home Economy Books Міжнародна торгівля - Дахно І.І.

Міжнародна торгівля - Дахно І.І.

Розділ 1. THEORY OF THE MIDDLE TORGIVILI

1.1. Mercantilism

Серед теорій міжнародної торгівлі насамперд слід розглянути меркантилізм - the first thing we'll do for the development of the classic political economy. Mercantilisti first widely to finish the trivali hour were visibly troubled by the problems of international trade. Batkivshchinoy mercantilism vvazhayut England, the spoiler znayomimimsya zim, yak suchasna Engliska science treats the task.

In the "Oxford Paperback Encyclopedia" (1998, p. 891), the stati "Mercantilism" is clarified as follows: "The economy of the XVII century, which oborundovuvuvala emergency exploitation of natural resources for the promotion (to promote) eksportu and obmezhennia Merkantilisti virili, scho volodinnja zolotom (gold) abo srіblom (bullion) було вкрай важливим (all-important), і країни без джерела дорогоіінного металу (without a source of precious metal) повині були одержувати його за допомогою торгівлі (must get it By commerce.) Bagatstvo natsіy rozglyadalosya yak takie, scho zalizh zdělnshosogo vіd trade balance., Torgovlyu controlled the company, yakim nadavalasya uryadova pidtrymka, mikta і nasvedalisya mіstі і велії виінни, подібні англо-нідерландським. Пізніше прихильники вільної торгівлі запереречували положення меркантилістської теорії про тео The flag of the city, the flag of the city, the territory of the world, the territory of the anchor, the territory of the anchor, the other in the world. In the glorious ez, written in 1752, H'um vidkynuv tsiu point zorku merkantilistiv, zasnachivshy, scho reserve srlbla krayni vyznachayutsya otsygom її економіки та логічною її I'll demand from the pennies yak zabobі обігу (circulating medium), і on them not слід postійно vlyvati for допомогою державно втручання у торгівлю ".

The mercantilism of the Tisno conflicts with the results of the Great Geographic Vidkrittiv, and the initial accumulation of capitalism.

Merkantilizm nikoly not buv strnkoyu teoriiєyu, in the anchor bulb b her vchitelі ta uchnі. In realism, the mercantilism of the boom of sukkunistyu point of view of a wide range of fahivtsiv, yak often did not know about the formation of one. The concept of mercantilism was not made by professionalism, but by the practice of merchants, promises, bankers, pricewomen of call-and-trust companies. Waves did not theorize a little, zoeseredzhuchi its respect for specific economic aspects. The legal theories of mercantilism were not abolished. The headings of the mercantilists (yakishe called pamphlets) for zvichayami quietly recognized the importance of bagatelight:

O "A short treatise on zasobi zabezpechiti gold i sriblom korolivstva, pozbavleny rodovosch dorogotsinnykh metalliv" (Ukraine, 1613 r., A. Serra);

O "Вільна торгівля, або Ways to win trade in the process, cause the fall in the face of the kingdom, and isolate the yogo usunuti - zaschacheni" (Angliіya, 1622 р., Е. Міссельдейн);

O "Pravdiva rozkrti причинa nezavisimosti zapepadu torgіvі ta zmenshennyi kіlosti groshe u kraїnі iz zaznachennyam zadobіv protitsyogo" (Angliіya, 1621 р., Анонім);

O "Vigoda і Добробут Англії, що полягає у зростанні запасів і розширенні торгівлі нашого королівства" (Anglіya, 1663 р., С. Фортрей). Until the founders of mercantileism lay down the French exercises

J. Boden (1530-1596), the author of "Six books about the republic." Vin ostojuvav energeyne vtruchanya power at the helm promislovtsiv, vysoke mito on vvіz promislovy virobіv i Nizhke vvіz food ta sirovini.

English training V. Stafford (1554-1612) in 1581 r. Writing a pamphlet pіd nazvoyu "Побіжне обговорення англійської політики". Pratsyu Bulo publikova at virshovanіy form without the author's name, to that the spade of riches was imputed by the author V. Shakespeare. On the duma of W. Stafford, requesting the owner of the news of the vagmon monet, ales iz zazachenchennyam na nіn nominaluu krepodnyoi, to bring up to the vidplyvu for the cordon vagomoshoi monet such a nominee. Nedotsilno allow viviz sirovini, bove veseni com, vygotovlenni z nei, mistyat vartіst sirovini, and takozh nizemne ne i vitschiznyane meta. Protektsionizm slid poshiryuvati on eksportnyi galuzi, sho vivojat kompleti com. The power of the dyati is not a fence, but a requisite for submission and mitigation.

D. Maleyns at his pamphlet "About the Cancer, the Great Britain" (1601 р.), Having designated three chinniki zanepadu of the bagatia of the state: vivіz groshe (zgadaimo, scho tоdi tu buli real gold and silver), занато cheap sales вітчизняних товаровів за Cordon і занато високі ціни на імпортні товари. Vchysten vystupav for those, shchob power vtutchalasya zovnishnyu torgivlyu z metoju zabezpechenchenya situatsії, for anchor at the edge of the cobweb more groschen, nizh vidplivatime z nei.

The French doctrine of A. de Montcretin (bl., 1575-1621) in "Treatise on the Policies of Economies" (1615 р.) Takozh vyslovlyvavsya for control of the state over the promyshlennosti and against freedom of trade. Vіn looking at the grotesque yak goods, the yo-yo did not go into explanations, because the goods became colossal.

Prior to the occasional mercantilists, I lay down and J. Colbert (1619-1683). Він був міністром фінансів Франції впродовж 1665-1683 років за часів правління короля Луї XIV. J. Colbert navniv order in the fіnnіsas of the power, having fought піднесенню її промисловості та торгівлі, having created one of the nimogutnіshih fleets of the means of the european territories.

The English philosopher J. Locke (1632-1704) vvazhal, scho bagatelstvo slіd rozglyadati not absolutely, but vnidnosno, tobto not just yak great kilkist of gold that shlibla, and yak bіlshu portіvnyano зіншими країнами.

R. Contilion, yak i J. Locke, dometrivas'sya dumkov about those, scho power, in yakіy in obygu perebuvayut bolshe groshe, nizh ssіdnіh kraїnah, moe over them perevagi.

Klasika mercantilism English T. Mana (1571-1641) name the strategist of the international trade. Vleniya zaloshiv on sobi dvі not great for the oath of prazi, ala sama ehm vvazhati basic pratsyami z mercantilizmu. Persha Bula published in 1621 r. Під назвою "Роздум про торгівлю Англії з Ост-Індією, що містить відповідь on різноманітні заперечення, які звичайно висються проти неї". Druha pracia T. Mana "Bagatstvo Anglії y zovnіshnі torgіvlі, abo Balans našoї zovnіshnogo torgіvі yak regulator of our bagatstvo" bula published in yogo sine in 1664 р., Майже через чверть століття після смеріі автора.

Yak virnyy mercantilist, T. Man ototozhnyuvav bagatstvo zgoshima v vyglyadі gold ta sribla. On yogo dumku, kraina small zbagachuvatisya for dopomogo torgivlі, zabezpepecuchi perevazhannya eksportu kavkazіv over їх імпортом. T. Man povyvnyuvav groshi nasynnyam, yak earth-scraper, throwing at the ground, nebito marno vitracha, ale zgdomom otrimuet vid vnogo vrozhai. The teachings of rozglyadav rozvitok vibrobnitsva lishe yak zasib roschirennya torghivli.

The accuracy of the author's work is not clear to people. One of the angliyskiy istorikiv cobble of the twentieth century. Підрахував, що until 1764 р. Lisha in the English Bulo published 2377 prints from the source of mercantilism.

Merkantilisti buli mouthpiece trading capitals. Primordial principle of mercantilism zrozumily and forgive: buy, sell more expensive. Іnakshe kazuchi, speculation. Різниця між вартістю придбаного і проданого є прибутком. To sell for a cordon is more, to find courage there, - the credo of mercantilism.

Merkantilizm podilyayut on early and pisny.

Early mercantilism before the epoch of the Great Geographical Branches and Buv is actual until the middle of the 16th century. Тоді торговельні зв'язки між країнами мали еpізодичний nature. By the method of surplus positive balance in the early trading of early mercantilism, they vvazhali for dotsilne so dіїї:

O set up the maximum possible price for the exported partner;

O An anchor for more than an import of goods;

O Do not allow the wagon from the gold and silver fields. The monetarist theory of early mercantilists is not less than yak

The theory of a pennant balance. In economical literature, early mercantilism is a monetary system. Yogo, the counterparts intertwined with the ad-mined admixtures for the triviality of the pennies of the powers. Scho bishe at kraїnі gold that срібла, then краще. Brush for singing a bag of pennies (and in ti chasi tsevne kilkist gold i srіbla) mozhe buti more than just bolsh suma.

Пізній mercantilism hunted a friend half of XVI - Persha half of the XVII century. Yogo vіdlunnya zstrіchinyas y y v XVIII century. Пізні меркантилісти protested the theory of pennies on the balance of early mercantile measures in the trade balance.

In the method of selling active trade balance to the balance of capital, it was recommended:

O zapoplyuvati zovnіshni rinki zavdyaki cheap goods;

O to redeem some of them in the others;

O admission of the products of goods and goods (goods with roses);

O to cart gold for the sale of trading transactions.

The early mercantilisty of the virtual function of the grosses rivaled the function of the nagromadzhnya, and zgodom - the function of zasobu obigu. Пізні меркантилісти дотримувалися думки, що цінність гроше перебуває у позворотній залежності від їх кількості, а рівень цін на товари directly прямоційний кількості groosh.

Пізній mercantilism vbachav dzherela zbagachennya powers not in simple gold and silver, but in rozvitku zovnіshnogo trade in the active trade balance. Zahalom kazuchi, Івропейські меркантилісти єдиним джерелом the non-existent obmene vvazhvali vvazhali.

The easy hands of A. Smita pokolinnya ekonomistіv klassicchnogo periodov saw mercantilism yak soderzhdnyi zabobon, ale to nyogo potrybno stavitisya seryozno, oskilki vin zapocatkuvav polichnichu ekonomiiu.

Rozmov about mercantilism is completed by the citations of the notation of the "Great Encyclopaedic Dictionary" (1998, pp. 719): "Mercantilism (the first of the mercante - merchant, merchant) is the first school of the political economy, the economical policy of the so-called primary pogromage of capital, virazhalasya in In the early mercantilism (the remainder of the tertium XV - the middle of the XVI century, the main representatives: V. Stafford (England), G. Scariffi (Italy)) is characterized by the theory of a penny-balance, it oborundovuvala polity, it is cramped The main element of capitalist mercantilism is the system of an active trading balance: the main representatives of capitalist mercantilism: T. Man (Angliya), A. Serra (Italy), A. Montkretin ( The principle is based on them: kupuvati is cheaper, sells more expensively. "The policy of mercantilism was pegged in active protec- tionism, in the form of trade flows, in the production of investment goods, especially in manufactures."