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Business Economics - Pokropivny SF

10.4 Formation and ispolzovanieproizvodstvennoy power companies

The concept, types and factors of production capacity. Production capacity characterizes the maximum possible annual production volume (production and processing of raw materials or the provision of certain services) pre-established nomenclature, the necessary range and quality, provided the fullest possible use of advanced technology and organization of production.

Units of the enterprise production capacity are various, depending on the nature of production and industry affiliation. The general rule is the following: The production capacity is determined in the same units, which are planned and implemented accounting manufactured products (services). In most cases, this natural meters.

For many power plants nomenclature may be defined as value indicator the total volume of goods (services). The passport of the capacity of the enterprise is shown in two gauges: the numerator - physical indicators by product; the denominator - the total value cash rate.

At the enterprises of certain industries (eg sugar and dairy) production capacity is characterized by the amount of recycled raw materials per day.

The science and practice of management identifies three kinds of capacity of the enterprise: the project, the current (actually achieved) backup. Project is a power which is determined in the process of designing, reconstruction (expansion) of existing or construction of a new enterprise; it is considered to be optimal, since the composition and structure of the equipment correspond to the complexity of the structure of the designed product, and must be achieved within the prescribed period of its development. Current (actually achieved) capacity is determined periodically in connection with the change of production conditions (range and complexity of the product structure) or exceeding design parameters. At the same time calculate the input (at the beginning of the year), the output (at the end of the year) and the average annual capacity of the plant. Standby power must be formed and be in operation in the sectors of the national economy: electricity and natural gas industries - to cover the so-called peak loads in the electricity and gas networks, a reliable energy supply to consumers during the period of repair and emergency operations; food industry - for the processing of significantly increasing the volume of agricultural raw materials into high-yielding years; transport - to carry the increased number of passengers during the summer months; in mechanical engineering and other industries - for pre-production and development of new types of equipment (machines, equipment), construction materials, etc...

The size of the enterprise production capacity is influenced by many factors. The main ones are:

nomenclature, assortment and quality of manufactured products;

the number of installed equipment, the size and composition of production space, a possible fund operating time of equipment and use of space throughout the year;

progressive technical and economic standards of performance and use of the equipment, removal of products from the production areas, the standards of the production cycle duration and the complexity of manufactured products (services).

Methodological principles of calculation of the production capacity. Production capacity of enterprises are defined according to major industry regulations, reflecting the peculiarities of specific industries. However, there are common to most industries methodological principles for design production capacity of existing enterprises (Fig. 10.8).

1. Production capacity is determined by the whole range of profile products. This involves a possible reduction in the range of, by combining individual items into groups based on their structural and technological unity with the release of each of these base representative. The rest of the products of this group led to the characteristics of this representative using the calculated ratio of labor input.

If the company produces several types of products, the production capacity is determined separately for each type of product. For example, in steel mills (mills) calculate separate power domain, steelmaking and rolling facilities. In the calculation of multiproduct manufacturing in monetary terms, necessarily included the production program of the enterprise, with respect to which the power is determined.

2. Production capacity is set based on the power of the leading shops (sites, production lines, units), the main production, taking into account measures to eliminate bottlenecks and possible co-operation in-process.

The leading industrial enterprises are those units that carry out the main technological processes (operations) and are crucial to ensure the release of specialized products.

For example, for the steel industry is considered to be leading domain, steelworks and rolling mills; mechanical engineering and metal - mechanical, assembly, casting and forging shops; Cement Industry - furnace for clinker production; Textile industry - spinning and weaving. In the presence of several major business units power is calculated according to the one that is running the most time-consuming effort.

Fig. 10.8. General (intersectoral) printsipyrascheta methodical capacities of industrial enterprises

The Company production capacity calculations include: a) all the active and not active due to malfunction, repair or modernization of the equipment of main production shops; b) equipment which is in stock and must be put into operation in the main halls during the billing period; c) The above-norm backup equipment; d) abnormal equipment service shops if it is similar to the technical equipment of the main shops;

4. Production capacity should be calculated according to the technical or design (unsurpassed) equipment performance standards, use of production facilities and the complexity of products as well as the norms of production output, taking into account the use of advanced technology and modern production. In the absence of such rules, you can use your own settlement and technical standards that allow for the progressive achievement of a significant amount (20-25%) working the same jobs and production units.

5. To calculate the production capacity of the enterprise is used indicator of the maximum possible annual fund Yemeni BP (number of hours) of the equipment. In enterprises with continuous production process so the largest possible fund operating time of equipment is the calendar Fund (8760 hours) minus the time required for repairs, time and technological shutdowns.

For enterprises with discrete production processes, equipment runtime fund is determined based on the actual operating mode of the main shops and prescribed length of shifts in hours with the exception of the time to carry out equipment repairs, weekends and holidays. The seasonal time of production of the equipment fund regulated by the regime established by the enterprise (technical project) with a view to ensuring the optimal number of days of operation of individual process plants (lines).

6. In the most general form, the production capacity leading plant (site) for the production of homogeneous products (raw material processing, implementation of other manufacturing operations) may be determined by one of the formulas:

(10.5)

or (10.6)

Where - I-th power of the production units of the enterprise;

- The performance of the equipment in the respective units of the i-th output per hour;

- Annual fund operating time of equipment;

- The average annual number of physical pieces of equipment;

- The complexity of manufacturing units of production (raw material processing, the time of providing services in hours).

7. Calculate and technological capacity (power) of the rest of the production units of the company (together with the leading shops or sites).

Such calculations are needed to identify discrepancies between the potential release of products (services) by individual production units and for coherent processing of proportionality between related production units. The degree of compliance with the structural capacity of the various business units is determined by calculating and comparing the contingency factors that characterize the relations capacity leading units and the rest of the production units.

8. Determination of the enterprise production capacity is completed drawing up the balance, reflecting the change of its value during the calculation period and is characterized by the output power (N O.). For this formula is used:

(10.7)

Where - Input power of the enterprise;

- An increase in power during the accounting period as a result of the implementation of organizational and technical measures;

- Increasing production capacity due to renovation or expansion of an enterprise;

- Increase (+) or decrease (-) of capacity caused by changes in the nomenclature and assortment of manufactured products;

- Reduction of the production capacity of the enterprise as a result of disposals, ie decommissioning of a certain number of worn-out and obsolete technical equipment...

Identification and control of reserve capacity is carried out by calculating the necessary number of reserve units (equipment group) and justification of the size of the experimental research facilities. Typically, the value of spare capacity to cover peak loads do not exceed 10-15%, and for the preparation and development of new products - 3-5% of the total capacity. It should be borne in mind that the excess capacity provided for companies that have achieved the level of utilization of the current capacity of not less than 95% and producing more than 25% of new products.

The use of production capacity. The practice of managing capacity utilization of existing enterprise is defined by two parameters:

1) the development of the design capacity ratio (the ratio of current values and the design capacity);

2) current capacity utilization rate (the ratio of annual output and the average value thereof).

Currently in Ukraine the level of utilization of production capacities of the company in most sectors of the economy, especially in industry, is less than 50%, and the design capacity, as a rule, in a timely manner (in normative terms) is being developed.

Methods for more efficient use of production capacity are the same as the enterprise fixed assets (see chap. 5 of this tutorial). It is only to emphasize that for the radical improvement of the level of utilization of available capacity of the vast majority of enterprises is necessary as soon as possible to adapt and update the technical and technological base to overcome its decline, stabilize and gradually increase the volume of competitive products that are in demand in the domestic and global markets.

Questions for self-depth study

1. Overview of the technical base of the enterprise.

2. Current trends in technical and technical base of enterprises in various industries.

3. Comparative characteristics of traditional and innovative types of production.

4. Problems of evaluation of the technical level raznootraslevyh enterprises.

5. The system of organizational and technical economic management of the enterprise development.

6. Possible and most effective forms of technical development.

7. Problems of enterprise development planning.

8. The objective necessity and efficiency of leasing as a new form of renovation and development of the technical base of the enterprise (organization).

9. Common methodological guidelines for determining the capacity raznootraslevyh enterprises.

10. Prerequisites and methods of more efficient use of production capacity of enterprises in different industries of Ukraine.