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Economy of the enterprise - Pokropivny SF

5.2. Evaluation, classification and structure of fixed assets

Valuation . The valuation of the enterprise's fixed assets is a monetary expression of their value . It is necessary for the correct determination of the total volume of fixed assets, their dynamics and structure, calculation of economic indicators of the economic activity of the enterprise for a certain period.

Due to the long-term functioning and the gradual wear and tear of the means of labor, the constant change in the conditions for their reproduction, there are several types of assessment of fixed assets, depending on their physical state - at full initial and recovery or at a residual value.

The initial value of fixed assets is their actual value at the time of commissioning or acquisition. For example, a new production building is credited to the enterprise's balance sheet at the estimated cost of its construction; The initial cost of any production equipment, other than the wholesale price, includes the costs of its transportation and installation at the site of use.

The restoration value of fixed assets is the cost of their reproduction in modern conditions. It takes into account the same costs as the original cost, but in modern prices. As the conditions of production and prices for the same elements of the means of labor change between the initial and replacement value of fixed assets, a discrepancy arises that leads to a complication in the calculation of the current regulation of the process of reproduction of fixed assets, the correct calculation of certain economic indicators of the enterprise. Therefore, to ensure the comparability of the valuation of fixed assets, their revaluation is carried out periodically at a replacement cost. The last revaluation of fixed assets of the national economy of Ukraine was carried out as of May 1, 1992.

The full (initial and recovery) value of fixed assets is their value in a new, not worn condition. It is at this cost that fixed assets are recorded on the balance sheet of the enterprise during the entire period of their operation.

The residual value of fixed assets characterizes the real value of the fixed assets , which has not yet been transferred to the cost of manufactured goods (work performed, services rendered). It is the estimated value and is defined as the difference between the total initial (replacement) value and the accumulated amount of depreciation of fixed assets at the time of calculation. The residual value of fixed assets at the time of their retirement (due to wear and tear) is called the liquidation value . In the practice of management, it is used to calculate depreciation rates and determine the consequences of liquidation of worn-out fixed assets.

The book value of the group of fixed assets of the enterprise at the beginning of the accounting year (BSof) is calculated by the formula

BSso = BSO + Ph.D. + Zrek-Sv-AOo,

Where BCO is the book value of a group of fixed assets at the beginning of the year preceding the reporting year;

Ph.D. is the cost of acquiring new fixed assets;

Zrek - costs for the reconstruction of industrial buildings and equipment modernization;

Sv - cost of decommissioned fixed assets during the year, which preceded the reporting;

Ao - the amount of depreciation deductions accrued in the year preceding the reporting year.

In order to determine the initial (balance) value of production fixed assets at the beginning of the next year, it is necessary to take into account the absolute values ​​of their commissioning and disposal during the reporting year, since the latter must act (not act) for the whole next year, regardless of the date of entry or disposal Fixed assets in the reporting year.

Classification and structure. A necessary condition for proper accounting and planning of the reproduction of fixed assets of enterprises is their classification. The most important economic value is the species classification , in accordance with which all the main funds are divided into certain types based on the homogeneity of their functional purpose and natural-material composition (Figure 5.2).

Fig. 5.2.

In the practice of managing to simplify the accounting of fixed assets, revolving funds include tools and implements with a service life of up to one year and a cost of up to 100 national currency units, as well as all special tools and devices, special clothes and footwear, regardless of the period of use and cost.

The one shown in Fig. 5.2. The specific classification of fixed assets is used by the existing systems of accounting and statistics. To establish the norms of depreciation and calculation of annual depreciation amounts, an enlarged classification is applied, allocating three groups of fixed assets:

• The first - buildings, structures, their structural components and transfer devices;
• The second - motor transport; furniture; Household electronic, optical, electromechanical instruments and tools, including computers, other machines for automatic information processing, telephones, other office equipment;
• The third - other fixed assets not included in the first and second groups.

Since the elements of fixed assets play an unequal role in the production process, it is important to divide them into two parts: an active one that directly participates in the production process and thereby provides the necessary volume and quality of products and a passive one that creates the conditions for the production process. The active part of fixed assets includes mainly working machines and equipment, tools, measuring and regulating devices and devices used in automated control systems for technological processes, computer and computer equipment, and some technical facilities - mine workings, gas and oil wells.

The ratio of individual types (groups) of fixed assets, expressed as a percentage of their total value in the enterprise, determines the specific (technological) structure of the means of labor employed. Other things being equal, the technological structure of fixed assets is more progressive and efficient, when the active part has a greater share in its composition. The technological structure varies under the influence of many factors. The most significant of them are the following:

• Production and technological features of the enterprise;
• Scientific and technical progress and the technical level of production conditioned by it;
• The level of development of various forms of organization of production;
• The structure of capital investments in the creation of new fixed assets;
• The cost of construction of production facilities and the level of prices for technological equipment;
• Territorial location of the enterprise.

If we talk about the entire aggregate of industrial enterprises in Ukraine, then in the total volume of fixed assets, the specific weight of some of their species has fluctuated within the limits of the following years: buildings and structures - 45-47%; Machines and equipment - 40-42%, including working machines - 30-32%; Of vehicles - 2,5-3,0%. At enterprises and organizations of the agrarian sector: buildings, structures and transfer devices - 64-65%; Power and working machinery and equipment - 14-16%; Working and productive livestock - 10-12%; Perennial plantations - 5-6%; Vehicles - 3-4%. * 1 The general trend in the dynamics of the technological structure of the fixed assets of industrial enterprises in Ukraine is characterized by a gradual increase in the specific weight of their active part.

* 1: {In agriculture, productive and productive livestock, perennial plantations are allocated to independent types of fixed assets, in other branches of the production sphere they are referred to as "Other fixed assets."}