home Culturology Українська та зарубіжна Culture - Вечірко Р. М.

Українська та зарубіжна Culture - Вечірко Р. М.

"Ruska Truth" ("The Truth of Yaroslav")

The basic rights are regulated in Yaroslav 's Pravdi . Zdіysnyuvalas law zabezpechenennya zrostannia privatnoy dominance princely lands, obovvyazki gromadyan, piddnogo populated. The head meta tiogo to the call of law - the security of the bezpeki gromadyan, the hunting nature of the land, the rights of the fall, the rules, the positions of interest, the moratorium of the moral standards and the traditional.

The laws of Yaroslavl were known to the people of the capital for vschinen nasill: "For a strike with a sword, do not neglect chi yogo handle, cup, bottle, p'astya - 12 hryvnia, for a strike palitsei і zherdinoyu - 3 hryvnia, for any postovyh and easy wound - 3 hryvnia, and Wounded hryvnia on the leaf. "

"For feet, hands, eyes, nose of blame, pay 20 hryvnia to the treasury, and the most hanged 10 hryvnia; For virvana pasto beard 12 hryvnia to the treasury; For vibitiy tooth tooth, and the most battered hryvnia. "

So zakazvchcho zabezpechuluvala osobista fizichna bezpeka gromadyan. Regulation of the economical baking was regulated. "Кожен має right to drive nіchnogo татя (злодія) при крадіжці; And hto protrima yogo zv'yazanim to svitu, the one who is guilty of this in the prince's dvir. The murder of a tattoo taken and zvjazanyh - wickedness and vinuvaty pay from the treasury 12 hryvnia. Тать кінний see the head of the prince і втрачає всі права громадянкіі, вільність і власність ". So the horse's stolen horse was punished.

For the creature, stolen and not turned over to the gentleman, I cry out: "for the horse of the prince 3 hryvnia, for a simple 2, for a kibble of 60 kuna, for a stallion of an unavailable hryvnia, for a horse 6 nogat, for a hryvnia, for a cow of 40 kuna, for Triokhrychnogo bika 30 kun, per year povgrivnі, for the body, вввцю і pig 5 kun, for a ram and pigs nogatu.

Dana інформація цікава тим, що дає уявлення about ціну of speeches, яка існувала тоді. The hryvnia is small 20 nogat, abo 50 carbiv (rizan), 2 carbies (rizanny) stored one kuna. Kuna - dribna shkiryana coin, yak bula in the city in Kiev Kievan state.

Yaroslav's laws showed themselves the system of legislation of the Kyiv state, they were inspired by the first legal principles of Rusich. At that time, the stink of buli was reported to be progressive among the pivots of Scandinavian, nimetskim chi britskimi. Вони лаконічні, прості, грубуваті. It is characteristic that, on the basis of the subordinate statutes of the smaller powers, the Yaroslavl laws punished the wicked and the Vikings and the Slovaks for nothing. They have a lot of fizichnih pokaran, pokalichennya, lishe grooshov vidshkoduvannya. Pokarannya imagined mercy.
"Ruska Truth" pushed the women to the right of the mayo. Mathi-widow is small in the right to dine in Mayno mіzh дітьми. "Truth" of Yaroslav, madly, - viznachnoju pam'yatkoju polітичної і правової думки, a culture української of power - Київської Русі, дравлом вивчення її principlesів, legal bases sverhvnoj i gospodar's policy. Звичайно, багато світла проллється на події тих часів, розвиток політичної думки і культури України з віднайденням бібліотеки Ярослава Мудрого.

Slid nagoloshiti on the velikoznomu znachennі "Povchanya dityam" Volodimir Monomakh . Ajer in it, do not deprive you of basing your education on the principles of education, in Ukraine and in the words of the words of the deportation, in your life and in your life, in justice, justice and well-being. Lisha reads: "Do not forget the poor for a long time, you can help him, you can help him, get pissed about the sirith, widen his wife, do not let people destroy you." Do not drive, do not blame the right, do not punish, drive the yogi: the life and soul of the Christian priest is sacred. " Abo is read in the small story: "Do not lie in your house, do not put it on the children, you do not see them, you will not come to see you, not in your home, nor in your own way," "Old folk, yak batka, Young, yak brother. "

Abo the axis of the visions of the virginity of vows before God, vernacies of oaths to the treaty: "After all, I was told to come to us, vizheno Rostislavichiv and volost іх віднімемо, якщо not підеш з нас, то ми быі будемо, а ти собі (тобто, Not budelno allies). I vidpovіv: do not wrestle, I can not go to you, I swear to Christ. " Instructions з "Повчання" присьдчить про святість договірних обов'язків політика, необхідність дотримання у відносинах християнської і загальнолюдської моралі, що підтверджує його високу політичну culture. Volodimir pobchaє: "Do not bury the sickness; Do not beat the bachiti dead, it's all vremy. " "Scho vmyete kind, do not forget, if you do not mind, that's to be embraced, yak batko me, the house is vivchiv 5 moov, in addition to the honor of the other lands." Tse svyadchennya high wimog up to the state dyacha, yaki fell on our earth. "To create good, do not lie to the good, give praise to God and son, to go there." "Do not fight, do not fight, do not fight, do not talk, shy your right, be the men of every vipadka sent to God. І ні Від води, ні від звіра, ні when you fall from a horse, do not deceive yourself, you will not be wounded, God will not tell you to. And even if death happens to God, then no mother, no mother, no brothers will not vryatuyut you. God is more protective of mankind. " "Повчання" Володимира відзначається especially with a high level of tying, a glistening Christianity zmist.

Moral of Volodymyr Monomakh - tse Ukrainskiy lyarsar khristiansky tsіnostі, yakі mali great vplyv on the rosette of the ethics, morality, norms of justice, didactics, vzagali culture, on the formulations of the aksiologicheskikh nastanov.

Zhyttyev, culture of the people nyiglibshe vyglybshe vidobrazivsya in prisliv'yah, rituals, zvichayah, in the context of poetic creativity. People motivated the monstrous memory of Ukrainian culture - "Words about the regiment Igorev" and "Velesovo book". Same «Velesov's book» viznaetsya bіlshistyu doslіdnikіv percheshedzherelom slov'yanskoy letters and literature. Vona is itself a broad aspect of ethnography, viruvan, motivation, rituals, the foundations of the state, or in the new realities of the zarubezhna dzherela. Look at us with a voice of superexperience.

Specialties of cultural processes in the ХІ-ХІІ century. Polagayut at that, having passed through the process of exhaustion to understand "Rus" and "Ukraine"; The culture was going on і on documentary, і on міфологічних, і on християнських (біблійних) ambushes. Літописці put the food: звідки пішла руська земля. However, the basis of the Ukrainian culture was already being stockpiled - tsemov, zvichi polean, drevlyan, duliviv, etc. Zmist, forming the development of science, science, mystery in the ХІ-ХІІ century. Formuyut svіturozumіnіna інгінців, їх psihіku, філософію та педагогіку.

In the cultural act of Ukraine, we draw a tidbit of the bullets of the lithograph and the middle of them, "Povist ya minichikh lіt", "Kieivsky Paterik". Sama Nestor and yogi attackers created a system of її cultural and historical postupu, chim can not praise zhodna z natsі.

Moved to the land of Kievan, spirituality Візанії, її churchmen dogmi, phylosophy, esthetics gliboko were transformed, re-mulled, nabuvali zovsim інших рис під впливом національних творческих сил. Naybіshe tsevlyatelcho tu that applied mystetstvі. Our mystery was rooted in the диdine culture of Zahidnii Є Europe and зали it was filled with culticism. Мистецтво було справою ремісників, справою артільною. Our misterstvo (ikonopis, rizba) did not copy the foreign chi in the Byzantine Mayrs. In this bog bevy shliah. Mistetstvoznavtsi nazivayut yogo "epic-mifologichnim" behind the warehouse. Especially it was shown in arhitecture. Zodchі duzhe vdalo vibirali for temples in nikraschі mіscya, and the chrome miracles were added to the landscape. Zodchy came, more keruyuchis dosvidom, chuttyam, smack, and not rozraunkkami. The robot is all wickedly manual, that's why I did not bug here and there. The type boule chotirohststeppa is one-headed with viscous apses of the church. Від періоду Київської Русі в Україні zbereglosya nearly 200 arhitekturnyh pamyatok. Tse Sofiysky Cathedral, the Church of the Savior on Berestov, Troitska Nadbramna, Mikhaylivska Church in Vidubichi, Kirilivska Church. Вже відбудовані Михайлівський Золотоверхий собор, Успенський собор у Києво-Печерській лаврі, зраглиглись Спаський, Борисоглібський собор та П'ятницька церква в Чернігові та ін. The Sofiyskom cathedral was protected by 3 thousand square meters of frescoes, in the Kirilivskii church close to 800 m2.

Sofiysky Cathedral. On the first plan dzvіnitsya (ХVІII century.). Rococo

Perіоd Київської держави especially відзначається rozvitkom monumental architecture, sculpture, painting, ювеірного мистцтва, мініатюри. At budivnitstvі perevazhayut vplivi Візантії, а також Грузії, Вірменії, Болгарії, Македоії. Specialized rozvitku nabulo dereviane budivnitsvto temples, lived in the Х-ХІ century. Naistaryshim nazivayut Church of St. Іллі в Києві (з дерева), Десятинну, Софію, Борисоглібську у Вишгороді на місці поховня Бориса і Гліба.

Naiviznachnimimi buli arhitektory Mikola Zhdan, Milonig (XII century.), Olenik (XIII century). There were defensive sporades in the forms of the wooden stones at the zub of the baints with those towers. Gold Gate was saved. Dietintsi were worn with stone murami. There were stones in the palace and princely palaces. The first temple in the stone was the Tithe Church with 25 baths, was introduced in 989-996 rubles. Нещодавно виповнилося 1000 років Десятинній церкві, President of Ukraine прийняв рішення про її відновлення.

Nystarіshim temple, scho zberіgsya, є Spasky Cathedral in Chernigov (1036 р.), Zbudovany Mstislav Volodymirovich. Yak і Desyatinna, він усередині багато прикрашений / frescoes rose, має мозаїчну підлогу, різьблені з дерева деталилі (відбудований у 1678 р.).

Софія (1017-1037) - the head cathedral of the Kiev power. Tse p'yatinefniy trinadtsyatikipolny church. Він має two tops (chorus), descents of the tower, nigolovnisha banya symbolizuє Christ, resha - apostoliv. Here creatively osmislena vіzantіyska tradition. "Oranta", scho pray (5.45 m of the curriculum), dominue over usim. Synya, blakitny, purpurea koliori mosaiki stvoiiyut espobeva vrazhennya. Є zobrazhennya євхаристії та отців церкви. On the avenue of the triumphal arches - the scene of Blagoveshchennya, the painting of mosaics, frescoes on walls, pillars, arches. On the frescoes are the limbs of the prince of Yaroslav, the first glimpse of the holy mystery of the malyavanna. On північній стіні - blue of Yaroslav, on західній - він з princess Irina is granted to Christ the model of the cathedral. Є frescoes of the themes of the subject, stage skomorokhіv, poljavannya, bort'bi ta іn.

Навколо Софії роташовувалися палати, дві churches - one, zbudovana for the honor of George (Juriy), hresnogo імені Yaroslav, a friend - in honor of the yogi druzhini Ireni. Here bula library, writing lithographs. Tsebou is the center of the cultural life of the state. The cathedral was being repaired for the hour of P. Mogili (1633-38) ta І. Mazepi (1690-97). In Kiev, the 400 temples, which proclaimed the development of the state, vidobrazhalo gromadskі t esteticnye veeredi people. Камінь для будівництва храів видобувався in the quarries of Києва, Чернігова, Переяслава. For skriplennya vazhno wapno, пісок, товчена цегла (суміш). At the XII century. In Ukraine it is approved єдиний архітектурний стиль. Yogo risi - chitkіst lіnіy, harmony of forms, bagatstvo decor on the facades. On the vertical - the footstep centric composition, yak stanovila vrazhennya ease, skryamovanosti to the sky. Vivid, jaskravoyu, artistically completed - Pjatnitska church in Chernigov (XII - post XIII century). Zbudovana von z chervonoi goals. For the silhouette of the temple is characterized by vizraznost linii, forms. Сприймається цілісно, ​​об'ємно, витончено and one-hourly is great.

Typical rice boules gallery, yaki otchuchuvali church with three trash bokіv (krim at once). We finished the Budowa alone, p'yat abo dev'yat bany okruglio, elipno proobrazhno granhkoy formi. Загальні маси, зовнішній вигляд завжди підпорядковували внутрішнім prostorovim forms, навіть дах. Tse nadavalo budovam svoeridnostі, specfіchnostі, origіnіnalnostі.

Mikhaylivska church of the Viduby monastery

From the middle of the XI century. To Russia began to potaplyati okremi Elementi romanchego arhitekturi, style anchovy panuvav in the Balkans, Poland, Czechia, Ugorschin. Before the temples of the xrusto-cupola cubical construction, the romance elements were used: arhitekturnyi beltsi, svoeridna kam'yana rizba na zovnіshnyi poverinі stin.

Opanuyuuchi novy Elements decor, our architects creatively included їх у місцеві традиційні архітектурні form, nablizhayuchiys to місцевих уявлень, singularities of nature.

Ікона - цессична form українського мистецтва, як для античної Греції була statue, ЄГипту - рельєф, Візантії - мозаїка. Icons were written on lipovikh i sosnovih doshkah. The daughters were bent on levkas, with a thin ball of gypsum, and a little baby was put on it. Farbi, roztertі na yaєchnomu zhovtku, buli especial jaskravі і стійкі. Head meta ікони - виховання внутрішньо просвітленої людини. Ikona is a book for the people. Intrinsic stan be transmitted through oculi, wust, handrails. Lyudina, spoklagayayuchi іconu, vіdchuvaє spirituality піднесення, переймає радість і скорботу, аскетизм.

Spotka ікони imported from Bulgaria and Bulgaria. Potim rozvilulas (XI-XII century.) Pecherska school ikonopisu. Відомий майстер Алімпій. By the school, the icons "Velika Panagia" (Yaroslavska Oranta), Dmitriy Solunsky, Svenska Bogomatir, Angel Zlati Vlasi are published. For the remainder of the tradition, it is characteristic of the pseudo-enlightenment and sadness, and not the conscience of the angelic angels.

The icon "Boris and Glib" (ХІІ-ХІІІ century) (zberigayatsya in the museum Khanenkiv) is enemies of its color. Цікава історія "Pokrov" from Galicia (National Art Museum). "Vyshgorodska Bogoroditsya" (ninі "Volodymyrska") from Constantinople celebrated the great splash on the iconography.

Visokorozvinutim on Kyivschyna Bulo rizblennyya on the stone. Plates from the choir of Sofiyskiy Cathedral were prepared for technical ornamental and thematic Relief. Tse vishukana rizba roslinno-geometric ornament, heraldic zobrazhennia rib tta ptahiv. Such are the sarcophagus of the Church of the Tithes, the sarcophagus of Yaroslav the Wise in the Sofiysky Cathedral, the Relief of the Michael the Golden-domed Cathedral. Especially the widened bullets of small and small, virginized stone, breastplates, emalis, zmіyviki - premeti magichnogo character.

Ob'єmna sculpture in the Orthodox temples of the bula was not heavenly, won guessed yazichnitskikh gods. Visokokhudozhnimi pam'yatkami є лавлавські плити «Діоніс на колісниціі ta" Hercules is digging the plow of the left ".

Київська Russia at its own rozvitku of a culture перевищувала більшість країн Західної Європи. Contacts with them were distributed among the channels. Nayinthensivshimi stinking steel in the XІІ-ХІІІ century., Під час розквіту романського мистецтва на Заході. Почав ослаблясь візантійський вплив і на Русі. Zavdyaki Torgovly Yoshov obmin virobami craft, applied misterstva. Багато виробів, відлитих з бронзи, ювелірні чаші, підсвічники, різьба по кості з Лотарінгії, Рейнської області виявлені в Україні. Chimalo virobіv of the artistic craft of Rusia has spent to France, Scandinavia and the proud of the world.

Okremi motivities of Ukrainian folklore entered into the Hebrew, Scandinavian folklore. U period Kiivskoi Rusi osoblyovo rokkvityayut handicrafts, vygotovlennya zolotih, emalievyh prikras, vibroiv z bronzi, sklad, vikoristovuvalas osoblyva steel for vigotovlennya zbroї і chain. I found 60 crafts.

By this rank, the Kiev state has created an original and a culture. Tse buv is a product of the folded vzaimodії mіscevich traditional, vplyvіv візантійської, romskoї, західних cultures, its kind of synthesis of all the annexed elements.

Literature

• Alpatov MV Old Russian iconography. - M., 1978.
• Borovsky Ya. E. Mythological world of ancient Kyivans. - K., 1982.
• M. Braychevsky. The assertion of Christianity in Russia. - K., 1989.
• Vasilenko GK Russia. - K., 1990.
• The introduction of Christianity in Russia. - M., 1987.
• Gordienko NS Baptism of Rus: facts against legends and myths. Polemic notes. -M., 1986.
• Grekov BD Kievan Rus. - M., 1953.
• Grushevsky MS An outline of the history of the Ukrainian people, K., 1990.
• Doroshenko D. Naris of Ukraine. - K., 1992.
• Ancient Russian Literature: Chronology .- M., 1988.
• Christianity in Russia. Історичні нариси. - K., 1988.
• Історія української культури / For ed І. P. Krip'yakevich. - K., 1990.
• Istrin, VM, Treaties of Rus with the Greeks, Izv. Ord. Rus. Yaz. And literature of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - M., 1924. - Т. ХIX. - P. 383-393.
• How Rus was baptized. - M., 1990.
• Київська Русь: culture, traditsії. - K., 1982.
• Kotlyar NF Ancient Rus and Kiev in annalistic legends and legends. - K., 1986.
• Culture of Ancient Russia. - M., 1966.
• Culture of the Ukrainian people: Nav. Посібник / For ed. V. M. Rusanivsky. - K., 1995.
• Lazarev VN Old Russian mosaics and frescoes of the 11th-15th centuries. - M., 1973.
• Likhachev DS "The Word of Igor's Campaign" and the culture of his time. - L., 1985.
• Lyubimov LD The Art of Ancient Russia. - M., 1981.
• Мистецтво Київської Русі. - K., 1989.
• Polonska-Vasilenko ND History of Ukraine: 2 tons. - K., 1993. - T. 1-2.
• Rybakov BA Paganism of Ancient Rus. -M., 1983.
• Semchishin M. Tysiacha rockiv of Ukrainian culture. - K., 1993.
• Ukrainian culture. Історія і сучасність: Nаch. Посібник / For ed. S.O. Cherepanovo. - L., 1994.
• Ukrainian culture. Course лекцій / За ред. D. Antonovich. - K., 1992.
• Українська та зарубіжна Culture: Nаch. Посібник / For ed. M. Zakovich. - K., 2000.