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Literature

In literatures of the twentieth century. Takozh prostevzhuvalysya dvі srednіn tendentsії: podal'shy rozvitok realizmu, provіdnogo khudozhnogo metodstva method of the word, the table, the rozvitok riznih modernistichnyh techich. Realistic prose of the twentieth century. Namagalasya rozvivati ​​і udoskonalyuvati zobrazhalnyi zasobi romanu, smіlivo eksperimentuvati, vboraтиti in itself risi vseh nachalnykh hudozhnyh stilіv epokhi, did not stand outside the vital issues of the epoch (fights for peace, antifascist topic).

Viznachnimi frantsuzskimi prozaykami pershoi halves of the twentieth century. Buly Anatole France (1844-1924), Romain Rolland (1866-1944), Anri Barbusse (1873-1935). A.Frans is the author of the grotesque and parodic fiction of the novel "Rebellion of Angels". R.Rolan at the roman epopee "Jean-Kristof" synthesizing two naibilshi straight lines of the ХІХ century. - Romanticism and Realism, zabrazhuyuchi spiritual zanepad in Zahidnyi Європі напередодні Першої світової війни. A.Barbus (romances "Vogon", "Yasnist", "Kiltsya lancuga") is not a bush by a writer, but by a gigantic diach, an active fighter for peace. Yogo Romanov's "Vogon" (1916) and "Yasnist" (1919) vikrivali імперіалістичну війну, showed the people's socially unaware of the means of soldiers. The documentary-publicized "Kati" (1926) had a fascist teror in front of the Balkan territories.

Realistnyy strained prozvizhuali rozvivati ​​nimetski prozayki brothers G.Mann (1871-1950) and T. Mann (1875-1955), yaki in the 30th rocky buly zmusheni emigruvati for the cordon, the breeze of the bullets dyachami antifascist ruhu. Genrikh Mann is the author of satirical romances "The Land is Protected", "Vyrnopіddaniy", publikcistichnyh creations, and the historical digs "Molodі Lіta King Henrik IV". Nobel laureate (1929) Thomas Mann in the novels "Buddenbroki", "Charivna Gora", "Doctor Faust", vikrivav negativnyh hanging in the bourgeois suspilstv, zokrema, spiritual crisis, vidstoyuvav ідеї гуманізму, демократиії і progress.

Antifascism , the anti-war topic of power in the creative work of the well-known Russian writer EMRemark (1898-1970). The participant of the Persian Association of Wines, EM Remark kraschі svoi pri-svyativ zobrazhennju "vtrachenogo pokolinnya", yak, rozcharuvavshis at spiritual tsennosti XX stolіottya, shukaє support in міжособистісних стосунках - дружбі, коханні, frontom partnership ("На західному передті без змін". "Three Comrades", "Triumphaln Arch", "Hour of Life and the Hour of Waste"). Create a writer to pass through humanism, condemn the militarism of that fascism.

In anglіyskі lіteraturі z'yavilsya епічні твори, присвячені аналізу внутрирішнього світу человени, поняті глибоким психологізмом. Herbert Wells (1866-1946) rozvivav genre science-fiction novel ("Machine Hour", "Vіyna svіtiv"), gostro satirical ("Ostroіv Dr. Moro"). Fantastic novels G.Uelsa spovenenni genialnyh sotsіialno-fіlosofskikh before. Klasik anglіysskoy literatury John Ґolsuorsi (1867-1933) at his creations sued litsemirstvo і iїizm aristocratic syspіlstva, criticizing the English columnist polity. Svitovu glory prozaїkovі prіsіs cycle romanіv about the share of the number of generations of bourgeois sім`ї ("Saga pro Forsytevі" та ін.). The author zmalovuyu zanepa cannogo anglіysskoy bourgeois homeland on the background saspilno-іstorichnih podiy. D. Golsuorsi tsikavili problems of theoretical literature. In his critical stats ("Literature and Life", "Stvorennya character in Literature") vidstoyuvav principle realism, criticizing the modernist tech.

Literature Pershoy halves of the twentieth century. Power anti-war rectification - above all important viprobuvannam for Europa became Persha svitova vaina. Цій проблемі присвячений the stealing tvіr cheskih writer Yaroslav Hasek (1883-1923) "Приго бравого вояка Швейк" (1923), the first variant of I stratification and sightings by a full body in Kiev. The author of the novel is the participant Pershoto svitovoї vinyi - zasuzhuє mіlіitarizm тодішньої Austro-Ugroshchiny, vikrivaє retsііnu сутність усіх її інституцій - поліції, gendarmerії, churches, преси.

Risi realizma that naturalism poednuvav at its own creative American written, publishers Teodor Dreiser (1871-1945). The first novel by T. Dreiser "Sister Currie" (1900) - realistic історія living of dovchinі з робітничого середища in the instant American sushpіlstі - sounding zaperekchennyam materіalnogo uspіhu yak втілення щастя. The novel "Jenni Gerhard" takozh torkavsya zhinochia those who asserted the moral impairment and purity of people to the people. In the "American Tragedies", the writing shows the zhubnist for the people of capitalist invents, the morality of the young people, and the prague of the prague, be an anchored price for the life of the dead. The theme of the novel "Genius" is the zane of mystery and the inflexibility of talent in the bourgeois supes. The most important problems in the artistic creations (part of them were baked to thee other times), T. Dreiser buv an active anti-fascist, one of the organizers of the International Congress of Other Wives (1932).

Nobel Prize winner Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) - an American writer and publisher, the creativity of such a person will be riddled with problems, yaki hvilijuvali yogo сучасників. The writer of the tragedy of the fate of the struggling republics of the capital is against fascism and the priests of the problem of reporting, narisi, the novel "For whom is podzvin." In the novels "Fієsta", "Farewell, зброє!" To be about so zvane "the lost pokolinya." Філософська повість-притча "Старий і море" (1952) є гімном мужності, Yaku is guilty of vyavlyati lyudina at the hour of the hour.

Otzhe, realism of the twentieth century. Увібрава у себе кращі традиції літератури передньої пред, living with the bagateness of the social and economic development of the people, виявляв суспільно-політичну позицію митців, їхню reactція на всі важіії події, що відбувалися у світі.

A handrail with a realistic method, a creativity that was rooted in the literature of the twentieth century, yak і in some types of mystery, vinikayut riznomannіnі straight lines, but obozeduyutsya zagalnoyu nazvoyu modernizm. Litoratori, scho heavily to modernism, they were jostling new spiritual and esthetic ambushes of artistic creativity, burdens to the philosophical concepts of existentialism, nizenschenism, Freudianism. One of the main problems in the literature of modernity is eating about the peculiarity of the individuality and the accessibility of the community. Literatori-modernity zasperchuvali clasichnu sluggishness, joke new, unconventional estetic forms and zabrazhalny zasobi.

At the inter-ХІХ-ХХ ст. On the cognition of a number of innovative perspectives in literary work, the terminology decadence ( fad decadence - zanepad ). Spotchatku tse terminov zastosovuvali, characterizing vlasnu creativity, frantsuzkik symbolism, and pochim them pochachati інші straight lines кінця ХІХ - початку ХХ ст. Creativity mitziv-dekadentіv bula povyazana z poshukami novih esteticheskih tetichnih tsinnosty. The decadents of the buli close to the Інтуїтивне пізнання світу, the cult of the "supermen", the indivisualism, the formalistic peshuki, the non-discrimination of the doctrine, the theory of the "pure mystery".

The first decadent teciєyu buv frantsuzskiy symbolism кінця ХІХ ст. (Gr. Symbolon - knowledge). Symbolism was advertised for a realistic zobrazhennia zhittya, ospivuvali mіstichnі taemnitsi, postobichny svit. Zmalovuvati tse, on the duma posovovniknikov chyogo strains, mozhna lisha for dopomogo symbolov. On the artist's image of the artistic image of the artist was put an artistic symbol, but a number of meaning. Symbolisty namagalisya nadati svoim tvoram spivuchostі, melodіynostі, oskilki lishe muzyku vvazhali spravzhnіm misterstvom. Tomu for travel poetry-symbolism is characterized by vishukan form і precisely rimuvannya, a clear rhythm, ali а а а aonansi. Symbolism is characterized by trains of small forms.

One of the founders of the symbolism of the Boers French is Paul Verlaine (1844-1896). Yoga travels із збірок "Сатурнічні поезії", "Добра пісня", "Romance without slіv" are covered with motifs of distraction, self. He sings maysterno zobrazhuvav sumni osinny landscapes, dosh, namagayuchichsya transfer the mood of the heroic hero, and not the subordinates. Verlaine vvazhaet nevіd'єmennuyu risoy symbolizmu muzikalnist, pro scho declare at his own program vіrshі "Поетичне мистецтво".

The symbolism of the Bouvet takozh Arthur Rambo (1854-1891). In early virish singing in Paris, the commune ("Parizka vіys'kova pisnja", "Paris zaselyaetsya znovu"). At zbirkah "Ostanni virshi", "Season beside" vin zvertaetsya to those romantic riots, protistystychi prototychaschih yomu retsitsі frenchtskoy diznostі. A. Rembo is a bagato over the shape of the vir.

At the dob of the so-called "srіbnogo віку" російськоїї traveling (рубіж ХІХ-ХХ ст.) Риси symbolізму влаві творісті D. Merezhkovsky, Z. Gіppіus, V. Bryusov, A. Bely, O. Bloka іn. For the travel of the Russian Symbolists in the power of motives, distractions, melancholia, frowning autumn landscapes, visushan poetic formations with great kilkistu sound quality. On the cobble of the twentieth century. Із середища російських симвоістів виділився окремий напрям - акмеїзм (gr acme - top, розквіт, вищий ступінь чого-небудь). Before that, M.Gumilov, S.Gorodetsky, A.Akhmatova, O. Mandelshtam and iesh. Лідери акмеїстів have voted for the symbolism of yogo bagatoznachnimi words-symbols і povorennya to real zhittya. Create poetiv-akmeistyv ospivuvali strong individuality, approved the cult of the biolistic beginning in ludin, conducted the idea of ​​re-bilingual social welfare.

Literary futurism vinic in Italy on the cobble of the twentieth century, the leader of the world strains buf F.Marinetti. At his manifesto, futurists gossiped about the people of the new mysticism, the syncopated dynamism of the twentieth century. Yogo machine technology. Futurists zasperchuvali traditional klassichnoy literatury, in poshukov new forms of stvovali new, unconventional words and wordpoluchennia, zberigayuchi rimuvannya, zmіnjuvali traditsynyynu rhythm. Often create poetiv-futuristov buli vkray formalistic. Futurism of character for the Russian literature of the ear of the twentieth century. (A.Kruchenikh, V.Mayakovsky, V.Khlebnikov that ін.).

Експресіонізм z'yavivsya in nimetskі litrіatury on the cobble of the twentieth century. The terminology was vigorously engraved by the German poet G. Walden (1911). Nimetsky poets-ekspresionisty were rummaged around the magazine "Der Sturm" (The Storm) (A.Erenshtein, O. Kokoshka ta іn.). Enlightenment writers have been invaded by the blasphemy of the svithu through the prism of the author's "I". Експресіонізм мав vіrayne соціальне спрямування, на відміну від інших модерністських течій. Риси експресіонізму властиві творстисті російських писників L.Andrєєva, O.Serafimovich, V.Vishnevsky.

Література ХХ століття намагалася відбразити нове світовідчуття. In the writings of the Austrian writer F. Kafka (1883-1924) (novel "The Process", "The Castle", "America", Zbirki introduced "Sposterezhennia", "Silk Likar", "Artist hunger") shows the hopelessness of a person's hunger, vychchuzhennya osobistosty, Її самотність в умовах сучасної цивілізації. Confliktiv, vidobrazheni F. Kafkoi, makut sotsialny that particular nature, yogo create podeydit vidobrazhennya povyakdennogo zhitty z svitom unreal.

At the hour of Drukya svitovoї vіnyi ta pіslyavoєnny hour at svіtovі lіteraturі vіnikіє екзистенціалізм . The philosophical writings of the modern modernist dynasty were written by S.Kerkegaard, M.Haidegger, K.Jaspers. Typical rice creativity is written-eksistentsialist buli pesimism, indivisualism, subektivizm, zapezechennia be-I violence. The forefathers of this world will directly vvazhayuyut, scho krim real enigma, lyudina moe esh "ekszistentsitsyu" - spirituznoe іsnuvannya. Zhyttya, for ekzistentsialistami, bezglusde і absurd, tse chaotichny potik, zabavlenii be-yakih law. Єindium vihid for people, scho perebuvaye in such a state of mind, - self-mutilation is not a riot.

A French writer and philosopher Albert Camus (1913-1960), one of the greatest Mali writers, wrote a single letter to the French press. Філософія А.Камю ґрунтується на пошуку sensu інся існування в царині моралі. Zgidno z A.Kamyu, zhittya - absurd, and the senses of the man's life are marginal to creativity. Більшість творів А.Камю мають філософкий підтекст, zvertayutsya to problems sensu chelovekogo buttya. In the novel "The Plague" (1947), written in the form of the book of the Day of the Other, it is possible to take part in the struggle with the lack of a dysonerity. Have a creativity about a plague table, de warehouse is a special opportunity for living. Perebuvannya in such mentalities become a viprobuvannyam for moral ambushes mezhkantsiv tabor. Writer, I happened to survive the bulk of brown chumi fascism, the participant of the French Ruhu Oporu, vtilyu ідею трагічної мужності. Філософське ese "Міф про Сізіфа" A. Camyu wrote at the hour, if Franzia Bula was covered by the fascists, to the man of disobedience, the man's battlefield, and the folded obelisks of the bouleau, the arc of the ill-starred. A.Kamyu tsikavila problem of the role of mitsya in susinstvii. Vin vvazhav, scho lyudina misterstva blamed buti pose in the classroom chi partiami, hocha і є vidpovіdalnoyu before the people.

Istolno vplinuv on rozvitok zahidnoy literaturnu roman Irish writer James Joyce (1882-1941) "Uliss." The author submits a picture of an insensitive butt in the minds of a cuspal civiilization, a vikorovuyu priyom "flow of the bridge" and the telekutalizatsiyu moovi, introduced into the realistic plot of the motives of the antique mythology. "Potyk svidomosty" became often zastosovuvatysya yak artistic priyom at literaturi, dopomagayuchi vidvityti processes of spiritual life, rozdumi і perezhivannya v vzemozvozyakh, vypadkovyh asotsiatsii, often alogichnyh.

At післявоєнній літературі продовжують звути ідеї бородиби за мир, ідеї гуманізму, інтерес до психоаналізу (J. Selinger, J. Steinbeck, W. Falkner, G. Grin, E. Koldwell, H. Cortasar, G. Marquez and іnshі.). Зарубіжна література і далі продовжує цікавитися проблем sense of human bootleg, рольт митця в суспільстві, and the potentialities of self-actualization of people in technocratic and militarized communications.