally produces up suspіlnih vtrat.

Fіksovanі tsіni, SSMSC mozhut perevischuvati rіvnovazhnі, zastosovuyutsya okremimi kraїnami in viglyadі Zastavna tsіn on sіl-skogospodarsku produktsіyu. Takі tsіni, s one side, zahischayut Interests fermerіv, garantuyuchi їm mіnіmalny dohіd od realіzatsії svoєї produktsії on market analysis. Ale s іnshogo side, Power Got vitrachati on zakupіvlyu that zberіgannya nadlishkovoї produktsії Costa s budget. Krіm of qiu produktsіyu power not Mauger realіzuvati vnutrіshnomu on market analysis, more tse bezumovno prizvede to znizhennya tsіn. Before this train naslіdku Mauger prizvesti th eksport tsієї produktsії, oskіlki vіn zooms zmenshennya private eksportu sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії s danoї Kraina.

W metoyu skorochennya nadlishkovogo virobnitstva produktsії Uryadov Mauger zastosovuvati takі admіnіstrativnі come in, yak farmers obmezhennya posіvnih Area, vstanovlennya premіy for їhnє skorochennya that іn. Ale takі come in viklichut neobhіdnіst stvorennya spetsіalnogo upravlіnskogo aparata, zrostannya Reigning vitrat on yogo utrimannya, vidіlennya koshtіv on viplatu vischezgadanih premіy toscho. In zv'yazku s CIM-valued Chastina zarubіzhnih fahіvtsіv bere pid sumnіv ekonomіchnu dotsіlnіst the established powers fіksovanih tsіn, SSMSC perevischuyut tsіni rіvnovagi.

Dokladnіshe rozglyanemo situatsіyu, yak pov'yazana s trademark defіtsitom (Fig. 7.2).

Pripustimo scho Uryadov setting fіksovanu tsіnu product on rіvnі FIT, Mensch yak rіvnovazhnoї (CR), and obsyag virobnitstva (sale) for with such a tsіnoyu dorіvnyuє KF. Defіtsit produktsії in rozmіrі CF - K3, zumovleny Gone fіksovanoї tsіni, zmushuє virobnika prodavatsya svіy goods for zavischenoyu tsіnoyu. Oskіlki ofіtsіyno Taqiy Way dіyalnostі zaboroneny, vіn pragne realіzuvati svіy goods for bіlsh temple tsіnoyu to "Chorny market analysis."

Umovimosya, scho Zgoda virobnik zaproponuvati "Chorny market analysis" produktsіyu in obsyazі K1 for tsіnoyu TS1. In rezultatі lіnіya Offers Loan position of S1, tobto vische lіnії S for vіdsutnostі sovereign regulyuvannya tsіn. Vіdstan on vertikalі mіzh lіnіyami S i S1 poznachaє fee for rizik, yaky bear prodavtsі product on the illegal market analysis, i viznachaєtsya suvorіstyu admіnіstrativnih abo Carney sanktsіy for distsiplіni tsіn torn down.

Fig. 7.2. Obmezhennya tsіni that "Chorniy rinok"

So rite for "nintendo market analysis" Cena for the goods was established on rіvnі U2, scho perevischuє fіksovanu yak, so i rіvnovazhnu tsіnu. Obsyag sale produktsії K2 bude vische її kіlkostі, yak bula b realіzovana on the legal market analysis for fіksovanoyu tsіnoyu, ale less then rіvnovazhnogo (KR). Otzhe, obmezhennya tsіn product s side to the negative powers prizvelo naslіdkіv. Goods spryamovuєtsya on illegal rinok de Cena vstanovilas navіt vische tієї, yak b sklalas without sovereign vtruchannya.

Іnshim negatively naslіdkom vstanovlennya fіksovanoї, abo verhnoї mezhі tsіni Je znizhennya of Quality produktsії (Fig. 7.3).

The figure shows the standard situatsіya rinkovoї rіvnovagi in tochtsі P h rіvnovazhnoyu tsіnoyu CR i rіvnovazhnim obsyagom virobnitstva (sale) of the KR product. Power Yakscho Tsei introduced on goods fіksovanu abo boundary tsіni FIT, the vinikne defіtsit produktsії in rozmіrі K1-K2.

In Tsikh minds virobnik not poboyuyuchis vtratiti pokuptsіv, іde on pogіrshennya produktsії of Quality, at scho quiet themselves vitratah Dusty zmogu Yomou pіdvischiti virobnitstvo. In rezultatі lіnіya Offers S zrushitsya pravoruch to S1, scho on deyaky hour Dusty mozhlivіst zbіlshiti obsyag sale for regulovanoyu tsіnoyu. Pіslya of yak spozhivachі viyavlyat znizhennya of Quality produktsії, popit zmenshitsya i lіnіya D Loan provisions of D1. Peretin lіnіy popitu i Offers on rіvnі znizhenoї fіksovanoї tsіni svіdchit about those scho spozhivach otrimuє the very Quantity produktsії, i scho minds of vіlnogo tsіnoutvorennya, ale nizhchoї of Quality.

Fig. 7.3. Policymaking Cena i znizhennya of Quality produktsії

So rank, keeping fіksovanih abo of boundary tsіn znizhuє efektivnіst vikoristannya virobnichih mozhlivostey suspіl-tion. When vstanovlennі tsіni on rіvnі scho perevischuє rіvnovazhny, Power Got pokrivati ​​vitrati on virobnitstvo nadlishkovoї produktsії, and the introduction of tsіni nizhchoї її rіvnovazhne values ​​Veda to vtrat, SSMSC pov'yazanі s viniknennyam "Chorny" market analysis that znizhennyam of Quality produktsії.

One s oposeredkovanih napryamіv vplivu power in the processes tsіnoutvorennya Je Introduction podatkіv, SSMSC podіlyayutsya on pryamі that nepryamі. Pryamі podatki styaguyutsya bezposeredno s dohodіv їhnіh platnikіv (podatok on Prybutok, podatok s sale that іn.) And incoming to the warehouse nepryamі tsіni i splachuyutsya spozhivachem at kupіvlі tovarіv (podatok on Dodanim vartіst, excise zbіr, Mito).

Rozglyanemo spochatku vpliv on rіvnovazhnu tsіnu such indirect podatkіv yak excise zbіr that podatok on Dodanim vartіst, paysites yakih Je virobniki (prodavtsі) product (Fig. 7.4).

On grafіku before the introduction of podatku lіnіya popitu Ziman position of the D, lіnіya Offers - S, rіvnovazhna Cena becomes CR and rіvnovazhny obsyag virobnitstva dorіvnyuvav CD. Pripustimo scho Uryadov zaprovadiv on goods from podatok rozmіrі P UAH for odinitsyu produktsії scho oznachaє for virobnika podorozhchannya tovaru.U tsomu vipadku vіn bude Zgoda zaproponuvati Rinku Taku zhkіlkіst produktsії, Yakscho yogo ale Cena bude Vishcha rіvnovazhnu for an amount tsogo podatku. In rezultatі lіnіya Offers peremіstitsya Vgoru the value of P i UAH loan position of S1, and rinkova rіvnovaga zmіstitsya to point B.

Fig. 7.4. Vpliv on rіvnovazhnu tsіnu indirect podatkіv

Nova rіvnovazhna Cena dorіvnyuvatime TS1 and obsyag sale vnaslіdok pіdvischennya tsіni zmenshitsya to K1. Cena, yak splachuє pokupets (TS1) camp vische pochatkovoї (CR), and Cena without podatku, yak factuality otrimaє Seller pіslya splat podatku (CR), bude less then pochatkovoї. Porіvnyannya rozmіru viruchki virobnika before the introduction of podatku (Ploscha pryamokutnika OTSRSKR) s viruchkoyu, yak yogo vіn otrimaє pіslya SPLAT (Ploscha pryamokutnika OTS2AK1) pokazuє scho Introduction Indirect podatkіv zmenshuє viruchku virobnika. Not vigіdnі takі podatki i spozhivachu, bo without them vіn zmіg bi pridbati bіlshu Quantity of product Mensch tsіnoyu. Zagalna scrip podatku, yak nadіyde to budget viznachaєtsya breeding rozmіru podatku (P) on the sale obsyag (K1) i dorіvnyuvatime ploschі pryamokutnika TS2TS1VA. Chastina Yogo, yak znahoditsya nizhche lіnії CRS (Ploscha pryamokutnika TS2TSRLA) pokazuє vtrati virobnika podatku od Gone and vische (Ploscha pryamokutnika TSRTS1BL) - vtrati pokuptsya. So rank, not zvazhayuchi to those scho all scrip podatku to budget splachuєtsya virobnikom, Chastina "podatkovih tyagarya" lyagaє on plechі pokuptsya.

Strength vplivu indirect podatku on obsyag sale i rozpodіl tsogo podatku mіzh virobnikom pokuptsem deposits i od i elastichnostі popitu Offers on okremі goods. Rozglyanemo vipadki rozpodіlu podatku at elastichnomu that neelastichnomu popitі on produktsіyu for minds, scho elastichnіst Offers priymaєtsya postіynoyu (Fig. 7.5).

a) b)

Fig. 7.5. Rozpodіl podatku at elastichnomu (a) that neelastichnomu (b) popitі

W grafіkіv seen scho at elastichnomu popitі The basic chastka podatku pripadaє on virobnika, while neelastichnomu - perevazhno on spozhivacha. Krіm tsogo, the absolute value of podatkovih nadhodzhen at neelastichnomu popitі bude vischoyu. Same Power to opodatkovuє excise Zborov at Perche Cherga goods, popit to SSMSC Je neelastichnim (tyutyunovі virobi, alkogolnі nápoje).

Fig. 7.5 zashtrihovanі trikutniki pokazuyut obsyag produktsії, yak bula b viroblena that pridbana, b Power Yakscho not introduced podatok. Tsі vtrati for suspіlstva Je chat naslіdkom vstanovlennya podatku i stink will note bіlshimi, denote vischoyu bude elastichnіst popitu on goods.

One s podatkovih іnstrumentіv oposeredkovanogo vplivu powers on rinkovu tsіnu Je vvіzne Mito. Rozglyanemo ekonomіchnі naslіdki yogo Permission for minds, scho bude propozitsіya іmportnih tovarіv absolutely elastichnoyu (Fig. 7.6).

Peretin lіnіy popitu i Offers pokazuє rіvnovazhnu tsіnu (CR) that obsyag sale (KR), SSMSC sklalisya on market analysis at vіdsutnostі іmportnoї produktsії. Appeared on the market analysis zakordonnih tovarіv for nizhchimi, nіzh rіvnovazhna, tsіnami i minds of absolyutnoї elastichnostі popitu vіdobrazhena on grafіku lіnієyu S1. Unaslіdok vіlnogo access to rinok takoї deshevoї produktsії popit on goods pіdvischitsya to K4, propozitsіya vіtchiznyanih virobnikіv zmenshitsya to K1 and rіznitsya mіzh popitom i propozitsієyu (K4 - K1) dorіvnyuvatime obsyagu іmportnih nadhodzhen.

Fig. 7.6. Naslіdki Introduction vvіznogo mita

Pripustimo scho s Power metoyu pіdtrimki vіtchiznyanogo virobnika zaprovadila іmportne Mito in rozmіrі M UAH for odinitsyu produktsії. Tse pіdnіme lіnіyu S1 Vgoru the value of M i Won Loan provisions of S2. In rezultatі tsogo Cena zroste to U2, scho zooms zbіlshennya vіtchiznyanogo virobnitstva to K2 i zmenshennya obsyagu popitu to K3.

Rozmіr mita, yaky nadіyde to budget dorіvnyuvatime ploschі pryamokutnika HELR, and vtrati powers vnaslіdok Introduction Mita vіdpovіdatimut sumі Area trikutnikіv WEN i RLS. Ploscha Perche trikutnika vіdpovіdaє vtratam, sprichinenim nizhchoyu efektivnіstyu vіtchiznyanogo virobnitstva, and the other - Boxed obmezhennyam spozhivannya danogo product.

Sort order s Gone podatkіv Uryadov Mauger regulyuvati tsіni Shlyakhov establishing dotatsіy virobnikam produktsії (potovarnі dotatsії) abo subsidіy spozhivacham tovarіv that poslug. Dotatsіya - tse asignuvannya s sovereign Budget pokrittya virobnikom zbitkіv scho z'yavlyayutsya in rezultatі realіzatsії him svoєї produktsії for Reigning tsіnami, SSMSC not pokrivayut vitrat pіdpriєmstva. Yak іnstrument sovereign regulyuvannya Won Got obernenu dіyu in porіvnyannі s podatkami. Naslіdki Introduction of per unit dotatsіy, SSMSC vstanovlyuyutsya in vіdsotkah to tsіni virobu, abo in absolute rozmіrі on odinitsyu produktsії, pokazanі in Fig. 7.7.

Fig. 7.7. Vpliv on rіvnovazhnu tsіnu of per unit dotatsіy

Lіnії popitu i Offers spochatku Ziman provisions vіdpovіdno the S D i, rіvnovazhna Cena dorіvnyuvala CR and rіvnovazhny obsyag virobnitstva (Sale) - CD. Pripustimo scho Uryadov zaprovadzhuє dotatsіyu s budget virobnikam danogo product in rozmіrі D UAH for odinitsyu produktsії. Yakscho ranіshe virobniki boule zgodnі zaproponuvati Rinku KR odinits product for tsіnoyu CR, but now the stench will proponuvati Taku Well Quantity produktsії for tsіnoyu on D UAH less then poperednoї. In rezultatі lіnіya Offers zrushitsya down i loan position of S1, obsyag sale zbіlshitsya to K1, and Cena for pokuptsya znizitsya to TS1. Cena, yak bude factuality otrimuvati virobnik, pіdvischitsya to C2. Zagalny rozmіr dotatsіy, SSMSC nadhodyat іz budget dorіvnyuvatime ploschі pryamokutnika TS1TS2AV. Not zvazhayuchi to those scho dotatsіyu otrimuyut virobniki produktsії, Chastina vigrashu nadhodit i spozhivachu. Vigrash virobnika vіdpovіdaє ploschі TSRTS2AS and vigrash spozhivacha - ploschі TS1TSRSV. Ploscha trikutnika BCA pokazuє chistі vitrati suspіlstva, SSMSC vinikayut unaslіdok nadannya dotatsіy virobnikam. Oskіlki dotatsіyu mozhna rozglyadati yak vіd'єmny excise zbіr then denote Mensch bude elastichnіst popitu, team bіlshu Chastain dotatsіy otrimuvatime spozhivach.

W metoyu sotsіalnogo Zahist population malozabezpechenih verstv power Mauger nadavati subsidії to tsіn that tarifіv on goods that Hotel pershoї neobhіdnostі (Fig. 7.8).

Fig. 7.8. Vpliv subsidіy on rinkovu rіvnovagu

W pattern seen scho subsidії spozhivacham pіdnіmayut law Chastain lіnії popitu s position D to D1. In rezultatі popit zroste, Hoca Rate on foods that takі Hotel pіdvischitsya s CR to TS1. When tsomu popit zbіlshitsya in tієї Chastain population, yak zdatna kupuvati Danian goods for vіdnosno nizkimi tsіnami.

So rank, indirect vpliv powers on rinkovі tsіni through podatki that dotatsії, yak i prescriptive tsіnoutvorennya have bіlshostі vipadkіv znizhuє efektivnіst funktsіonuvannya Economy. Ale tse not viklyuchaє mozhlivostі zastosuvannya perelіchenih іnstrumentіv s metoyu dosyagnennya Pevnyi sotsіalnih tsіley.