Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

17. structuralism

Svoєyu appeared in drugіy polovinі XX century. structuralism in Frantsії vіdtіsniv on another plane modnі i populyarnі ekzistentsіalіzm, personalism, fenomenologіyu. On protivagu sub'єktivno orієntovanіy fіlosofії ekzistentsіalіzmu, yak vіdkrito protistavila currently nautsі i Naukova method, structuralism has acted pid extinguished ob'єktivnostі i naukovoї strogostі. In zv'yazku s CIM bagato spriynyav hto yogo yak Suchasnyj svіtoglyad, spіvmіrny s Epoch NAUKOVO-tehnіchnoї revolyutsії.

Word structure rozumієtsya yak sposіb organіzatsії vnutrіshnіh vіdnoshen system. protistavlyaєtsya "atomіzmu" In nautsі "structuralism." Fіlosofsky structuralism pochinaєtsya there atomically de vvazhaєtsya vtorinnim schodo structures tobto vіdnoshen systems. Strukturalіsti not priymayut traditsіynogo fіlosofstvuvannya, Cauterets, yak usually pochinaєtsya s rozglyadu speeches іdey, sub'єkta, ob'єkta, svіdomostі. їh peredusіm tsіkavlyat Zakoni funktsіonuvannya system, tobto podіlenogo on Elements, tsіlogo. Rasht rozglyadaєtsya yak vzhe zgaduvanih zakonіv moments.

Klyuchovі words

structuralism, lіngvіstika structurally analіz, structural antropologіya, nadratsіonalіzm, bіnarny, psihoterapіya, sign systems, reduktsіonіzm, post-structuralism

17.1. MOV sign of the I STRUKTURALІZMІ

"Zavdannya fіlosofії polyagaє rozumіnnі in Butte on vіdnoshennyu to Demba itself, rather than vіdnoshennyu to" Z ".

K. Levі-Strauss

The other half of the XX century. oznamenuvalasya bіlsh yavnim i vіdchutnim vplivom dosyagnen NAUKOVO-tehnіchnogo Progreso. Vimogoyu day becoming not sub'єktivіzm and ob'єktivnіst, Naukova chіtkіst i viznachenіst. Tom in the 60-70-Ti pp. XX century. in zahіdnіy fіlosofії on Purshia plan vistupaє structuralism, yaky uzyav on itself the role naukovoї fіlosofії. Vіn ob'єdnuє number napryamіv sotsіo-gumanіstichnogo pіznannya, pov'yazanogo s viyavlennyam structure yak zberіgaє stіykіst svoїh elementіv in skladі tsіlogo.

Golovnі predstavniki fіlosofskogo strukturalіzmu - K. Levі-Strauss, Jacques Lacan, Michel Foucault (in ostannіy Pevnyi perіod svoєї tvorchostі viznavav blizkіst to strukturalіzmu). Strukturalіstіv ob'єdnuє spіlna metodologіchna installation of acceptance on the structural analіzu yak provіdnogo doslіdzhennya method. Prіoritetnim vvazhaєtsya vivchennya not zmіstu and forms without elementіv and zv'yazkіv mіzh Some of the elements. Strukturalіsti perekonanі scho Naukova sotsіalno-gumanіtarne pіznannya guilty spiratit on methods prirodnichih i exact science, cultural oskіlki utvorennya rozglyadaєtsya yak analogіchny natural ob'єkt. Osoblivіst cultural ob'єkta in fact, scho Got vіn Glibin structure stvorenu Collective nesvіdomim, i Je Basics tієї chi іnshoї sign-simvolіchnoї system.

Fіlosofi obґruntovuyut strukturalіstsky pіdhіd, poshiryuyuchi yogo on rozumіnnya culture in tsіlomu. The essence of fіlosofskogo strukturalіzmu polyagaє in іdeї about those scho on cultural ob'єktіv utvoryuє structure KOTRA rozumієtsya yak sukupnіst zv'yazkіv i vіdnoshen, SSMSC ob'єdnuyut Elements. Tsі Elements Je bezosobovimi, bezposeredno not sposterіgayutsya, stink іnvarіantnі, to zalishayutsya nezmіnnimi, Hoca їh manifest rіznorіdnі i mіnlivі.

Strukturalіsti vvazhayut scho SAME culture vlashtovano principles for organіzatsії i funktsіonuvannya prirodnoї MTIE. Won Je movoyu itself in a wide znachennі - collapsible, sign-simvolіchnoyu system. її structure zalishayuchis zdebіlshogo prihovanimi od Helsinki Human, not less then Tim spryamovuyut її dіyalnіst, podіbno yak FORMS MTIE organіzovuyut povsyakdenne movne spіlkuvannya. Napriklad Martin Borulya s p'єsi I. Karpenko-Kary speaking prose without pіdozryuyuchi about tse.

Perche strukturalіstom often nazivayut Marx; Yogo at Dumka, okrema Lyudin Je ensemble usіh quiet suspіlnih vіdnoshen, SSMSC Won uosoblyuє. Harakterizuyuchi structuralism, Merleau-Pontі says scho Yea sotsіalnі phenomenon not speeches, not іdeyami and structures. Against non strukturalіstskі іdeї Marx vіdіgrali virіshalnu role in rozvitku strukturalіzmu. Structure of Marx zhorstko "priv'yazanі" to materіalnogo virobnitstva. Ale vzhe before the mid XX century. zavdyaki Prace Vіtgenshteyna A. i M. Gaydeggera in fіlosofії vіdbuvsya so titles lіngvіstichny turn zgіdno s Yakima vihіdnim ob'єktom fіlosofskogo analіzu became mova. W tsogo urahuvannyam staє zrozumіlim, chomu in svoїh fіlosofskih become addicted strukturalіsti nadavati perevagu movnim structures

In tsomu zv'yazku virіshalnogo values ​​Nabeul іdeї shveytsarskogo lіngvіsta Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913 pp.). Vіn rozglyadav movu yak iconic lo-abo mіologіchnu (od Graetz sema -. Mark) system. Mova - sotsіalno cultural yavische. Vaughn did not zasnovana on natural polozhennі speeches. Movnі All related marks are not those scho stink povinnі viznachati. Zvіdsi viplivaє naybіlsh fundamental laws MTIE "one member nіkoli itself sobі nіchogo not oznachaє". Signs and i b one without one nіchogo not mozhut oznachat.

Movnі signs toil smisl tіlki in vzaєmovіdnoshennyah one i s one such rite, through svoї vіdmіnnostі. Word nabuvaє smislu in movі zavdyaki svoїy vіdmіnnostі od іnshih slіv. Vazhlivim Je vіdnoshennya slіv odne to one and not the materіalna form in yakіy stink znahodyat virazhennya, napriklad zavdyaki writing abo rozmovі. Meaning lіngvіstichnogo sign viznachaєtsya yogo mіstsem in rechennі text.

Rekonstruyuvannya poglyadіv Saussure perekonannya in fact scho Absent bіlsh vazhlivoї sotsіalnoї skladovoї, nіzh mova, suggesting netrivіalnu Dumka: for svoєyu structure vnutrіshnoyu

"Elements of MTIE yak viznachalnі spіvvіdnosyatsya peredusіm s not objects, and h i uyavlennyami ponyattyami people. People rozumіyut odne one tіlki in movі in osyagnennі її life ".

Ferdinand de Saussure

vporyadkovanіstyu yavischa, SSMSC vivchayutsya, podіbnі to MTIE. Same tsya іdeya became a leitmotif of doslіdzhen vidatnih strukturalіstіv, yak Levі i-Strauss, Lacan, Pokazovim Je analіz strukturalіstami Helsinki Human. Pong nazivayut omanlivim, hibnim klasichny image Helsinki Human - svіdomogo, CREATIVE sub'єkta culture, yaky ratsіonalno viznachaє Zhittya way. Zagostryuyuchi his pozitsіyu, strukturalіsti stverdzhuyut: speak not Lyudin and mova, dіє not osobistіst and bezosobova structure. In tsomu rozumіnnі vitlumachuyutsya widely vіdomі vislovlyuvannya Foucault about the "death of Helsinki Human", "death sub'єkta". Look Takі strukturalіstіv harakterizuyutsya yak "theoreticity antigumanіzm".

Fіlosofsky structuralism digit mіroyu Je reaktsієyu on sub'єktivіzm that іndivіdualіzm ekzistentsіalіzmu, іdeї yakogo (Especially in fіlosofії Sartre) in Nabeul Frantsії 50-60 rokіv XX century. FORMS polіtichnogo radikalіzmu i boule dostatno popularity. On Dumka strukturalіstіv, ekzistentsіalіzm Je kraynіm Wink ukorіnenoї in klasichnіy fіlosofії i poezії of scho Svit lyudsky buduєtsya on samosvіdomostі sub'єkta. The ear hibnomu tverdzhennyu poklal Descartes, visunuvshi tezu: «Cogito ergo sum» ( «Mislyu, otzhe, іsnuyu").