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Fіlologіya. Methods. pedagogy

Rozdіl III. literature

Ancient Kyiv epic and hagiographic tradition in "The White Guard" Bulgakov

OP Aleksєєva, vikladach

Creativity Bulgakov decided to consider in relation to the XX century, with the Russian classics of the XIX century, with the pan-European cultural traditions. According to Bakhtin, "we usually aim to explain the writer and his works because of its present and recent past (usually in the range of age, as we understand it). We are afraid to move away from the time the phenomenon under study. Meanwhile, work is rooted in the distant past, "[1].

A look at the novel in relation to the Old Russian literary tradition can enrich his understanding. For example, VY Lakshin stressed: "" The White Guard "- frustrating affair. Bulgakov takes the most critical moments of the psychological loss of faith - with cold despair Alexei Turbine, with anguish and irony - at Myshlaevsky "[2]. In the context of the Old Russian literature, in our opinion, this novel could be more accurately defined as a cathartic novel.

Roman M. Bulgakov "White Guard" is read at the intersection of two cultural traditions: European and old Russian. The theme of chivalry, permeates the whole story, he attracted the attention of many researchers, and it can be considered as the heritage of European culture, which is characterized by etiquette, perfect fidelity signs. In the novel, loyalty signs knightly entourage are present and are played at both the domestic and the spiritual. We can say that the story is full of chivalrous iconic at the beginning and establishes its absence or a significant depletion of the end.

VY Lakshin said: "Turbines all men of honor. They all think the same way as younger brother Nikolka, who believes that "word of honor should not disturb no one, because otherwise it will be impossible to live in the world." And it's a little old-fashioned chivalry is the last backup of their faith ". [3] More accurate to say that the knights - their norm of life and self-esteem, a loss is realized and experienced dramatically.

Degrade the core values ​​on which kept the world with all its etiquette and ceremonies. It destroyed all the old life with her semiotics. Before us there is a change of sign systems, leaving signs of former life and ceremonies that accompanied her. Let us recall the most vivid signs Turbinsky life, punctuated by the author at the beginning of the novel: "The floors shone, and in December, is now on the table in matt blue hydrangeas column vase and two dark and sultry Rose, claiming the beauty and strength of life" [4]. But the surroundings at the end of the novel: "It was the first common meal to as long as lay wounded Turbin. And all was still, except for one - were not on the table somber sultry rose ... There was no shoulder strap or on one of the men sitting at the table ... "[p. 418].

Among the signs that the old world with its values ​​rooted in the past, are also characteristic of the inscription on the stove in the house turbines, which are so pleased with their variety in the beginning of the novel, and by the end disappear. "The inscriptions were washed away with Saardamskogo Carpenter, and there was only one:" Len ... I took a ticket to Hades "..." [p. 422]. Opera "Aida" and the rest of it "Hades ..." things are quite different, as such optimism label does not inspire, especially if we consider that among those inscriptions, which do not have more - and "Long live Russia! Long live the monarchy! ", And" No wonder all Russia remembers about the day of Borodino. "

"The White Guard" - a novel built on an understanding of the Civil War as the mystery of redemption, a novel that brings to court controversy of former, pre-revolutionary, this beloved world. No wonder it is preceded by an epigraph from the Apocalypse: "And the dead were judged by what was written in the books according to their works ..."

Let us consider what is brought before a court of conscience in the novel. Firstly, it is - the person of the monarch. "He never, never forgiven his renunciation to the bottom station. Never "- one feels that these words are deeply weathered Alexei Turbin [p. 212]. Second, it is - the Russian army: calling Thalberg besstrunnoy balalaika, Turbin bitterly aware that this is "an officer of the Russian military academy. This is the best that was supposed to be in Russia "[p. 217]. Third, it is - and family well-being of Helena, which, as it turned out, only played the role of a happy wife. A world that is losing turbines, as it turns out, was like a house built on sand. But the loss of it - it is a personal tragedy for each of the characters.

Each held his mystery of Redemption, in its own way is going through a catharsis. For Alexei Turbine moment of awareness of personal guilt and therefore the reason for repentance becomes a murder of a man, one of Petliura, who rushed to chase him. This murder puts the turbine as it were on a par with the persecutors. He turns around like them, so far from the European chivalry.

At the time of the chase the author supplies the turbine and its pursuers common features: "For quite a wolf on the run squinting eyes Turbin. Two gray, followed by the third jumped from the corner of the Vladimir, and all three vpereboy flashed. Turbin, slowed, grinning, he shot three times they do not aiming »[c. 347]. The animal figures - "wolf mowed", "two gray ... jumped," "grinning shot ..." - fairly evenly distributed between the turbine and its pursuers. Here Turbin recalls fun silly saying: "Do not lose, Qom, strength, sinks to the bottom." Had any of his pursuers in his place, I would have thought of the same proverb.

Sudden illness turbine, which followed after the injury, has psychological roots. In his delirium, he regrets that killed a man: "It is unpleasant ... Oh, unpleasant - Turbin said uneasily, looking at the corner - in vain I shot him ... you listen ... - he began to release his good arm iz under the blankets ... - The best way to invite and explain what supposedly mecheshsya like a fool? Of course, I take the blame ... All is lost and stupid ... "[p. 338].

We can say that the aggravation of pre-illness experience guilt for the turbine was accompanied by the fact that he took off his knightly duties: remember that just before the meeting with Petliurists he tore off his badges of officers differences, and when he was still noticed by not torn cockade He is fleeing that, in general, far from the ideals of chivalry.

In tone with respect to the life and etiquette novel Bulgakov correlated with the works of ancient literature as the "Lay." A departure from the chivalric notions of etiquette behavior becomes the key to the salvation of Prince Igor's life. Refusal of knightly mission of heroism is and Alexei turbine rescue and survival conditions in the city with the coming to power of the Bolsheviks.

Likhachev said that, fleeing from captivity, Prince Igor "committed an act that even the supporters of Igor, the chronicler, had to be called" not a nice way, "[5]. He emphasizes that escape Prince Igor help pagan forces, pagan prayer Yaroslavna to the forces of nature: "God could protect Igor himself during the flight, but to do God's party" neslavnogo 'decision was for the author of "Words" impossible ". [6]

Characteristically, running away from Petlurites, Alex also remembers God. MABulgakov comments on his actions: "It is enough to chase the man under fire, and it turns into a wise wolf; replaced by a very weak and in really difficult cases, do not need the mind grows wise animal instinct "[p. 347]. After this retreat, and there are "wolf" epithets. Appeal to God, there is now only in Helena prayer.

The "Word" Igor escape from captivity also accompanied by a series of animalistic comparisons, one might even say, oversaturated by them: he jumps to reed ermine white strutted into the water, a gray wolf on a horse, and "under mglami" carried a falcon. Likhachev noted that although Igor escaped in response to the plea of ​​Yaroslavna to the forces of nature, give thanks, he still goes to Kiev to Pirogoshcha Virgin [7]. "Word" and ends with this. Alexei Turbin, as is known, also owes its recovery by Virgin Helena prayer. This moment is cathartic for her already, as to save the life of his brother is a victim of "vow" with their marriage with Thalberg. After the flight of the last of the marriage Cities with him, and so doomed, but Elena is not aware of this report. For her renunciation of family well-being becomes a victim of his brother's life, spiritual feat: "Mother-patroness - Elena murmured in the fire, - urged him. There he is. What you should. Have pity on us. Pity. Go your days, your holiday. Maybe something good it will do, and you will pray for their sins. Let Sergei did not return ... Otymaesh - otymay, but it does not punish with death ... All of us are guilty of blood, but do not punish "[p. 411-4І2]. In response to her prayer, a miracle happens: Alex recovers contrary to the laws of physiology. There is a miracle - it is seen by a doctor at the bedside of the reaction turbine "Shaved doctor is not quite right hand squeezed to pinch the meat residues, grinding away in his hand a small turbine needle syringe. Small droplets made by a doctor on the forehead. He was thrilled and shocked "[p. 412].

In the Kiev-Pechersk Paterik also described a case where the proximity of a loved one in death causes of the narrative of the hero to the spiritual exploit. Crying over Peter Sirianina ill Nikola Hypocrites - not just words on the willingness to die for it, it - and a feat of faith, action. In response to the news of Nikola hypocrites that he is terminally ill and will soon die, Peter Sirianin turns to him with these words: "... povezhd mi, his servant, the death plague, but not al ashche izvrachuyu, let him be the head of mine thine head, and my soul for your soul. Do not silence otydi from me, but waking E, mister, where five such message, but will give your stomach for thee. If thou also known ti is the Lord that it moth, yes az die for thee "[8]. He did not just die promises - he fulfills the vow. Although the author of the Life explains this incident by the fact that Peter Sirianinu time to die and Nicola Svyatosha seeing it provoked him to death vow talking about his imaginary illness, while he had been sick, do not - it does not detract from the power of the spiritual feat of Peter-healer . Lament for Nicolet becomes sanctimonious guarantee catharsis Sirianina Peter and exit to a new spiritual level.

In the above passage Peter Sirianina crying becomes a step on the way of his spiritual ascent. Humiliated Prince Igor in captivity and escape from captivity becomes a condition that the reader, and the prince himself aware of the advantages of unity in the strife. Suffering is described by ancient Russian authors not in itself, namely, as a catharsis, spiritually fruitful, purifying the soul suffering, which, incidentally, has a beneficial and practical results.

"The White Guard" MA Bulgakov inherits the tradition. The novel is not perceived as a requiem for the departed. I changed the spiritual world of the turbine. Life is not over. Changes its semiotics and invades the lives of the characters reported on the impending City Stars:

"- What are the stars? - Grimly asked Myshlaevsky.

- Small as Badges, five-pointed, - he told Shervinsky - on hats. Cloud, say, go ... In a word, at midnight will be here ...

- Why this precision: midnight ... "[p. 418].

Characteristically, this betrays a lack of confidence in the accuracy of not only distrust Shervinsky, but also in general to the fact that the concerns of the world of social relations. Doubt that the Bolsheviks enter the city at midnight, say, of course, the attitude towards them: on the one hand, midnight is usually associated with evil forces, and the reluctance to use midnight as a sign of a sharply negative assessment indicates unwillingness to bind the Bolsheviks with the forces darkness. On the other hand, midnight - resurrection this time, and hence the beginning of a new relationship to life. That is a replica of a doubt conveys the fragility of the situation, a departure from the previous definition, the heroes move on for some time in the world to the existence of a direct relationship to life, without social roles and definitive estimates.

By the end of the novel of chivalry mood noticeably fade away, giving way to a narrow-minded, worldly problems. Hearing distant cannon strikes, Turbin thinks: "Peturra ... Tonight, not later come to pass, there will be more Peturry ... And if it was .. Or is it me dreaming? It is not known can not be verified. Lariosik very pretty. He does not interfere in the family, no more is needed. We must thank him for leaving ... And Shervinsky? And, God knows ... That punishment with women. Be sure to Elena with him will all certainly ... "[p. 413]. In this inner monologue is no longer any pathos of struggle, on the contrary: "The thoughts flowed under the silk hat harsh, clear, joyless" [p. 413]. And throughout the novel is not the end nor the desire to take revenge, nor curses in someone's address: "I pay someone for blood? No. No "[p. 422].

The result becomes a cathartic cleansing, oddly enough, the acceptance of the world without the desire for revenge. Byzantine author Leo Deacon, describing the treacherous and brutal murder of Emperor Nikifor finally adds: "But the villains paid for their crime; vigilant justice revenge on them later: everyone who had a hand in the murder of basil, property was taken away and he found himself in extreme poverty, they are vile, vile, and his life ended, "[9].

It may be noted that the "Lay" and "The White Guard" free from curses and gloomy prophecies against the enemy, as the main targets of condemnation are not real people, and their own mistakes, the heroes of the sins or the society to which they belong. Throughout the story, and they are subject to redemption, and the heroes of life is filled with new meaning.

Literature

1. Bakhtin MM literary-critical articles / Comp. S. Bocharov and V. Kozhinov. - M .: artist. lit., 1986. - pp. 504.

2. Lakshin VY second meeting: memories, portraits and articles. - M .: Sov. writer 1984. - S. 277.

3. Ibid.

4. Bulgakov MA Collected Works. In 5 vols 1 -. M .: artist. lit., 1989. - pp. 186. Further references to this edition is given on the pages indicated in brackets.

5. DS Likhachev "Lay" and the culture of his time. - L .: artist. lit., 1978. - pp. 215.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Abramovich D. I. Kiєvo-Pechers'ka Patericon. Reprint Vidanov. - K .: Hour, 1991. - S. 116.

9. Deacon Leo. History. - M .: Nauka, 1988. - S. 50.