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Українська та зарубіжна Culture - Вечірко Р. М.

The role of "Old Gromady", "Young Huge", the magazine "Osnova" in the development of the cultural and historical duma

Already in the 30's of the rock of the ХІХ century. 21-річний Маркіян Шашкевич, Іvan Вагилевич та Яков Головацький охооли гурток "Руська трійця". Zhivuchi near Lviv stinked in the Budapest magazine "Rusalka Dnistrova." Zavdannya gurtka i zhurnalu - use that propaganda of the world, pidvistchennia natsionalnoi samosvidomosty people. In 1868 the river. BULLO was organ- ised in Lviv by the "Prosvita" com- munity, which carried the word of truth to the people with its own vidans. Znachnu role in the suspilno-polichnichny robot vidigrala Kiev "Gromada", yaka entered into zv'yazky from the Peterburgsky Center at the journal "Osnova" and appeared to be a representative of the Ukrainian gromadskosti. "Gromady" vikikli takozh at Kharkiv, Chernigov, Poltava. Wongers carried in masi osvіtu, culture, ідеї як українського лібераізм, and і democracy. In the case of organization, the fate of the revolutionary youth took its place. Borotba proti national and cultural gnitsu in the "hulks" vystede on the first plan. Zgodom ідеї українофілів zlivayutsya ідеей соціально-демократичного direct. Characteristics of the policy of the Ukrainian socially-democratic party, SA Podolinsky at the leaf of 4 herbs 1875 р. Up to the editorial board of the Vperyod magazine, zauvazhuvav, scho Ukrainsko sotsіalno-demo- craticheskaya partiia not mae chitkoї organizatsii, not ma progra, but "mae vsogo bolsh sshozhostі z anarhistami Zapadnoi Yevropi" (Ukrainian History Journal - 1968. - No. 9. - P. 128 ).

Sergiy Podolinsky is a widower of Ukraine, a visionary and a visionary, a gigantic dyach of the holy value. Yogo "energeticheskuyu teoriyuyu" priests to develop a yak "having penetrated the science of svitov." Він був чи не перше, хто звернувся до аналізу економічної культури українців, володіння технологіями, наявності сучасних знаць праці, culture ґрунтів і землеробства, свідомого ставлення до праці, підприємливості, високої духовності особистості, яка є the base of the sultry state darling. Він pomushuvav pitanja vz.mozvzvku especial, suspilnogo i kosmichnogo v ekonomichnіy kultury.

The "Gromady" agreed to give people a glimpse of a wide range of revolutionary and direct, cultural and culturally liberal.

In Kiev there are "Stara Gromada" and "Moloda Gromada". The "Starі gromadі" pratsyivali VB Antonovich, MP Dragomanov, PP Chubinsky, KM Mikhalchuk, P.I. Zhitetsky, VL Bernshtein, MV Lisenko, OO Rusov, MP Starytsky, PA Kosach ta іn. [19, p. 144].

Оскільки на політичну діяльність the suvor taboo was put on, then the main sphere of the "mass" of the bula is cultural and osnovna.

Voyalyuchi meaning "Gromadi" from the application, published at the nedilnomu dodatku to the "Moscow News" "Modern Chronicle", gromadivtsi write: "Do not talk about us not talking and not thinking about polity, any half-ruble at the present stage of seeing us like that Smshnim i dityachim, scho not varto pro z seryozno govorati ... Єdine drilo spravozhnіh druziv people at teperіshnyy hour - dopomagati rozvitkovy people, do not vprayuchis suspilnі ta polichichnі balachki, i wait for the patience for an hour, if you do not speak to us about the speeches , Inaccessible to yogo rozuminnya, and to that of riddles for nyogo, dark nepotibnі "[14, p. 272].

However, the "massacre" of the bullet of culture, nastilki і polіitichnuyu, vony gotuvali ґrunt for polichnichnogo i natsionalnogo vіdrodzhennya to the people. Імперські репресії і 1863 р., І 1876 р. Mali for a meter of zasasiti tsі vogniki natsional'no-sobstvennogo samosvidomosti. Vazhlivim oserekom culturally-polichnichnogo spilkuvannya, obminu dumkoi buv magazine "Osnova", scho vidavavs in 1861-1862. Near Petersburg. Panivnim yogo straight line buv liberal. Tse, zokrema, material natsionalno-cultural ruhu of the Ukrainian people, ekonomichnі pitanie. Spiraluchis on ekonomichny visnovki, "Basis" ratuє "for the centralization of nationality." Gromadivtsy spent the magnificence of tsіlesprjamovanu kulturnitsku robot. Adj uyaviti sobі Ukraine without the creativity of Ivan Nechuya-Levitsky, Panas Mirny, Mikoli Lisenka, Mikhail Staritsky is inconceivable. And all tse "Hromada". The Tsar's order fenced the "Gromada". The basic її іїї became programs in the diary of the newcomers of the Ukrainian political parties. Українська соціал-демократична партія, Українська партія соціалістів-революціонерів, Українська партія соціалістів-федералістів, які were formed in the naprikintsі ХІХ st., Створюють 4 березня 1917 р. The Central Rada is the first Ukrainian parliament.

Nayaskravshoyu zіrkoyu "Gromadi" buv Mikhailo Petrovich Dragomanov. Sjogodnyi yogo ім'ям it is named Київський національний педагогічний університет, вулиці. "In Drahomanov's individuality," Ivan Franko wrote, "they pampered me, Europe was the first type to be pampered-svidomogo єvropektsya and not less than svidomogo Ukrainka" [24, p. 475]. Dragomanova rightfully vvazhayut Ukrainian Herzen. 1876 ​​р. Він розпочинає видавати в Женеві українське видання "Громада". Tse bouv nayvazhlivshy etap yogo zhittya. Що ж лежить в основі поглядів Mihail Dragomanova?

Freedom osobistostі, її shchastya, kindness - the basis of all yogo pragnen cultural, social and political. Tsya freedom mesa zbezpechuvatis hromadoyu - the basic polіticnym oserekom suspilstva. For Ukraine, they are the same, for the European part. Tse spilka gromadyan, ob'ednanyh spіlnoyu metoyu. Із such natsionalnih spilok sredyadaetsya power and people.

The "Frontline words to the" Gromadi "read the following thoughts:

• "Live on your own waves on your earth."
• "At the level of the state and the commonwealth over the people, the people, the people, and the people of wolves for people who are flawed and not flammable."
• "The mass to torment the buti with a lot of young people."

In the core of the creative inspiration of Dragomanov lie understanding: the skin of the nation is the master of his house; І power of natsії in її people, її селянстві. Muzhicstvu nihto not help, krim yogo himself. "The people of Ukrainians themselves have to worry about their share." Otzhe, liberty osobistostі, freedom natsії іїї the guarantor itself natsіya, її nelelezhnna power. The goal is to understand in the legal culture, zagalnolyudskih tsinnost, chergov Kameni in the spore of a kind of slice for corky cossacks and Mikhailo Dragomanov.
And from zavdannya before ukraine Інтелігенцією, інтелектом нації. Wants to mumble not to leave Ukraine, stand on the one, uko kozhen, hto vihavv z Ukraini, "the skin of the copycat, it is not vitrified on the Ukraine, the word of the skin, not in Ukrainian - є vidotok from the Ukrainian muzhitsky skarbnitsy, vestiges, cotriya under current orders Do not return to the unknown ".

"Mi viznazhmo nalogolіnіst naygolovnіsho natsionalnogo znaki, narodnoy mozhi, yak way of moral zv'yazku mіzh people", - write Dragomanov from the sheets to Naddnipryanska Ukraina. Dragomanov, 160-річчя from the day of the people of Ikogo vіdznachiv svit 8 весня 2001 р., Close to us як not a regular fighter for freedom not only Ukrainians, but also usіх приіббленх народів. In yogo creative and glances, special care is taken to ensure that the nationality of national and artistic interests is strictly protected. Yogo orієntatsіya na doyagnnіnia європейської цивілізованості і сьогодні є Дороговказом для українського народу. Yogi європейське милення і загальнолюдський світогляд є butt for the skin budіivnika nezalezhnoї української держави.

Цікаву feature дає Іван Франко атмосфері, у якій формувавсь світогляд Drahomanova: "That sphere, the bulb of Ukraine, in the meaningful part of the Ukraine has been helped. The old cossack tradition is here to the ears of the nineteenth century. It was enlarged with the liberal ideas of Zahidni Європи. Buv here the French republic from the yogi neviroyu to the authority of the state and church, buv and rosiysky criticism of the yogi neviriyu in the Suspilnyi ustriy Rosii, Buli th remains of the Cossack autonomy from the time to the Moscow centralization "[24, p. 475].

Ці «remains» цінні і тим, що дають загальне уявлення about the station of the Suspilnaya Dumka in Лівобережній Україні in першій половині ХІХ ст.

ХІХ century. - plyottya formvaniya natsionalnoї svidomosty yak європейських народів, and і українського. On porchatkomu etapi poddubuvalo podgromadzhennya dokumentov, folklore, a line of the spiritual theoretical and scientific basis. On the approaching, cultural and cultural events, the national nationalities were seen, the vichoristan was rooted in science, literature, theater, and literature. Останні десятиріччя ХІХ ст. - the ear of the twentieth century. - the goal of the implementation of the national and political bodies and organizations, the formation, the formation of national self-sufficiency.

1891 р. Group of students at the choir by Ivan Lipoyu, Boris Grinchenkom, Mykola Mikhnovskiy, Mikhail Bazkevich, Mikola Baydzrenk created the brotherhood of "Tarasivts".

Цікаві висновки, які ми читаємо in "Програмованих засадах братства" тарасівців ":" Україна Австрійська і Україна Російська once to us rідні, і жодні географічні межі not mozut ro'єdnati one people і, abi bula we have morality, then we can not Відірвати від Галичини, ні Галичини від нас, бо ідеї, the spirit of roses for two shmatki is not possible ... "

Visoki zavdannya vidvodili "tarasіvtsі" інтелігенції: "... the Schwab zbbitisya dati dіysno osvіchenim і korisnim Ukrainets, then se vimagaє vіd cholovіka drіbіїї, pоsyаkdennoї nepomіtnії for іnshih spiritual roboti, bo kozhna іdea vіmagaє spiritual strength" [18, p. 23].

"Miemo dbati about those who have lost their brains in the Ukraine: in the homeland, in the right of the mouth, in private, in the landscaped, in the masses, in Literature and in the Navy of the znosyna of the Us, by living in Ukraine" [there Itself].
Practically, the friendship of the comrades was a sign of a cultural and educational activity before the piano. Social-economical programs are pragmatic - pragnennya "of such a harmony, I have a lot of questions about it, I do not have any questions about it, I do not have any money, I do not have a visa, but I do not have the right to myself, but for the sake of national-brotherly brotherhoods" 18, p. 25].

У січні 1890 р. In Kharkov виникла Революційна українська партія, until the students included: L. Matusevich, Yu. Kollarts, O. Kovalenko, D. Antonovich, M. Rusov, D. Poznansky, N. Porsh.

In the chest 1905 р. Part of the party held the ІІ з'їздр РУП, і перейменувала партію in USDDRP (Українську соціал-демократичну робітничу). In the basis of the programs, the Erfurt bureau laid the program of the social democratic democrats. In 1907 the river. The party had three pennies. USDRP saw in the riches of the rocket: "Gaslo", "Selyanin", "Robitnicha Gazeta", journalist "Dzvіn", "Українське життя".

The main programmatic point of the RUE boule "povalennya revolutionary proletariat of the autocratic regime and the squish of the people's sake."

At період Першої світової війни in USDRP виникло three basic direct. One of them (D. Dontsov, A. Zhuk, V. Doroshenko) was attached to the Union of Ukraine, who was for Ukraine's self-defense under the Austro-German protectorate, while a part stood on bilshovitskih positions (moving the imperialist wings to the Gromadyanska).

In the birch forests 1900 r. Mykola Mykhnovsky wrote his famous "Self-Ukraine". Vona became a full-fledged credo of the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party. У статті М. Міхновський звертається до історичного шляху української нації, аналізує Pereiaslavsky dogovіr, rozglyadayuchi yogo yak договір рівних праваб'єктів, оцінює діяльність українських рухів ХІХ ст.

At Zahіdnі Ukraіnі at once in the formulations of the political and ideological різних напрямів починають оформлюватись різні прями й оргаізаціно. Here, the partnerships, the parties were made legally.

One of these associations of the boulevard "Prosvita", from 1881 r. Bulo organizovane beside Lviv "Ukrainian Teachers' Comrade", 1898 r.- "Sylsky Gospodar" comradeship. "Prosvita" played a significant part in the sospilno-politichnomu zhitti in the course of ten years.

1897 р. It is obstructed Загльну українську оргаізацію та соціал-демократичний гурток, up to I was lying Lesja Ukrainka.

In 1902 the river. M. Міхновський on the bases of the RUE having created the Ukrainian People's Party, 1904 р. Bula strorena Українська демократична партія.

Pomitnym явищем кінця ХІХ ст. Became the book member of the Rusko-Ukrainian party Yulian Bachinsky "Ukraina irredenta" (1895 р.), De vein perekonlivo nagoloshuvav on neobhіdnostі єднання всіх українців у незалежній державі. Yogo credo is a true self-reliance of Ukraine. Tse golovnaya umova vzagalі її існування.

The idea of ​​the thesa became the head of the radical party organization.

Radical party was committed to the 1889 р. Із лівих елементів народовців під вппли М. П. Драгоманова. On the first plan, the party was at the forefront of social and economic development. The party put such zavdanja zabezpechennya to the Ukrainian people mozyolostі of the different korostuvannya the results of its own pravtsі і стрення момов для виільного розвитку культури people.