home Other disciplines Estetika - Liauchuk LT

Estetika - Liauchuk LT

Rozdіl XI. ESTETIKA XX century .: Mystetskyi PRACTICE

§ 1. ABSOLYUTIZATSІYA formal TEHNІCHNIH POSHUKІV have MISTETSTVІ XX century.

Rozglyad in poperednіh rozdіlah іstorichnih zakonomіrnostey rozvitku Mistetstvo XIX i poperednіh stolіt perekonlivo svіdchit about panіvne encampment realіzmu in іstorії hudozhnoї culture. Shcho Well before the XX century., The picture descho zmіnilasya. Hoch realіzm i zalishivsya provіdnim CREATIVE method against znachnі zusillya mittsіv vіddayutsya abo formal tehnіchnim Poshuk, abo doslіdzhennyu sub'єktivno-zamknenogo svitu Helsinki Human. Zaznachenі tendentsії znayshli viyav in zaperechennі ob'єktivnih Jerel hudozhnogo way, the piece uskladnenіy formі in simvolіtsі words koloru, sound pozbavlenih zagalnolyudskogo zmіstu, vreshtі-Rasht - at ruynuvannі traditsіynoї garmonії Mistetstvo.

Sered nerealіstichnih hudozhnіh napryamіv, SSMSC skladalisya on the cob XX century. i mali digit vpliv away on rozvitok Mistetstvo, slіd nazvati peredusіm fovіzm, futurism, kubіzm, kubofuturizm. Tsі eg predstavlenі in zhivopisі, skulpturі, poezії, muzitsі bіlshostі kraїn Єvropi in Russie that in Ukraїnі.

In Mystetsky zhittі Єvropi perіod kіntsya XIX - XX century cob. poznacheny Nadzvychaina sytuatsia speaker, strіmkoyu zmіnoyu pokolіn mittsіv, stilіv, napryamіv. Z'yavlyayutsya chislennі groupies th mistetskі ob'єdnannya, skin s yakih progoloshuє your CREATIVE kontseptsіyu. That have been approved in novih printsipіv mistetstvі nabuvaє "manіfestantnogo" character. Bezperechno, scho on formuvannya avangardistskogo Ruhu mistetstvі in the XX century. vplinuli yak NAUKOVO-tehnіchna revolyutsіya, yak zakladala in svіdomіst іntelіgentsії ponyattya dinamіki, Ruhu, ritmіv novih, so i fіlosofskі іdeї F. Nіtsshe, Bergson, 3. Freud that іnshih vsesvіtno vіdomih teoretikіv.

In folding, superechlivomu perebіgu hudozhnіh podіy that hour all are still possible Bulo Know svoєrіdnіst rozmezhuvannya mіzh Mistetstvo XIX i XX century. "Osіnnіy Salon" 1905 p. in Parizhі on Money Does vistaviv svoї robots Anrі Matіss. Painting by Matіssa - not deprivation viklik steel traditsіyam frantsuzkogo painting, and th zaperechennya іmpresіonіzmu, namagannya rotate to yaskravih Farben malyunka, dekorativnostі. W one side, A. Matіssa pochinayut nazivati ​​fovіstom, tobto wild Mitzi, s another train - viznayut Yak fighters for Mistetstvo basis. A. Matіss, P. Picasso, A. Derain, O. Frієz napovnyuyut svoї Kartini rіzkim "materіalno vіdchutnim" svіtlom, pochinayut vivchati Mistetstvo "varvarіv" - polіnezіytsіv, sudantsіv, dagomeytsіv, analіzuyut CREATIVE spadschinu Paul Gauguin, yaky s so zahoplennyam stavivsya up Mistetstvo primіtivu.

W 1906 r. aktivіzuvalisya tvorchі star ^ yazki mіzh Mitzi Frantsії i Russie, SSMSC gave zmogu porіvnyati hudozhnі school, tvorchі manner rozumіnnya innovation in mistetstvі. Tsomu spriyala vlashtovana Dyagilєvim voseni 1906 p. Large-scale vistavka rosіyskogo painting on yakіy representing 53 robots maystrіv. Inst s іkonami XVIII - XIX art, paintings Rerіha, Vrubel i th vanguard Somov demonstruvalosya Mistetstvo -. "Plastichnі eksperimenti" M. Larіonova i N. Goncharovoї. At the hour vzhe Bulo mozhna govorito about spetsifіchny Way rosіyskogo vanguard. Tse i pіdtverdzhuyut vistavki 1906-1914 pp. in Moskvі that Kiєvі vistavka 1908 :, p. "Lanka" eksponuvala robots Bogomazov O., D. Burlkzha, M. Larіonova, O. Ekster.

Fovіzm A. Matіssa LUVs deprivation Persha poshtovhom schodo rozvitku nerealіstichnogo Mistetstvo XX century. W 1909 r. mozhlivostі picturesque expanse Pocha actively doslіdzhuvati frantsuzkі mittsі Pablo Picasso Georges Braque i. S Parallel them Іtalії rozroblyalasya kontseptsіya Futurism (od lat future -. The Future).

P. Picasso i F- Marriage smіlivo polemіzuyut s A. Matіs-Som schodo efektivnostі most colorful "vibuhu" fovіstіv zoseredzhuyut i uwagi on plastic kompozitsіyah, obmezhuyuchi palіtru EYAD - troma kolorami, pervazhno Chorny, sіrim, brown. Zgoda, from 1,911 -1913 pp, stink pіdsumuyut svoї search Search, Vote osnovnі fun- kubіzmu (od fr cube -. Cc).. Prior P. Picasso i F- Marriage priєdnalisya F. Leger, Marcel Duchamp, Le Pho-kon'є that іn., Tobto Ti, hto vvazhav dotsіlnim vіdobrazhennya dіysnostі for Relief geometric proportsіy, hto namagavsya pereosmisliti "plasticity World", hto zaperechuvav "fіgurativnіst" painting abo naturalіzm. In osnovі kubіzmu lay Bazhannya hudozhnikіv realіzuvati іdeyu geometrizovanogo The images dіysnostі. Emergent tsієї іdeї digit vpliv Mali naukovі vіdkrittya kіntsya XIX - XX century cob.

Artists kubіsti pragnuli moved to Mistetstvo ob'єktivny, analіtichny method doslіdzhennya svitu Yakimov koristuєtsya science. Ni, the stench is not vіdmovlyalisya od osnovnoї spetsifіchnoї vlastivostі Mistetstvo - vіdobrazhati ob'єktivnu dіysnіst. Ale їm naybіlshe vazhilo - sama vіdobrazhati yak, yak obirati form.

Kubіstichny principle vіdobrazhennya vіv to deformatsії predmetіv, proportsіy lyudskogo tіla to rozscheplennya ob'єktіv on elementarnі geometrichnі ob'єmi. Principi kubіzmu іgnoruvali mozhlivіst pіznannya Mistetstvo navkolishnoї dіysnostі, mozhlivіst vіdtvorennya realnoї glory. And Tse mean scho kubіzm zaklikaet to Poshuk to rozkrіpachennya talent Mitzi, vіdkrivav road eksperimentuvannyu in doborі th osvoєnnі novih formal tehnіchnih zasobіv, SSMSC b zbagachuvali hudozhnyu palіtru Maistre. Slіd zaznachiti, scho in tsі Rocky actively Pocha rozroblyatisya novі th pereosmislyuvatisya starі Vidi i Mistetstvo vzagalі genre, paintings i Sculpture zokrema. Z'yavilosya ponyattya so the title of pure painting on vіdmіnu od kollazhіv "relєfnih" tvorіv in yakih painting "montuєtsya" zavdyaki rіznim materіalam. Bіlshe of robilisya sprobi poєdnati sculpture painting i have zhanrі "assamb-premium". In 1912 r. Marcel Duchamp shokuє publіku, zaproponuvavshi їy "ruhlivu sculpture" - a bicycle wheel, vstanovlene on taburettsі. Uwagi mistetstvoznavtsіv privertayut eksperimenti Gіyoma Apollіnera: vidatny Pweto pragne poєdnati svoї "lіrichnі іdeogrami 's vіzualnim Mistetstvo. Pong drukuyutsya in 1918 p., Dіstavshi titles "Kalіgrami".

Podalshі tvorchі eksperimenti, poklikanі to Zhittya fovіzmom i kubіzmom, frantsuzkі theorists namagayutsya zv'yazati s natsіonalnoyu traditsієyu. Tse Nadzvychaina sytuatsia tsіkavy i vazhlivy point: formally zaperechuyuchi Mistetstvo passed, the stench is not pіdtrimuyut i kosmopolіtichnі tendentsії. Namagannya okremih mittsіv stvoriti in the XX century. zagalnoєvropeyske Mistetstvo galmuєtsya timey kraїnami, mittsі yakih dosyagli Pevnyi CREATIVE peaks. So, vіdomy kubіzmu theorist Albert Gleizes pіdkreslyuvav scho "Frantsіya rozglyadaє do the first naysvavіlnіshih mittsіv sogodennya yak porodzhennya nashoї natsіonalnoї traditsії"

Becoming Futurism pov'yazuyut peredusіm s іm'yam іtalіytsya Fіlіppo Marinettі Tommaso (1876-1944 p.). Prote Futurism not mozhna vvazhati yavischem іtalіyskim deprivation. Vpliv Futurism poznachivsya on tvorchostі mittsіv Russie, Ukraine, 3 o'clock appears Perche manіfestu futuristіv Pocha Borotba for "prіoritet in perebudovі estetichnogo seredovischa". Hto Purshia - kubіzm chi futurism?

On the cob stolіttya z'yavilisya teoretichnі pratsі, SSMSC povinnі boule obgruntuvati fun- Futurism "Futurism" (F. Marinettі), "Futuristska antitraditsіya:" ma-nіfest-synthesis "(G. Apollіner)" futuristic manіfest Montmartre "(F. Del Marl) that іn. Osoblivoї uwagi zaslugovuє theoretical nature of Prace s fundatorіv ukrajins'koho kubofuturizma Oleksandr Bogomazov "painting is the Element" (1914 p.). O. Bogomazov prostezhiv genesis hudozhnoї form, scho narodzhuєtsya od Ruhu pervіsnogo Components - krapki i Dali, pіdkoryuyuchis dinamіtsі Ruhu de skladayutsya lіnії, zhivopisnі ploschini, seredovische toscho. Painting, vvazhav O. Bogomazov, tse samostіyna system, yak Givet svoїm vnutrіshnіm Zhittya, postіyno zmіnyuєtsya i ovolodіvaє rhythm - kategorієyu, yak at Dumka artist Got kіlkіsnі yakіsnі Find our i.

O. Bogomazov vvazhav kubofuturizm novim Mistetstvo, yak is not deprivation kidaє viklik traditsії and second visuvaє "samostіynu vartіst Elements painting yak nosіya vіdchuttіv" Mitzi. Tse, one s vazhlivih Find our poshukіv futuristіv, kubіstіv abo kubofuturistіv - nosієm vіdchuttіv Mitzi guilty Buti zmіst not happening, and Elements of form. Nagoloshuyuchi on what chi іnshomu elementі (kolorі, osvіtlennі, deformatsії subject kompozitsії), painter "anatomuє" vlasnі pochuttya.

Theoreticity programa futuristіv absolyutizuvala form values ​​Mystetskyi create. Zaperechuyuchi culture passed, futurists fetishizuvali tehnіku, іndustrіyu, shvidkіst, privnesenі tehnіchnim rozvitkom novі rhythm. Shilyayuchis before rіvnem tehnіchnih dosyagnen XX century, the stench vodnochase brought scho Veda tehnіchny progression to spiritual zubozhіnnya, scho h hour tehnіka znischit Svoge Creator -. Lyudin. Slіd zaznachiti scho futurists, hoch, mozhlivo on іntuїtivnomu, emotsіynomu rіvnі, that all are vіdchuli protirіchchya mіzh tehnіchnim Progreso yak processes of creation of the new i yogo naslіdkami, SSMSC mozhut mother ruynіvnu force for Helsinki Human i lyudstva.

Іtalіyskі Futurists obmezhuvalisya deprivation hudozhnіmi Poshuk. F. Marinettі that yogo pribіchniki of Namangan vplivati ​​on sotsіalno-polіtichnі processes in Іtalії, pretenduvali on stvorennya novoї fіlosofsko-estetichnoї kontseptsії. Іtalіyska model Futurism Zgoda camp butt antigumanіzmu that have been approved, poshtovhom to pіdtrimki reaktsіynoї іdeologії Fascism is the regime of monsoon

solіnі. Manіfesti іtalіytsіv vіdverto zaklikaet to zhorstokostі i Enforced. Degumanіzatsіya Mistetstvo pіdtverdzhuvalasya їh orієntatsієyu to "mehanіchnu Lyudin" Person of-av-tomato on probudzhennya in lyudinі primіtivnih іnstinktіv agresії, Borotba for іsnuvannya "Mistetstvo Mauger Buti tіlki ґvaltuvannyam i zhorstokіstyu". The I Dali: "Nema shedevrіv without agresivnostі." ' Such fіlosofіya tvorchostі generally produces іtalіyskih futuristіv to estetizatsії potvornogo. Sings futurist Lama hudozhnіy image ruynuvali zvichaynu MOV, vvazhali alogіzm obov'yazkovim principle pobudovi create.

Before Perche svіtovoyu vіynoyu іtalіyskі futurist s radіstyu prorokuvali cob "velikoї simfonії" - vіyni, yak stink nazivali "naykraschoyu gіgієnoyu svitu".

Slіd zaznachiti scho іtalіyskі Futurists - Marinettі F., J. Severinі, I.. Bochchonі, K. Carr of Namangan organіzatsіyno i CREATIVE ob'єdnati futuristіv Єvropi, Russie, stvoriti "zagalnoєvropeysky front" - mіzhnarodne tovaristvo mittsіv s centers have Florentsії, Parizhі, Myunhenі i Moskvі. Same tsі organіzatsіynі zusillya duzhe Shvydko viyavili printsipovu rіznitsyu in rozumіnnі Futurism mіzh predstavnikami rіznih kraїn, viyavili deprivation Yednist termіna "Futurism" (yak titles directly) at іnodі protilezhnomu yogo tlumachennі. So, for frantsuzіv Futurism tse for Vislova G. Apollіnera "svіdchennya svіtovogo vplivu frantsuzkogo painting od іmpresіonіzmu kubіzmu before switching on." For rosіyan i ukraїntsіv (V. Kamensky, Vladimir Mayakovsky, A. Bogomazov, Burliuk, M. Larіo-new, Goncharova, V. Khlebnikov that іn.) -tse Do updates staroslov'yanskoї traditsії "dіalog 's Mistetstvo X st.- "Golden vіkom slov'yanstva" tse moral etichnі Poshuk rosіyskoї volnitsі chasіv Stepan Razіna.

Futurism in Russie pochinavsya s dіyalnostі "will-liang" - provіsnikіv maybutnogo (Khlebnikov, V. Kamensky, Burliuk, A. Guro, M. Matyushin, V. Mayakovsky). Perіod mіzh 1910-1914 pp. pov'yazany in rosіyskih futuristіv sama s mіfopoetichnim svіtospriymannyam, s legendarizatsіeyu slov'yanskoї minuvshini. In 1909 r. in listі to Vasil Kamenskogo Velimir Khlebnikov podіlyaє people not for natsіyami, relіgіyami chi sotsіalnimi mills, and the "camp -" mi "i nashі proklyatuschі

Manifests Italian Futurism. M., 1914. S. 12.

vorogov. MI Novi rіd people-promenіv. Priyshli ozoryuvati Vsesvit. Mi neperemozhnі "2.

Nagoloshuyuchi on mіfopoetichnih Jerel rosіyskogo Futurism, yogo predstavniki Zroby bagato plіdnogo for vivchennya i populyarizatsії starovinnih frescoes іkon, skіfskoї plastics zvertalisya to traditsіy narodnoї tvorchostі.

Sche at 1908 p. Khlebnikov Pichet vіrsh "Zharbog" de yazichesky god slov'yan vistupaє yak nosіy freedom, strength yak, scho єdnaє people:

Zharbog! Zharbog!

Will see ognezarnuyu

Pack light zharirey,

In order rainbow stozharnoyu

Flared Wraith today ... 3.

Tsіkavo scho Khlebnikov rozglyadav Narodne Mistetstvo yak virazhennya narodnoї estetiki. Navіt yogo slovotvorchіst (Creation "abstruse speech") spiral peredusіm on folklore traditsіyu on vlastive їy rozumіnnya th іnterpretatsіyu "hour - space" on porіvnyannya simvolіv "mainland" i "ocean", tobto simvolіv, SSMSC roz'єdnuyut "єvropeysky" i "rosіysky ''s World, to" azіatskі "plasti rosіyskoї culture.

Yakscho have Khlebnikov nosієm Svobody vistupav god starodavnіh slov'yan, then B. Kamenskogo qiu funktsіyu vikonuvav Stepan Razіn and V. Mayakovsky spiravsya on svoї rosіysko-ukraїnsko gruzinskі-round. Innovators revolyutsіoneri, yak usually not afraid to zvinuvachen arhaїzmі, the fact scho for them davnі by hour symbols mіfi, zvichaї - tse svіdchennya zagalnolyudskih started tse Way to vzaєmorozumіnnya.

Futurism - odne s nayyaskravіshih yavisch rosіyskoї i ukraїnskoї culture cob XX century. Vono ob'єdnalo Nadzvychaina sytuatsia talanovitih, origіnalnih mittsіv, Yakima to wish AIAI gliboko tragіchnі tvorchі yak, so i lyudskі dolі.

Persha svіtova vіyna and potіm Zhovtneva revolyutsіya in Russie Zroby nemozhlivim podalshі aktivnі organіzatsіynі i tvorchі zv'yazki mittsіv Єvropi. Rozvitok Mistetstvo dedalі bіlshe nabuvav not zagalnoєvropeyskogo nature, yak Tse Bulo on the cob stolіttya and obmezhenogo cordon i chi sotsіalno natsіonalnimi Sotho-polіtichnimi іnteresami.

Khlebnikov B. Creation. M., 1986. On the 11.

Ibid.