home Political economy Політична економія - Bєляєв О.О.

Політична економія - Bєляєв О.О.

§ 3. The Evolution of Pennies

The evolution of the groschen is itself a two-fold process: the call of the state of the grotesque system, the basis of the metaleva principle; Різний ступінь і різні straightforwardness rozvitku okremih funktsіy groshe ta їх concrete forms.

Behind the minds of the day, it's not worth the gold to serve, but the credit and papermaking grotesques. Chomu tse vidbulosya? Zvichayno gold i syogodnі not vpotitil prokomozhnist vikonuvati miri vartosty, oskilki vono not ruined his power. Ale vidbulisya important zmіni in znovnshih umovy funktsionuvannya gold yak penny.

Evolution of the function of the groschen yak miri vartosty is written in the process of demonetization of gold, togo with noble metals (gold, gold) of grotesque functions. So, siblobo ceased to be a nonsense in the nineteenth century, and gold - in the middle of the twentieth century. The process of demonetizing the image of merchandise and groschen mehanism, yogo organisatsionnyh forms and technical tools.

The international legal tender on the demonetization of gold dystalized in the statute of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), dopovnennymi until April 7, 1987, the office for gold and i yogo vilucheno z rozraunkіv mizh IMF і members of the organiсation. In the past, the gold boule has been vitiated from the inside by the lenders of money, but they have not been exchanged for gold. In the sphere of international economics, gold is vikonuet deprived of the functions: the insurance fund of deposits of in fl uences; Засобу забезпечення кредиів (для погашення заборговаіі за платіжними балансами), and takozh a reservoir of littoral resources.

In the minds of a highly trafficked commodity form, the process of securing a sovereignty is based on the principles of a gold foundation and is based on the principles of credit pennies, but do not swallow up the internal wealth. Dokazi tsymu tako: the price of gold is shaped by the speculative popita і перевищує ціну виробництва; Рух ціни золота відококремлений від зміни купівельної споможності convertible currencies, у том числі долара; Зміна товарних цін не відповідає зміні ціни на золото.

Під час Першої світової війни gold remains zniklo from the river. Tse bilo the first stage of demonetization of gold. At багаоох країнах it was fixed розмін banknotes on gold. Tse vidbuvalosya glav prodvazhenzhenya zolotovlitkovogo standard (pennies system, for the alleged banknote rozminiynitsya not on the gold monet, and gold in the tits). Potim buv behave gold standard (a pennies system, for an alleged banknote rozminiynitsya devisi, aboriginal currency). In the 30th century, the pink banknotes for gold have not been added to all the capitalist areas and not more.

Another stage of demonetization of gold was a little more than a relaxation of the actual, albeit formal call of the papermaker's pennies with an official gold reserve, which trilled to the rest of the rock. Otzhe, the rate of papper pennies is nowhere to be stored in the world's gold reserve.

Process evolyutsії groshen dista novy іmpuls s zal'shim posilennjam vimog shchodo ratsionalalizatsii obigu. Zgodom vytisnennya gold creditworthy nabulo podalshogo rozvitku pobyvnyano new yavishchi - protsessi usunennya z revno znachnogo part of the nose of penny functions (banknotes, checks, etc.) and in the provinces of credit cards.

On the next stage, the process of evolving a groschen became a debit card-card, but the widening of the zavodyaky sistemy avtomaticheskoe vidichi gotivki. The system of roses for the sake of the EOM mae name "electronic grosi." Можливість переходу від паперових носіїв інформації у грошовій сферыі до електронних імпульсів відкривається з впровадженням новітніх досягнень в автоматизації та комп'ютеризації регулювання грошового обігу.

The system of electronic pennies includes a number of elements: automated rozraunkov chamber, automatic system of cashmere і system of terminals, restorations at the points of purchase of goods and services. The rozraunkov chamber is automated, it is a measure of banks, which are considered to be an odd-numbered center. Automation kasir allow you to spend a number of groschenyh operations: won by a penny of banknote rahunku, priyomom vneskiv, zdіysnennya payment. Vdyskonalenі modifikatsii podibnyh pristroїv, krіm vidichy gotivki, mozut vikonuvati i bezgotivkovі rozraunki, vidavaty chekovі knizhi і vchiniti іnshі kasovo-rozraunkovі operatsії. Yaksho richeshe sposestrogivsya process witnisnnia gotivki yak zasobu obogu tilki at great hills, then infectious processes are practical to tear down the lower boundary. Debit cards allowed you to visit the hotel when you pay for the phone roses.

A single innovation of banking technology is a smart card (smart - in English, smart, rosy). For its rozmirami novelty does not vidriznyayatsya vіd traditional debet-kartok, easily pomischaєtsya in gamantsy, ale zwedyaki vmontovannomu in niй chip, the basis of a yak є napivprovodnik on quartz crystals with an integral circuit, I vlasnu pam'yat. Nayavnist such a "microcomputer" without any average on rozraunkovomu document to introduce novovvedennya yogo vikoristan. Smart card on day is an electronic checkbook. The advisory bank should make a deposit from the secret place of the bank about the bag, be covered by the rakunok clint.

The system of electronic smart cards has a special nature, but you can talk about bank cards about yas, about the principles of adherence to averse credit cards. Loans and advances to the bank by that yogo klієntami with the system of bank cards are brought to its logical completion. Vіkoristannya bankіvskih kartok allows all banks in one system to be such a rank, scho, korostoychis personal computer, klієnt mozhe to spend rozraunkki on cards, be-yakogo bank be-yakogo kraїni svitu.

Zmіni torknulisya і functіії groschak yak zagolu nagromadzhennya. The stubs have ceased to be the role of the stihic regulator of the grocery masi in the Ob. Tse mozhno iznaniti tiem, scho at obogu nerozmіnnih grooshvik znііv gold can not automatically go зі скарбу безпосередньо в обіг. Tse bool mozhlivo lishe with gold standard. Сьогодні золото продовжує виконувати functцію скарбу, але в мемежених scales, Хоча за умов економічної і політичної нестабільності gold виступє як скарб, соєрідний insurance fund of the state and private osib, oskilki zolotі reservation to guarantee to the powers, private individuals відносну економічну незалежність. To the state and the private gold reserves, the yugas of bagatry. In the gold bars, credit is given to the credit of pennies for gold. Greatness is the scale of the pogroma of the remaining - pidstverdzhennya yogo rol yak zasobu utvorennya skarbiv. Loans and pennies can not fail vikonuvati tsiu funktsiyu, oskilki not majut power. Ale is pritamannaya predyanavnitska vartizhest, tom tsі groshny vystupayut at rolli function zasobu nagromadzhennya. In the tastes of commodity vibrobnitsva danii zasib mies pennies form that obslugovuє process vіdtvorennya (vibrobnitsuto, rozpodil, obmin, spozhivannya).