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Polіtichna ekonomіya - Bєlyaєv OO

§ 2. The system natsіonalnih rahunkіv that її osnovnі makroekonomіchnі pokazniki

Svіtova gospodarska practice (at obchislennі suspіlnogo product) vihodit s of scho masa stvorenih ekonomіchnih benefits vklyuchaє deprivation materіalnі not good, and th Hotel bankіv chi powers, podatkovoї toscho service. Tom suspіlny product that INSHI makroekonomіchnі pokazniki - tse result dvoh spheres of national Gospodarstwa: materіalnogo virobnitstva i spherical poslug.

Sutnіst is the system of principles natsіonalnih rahunkіv

Sukupnіst metodіv (sposobіv) for Relief yakih rozrahovuєtsya system vzaєmopov'yazanih makroekonomіchnih pokaznikіv, nazivaєtsya natsіonalnih rahunkіv system (CHP). Given a system daє zmogu pobachiti i prostezhiti ruh suspіlnogo product access in all phases yogo vіdtvorennya: virobnitstvі, rozpodіlі, obmіnі that spozhivannі. Krіm of Won dozvolyaє viznachiti zagalnu ekonomіchnu rіvnovagu on rіvnі balance "nayavnі resources - vikoristanі resources."

Teorіyu natsіonalnogo rahіvnitstva protyagom dvoh stolіt stvoryuvali bagato ekonomіstіv-teoretikіv i praktikіv, Sereda yakih slіd vіdznachiti vchenih of XX century., Yak R. Stone, E. Denіson, In. Leontєv (USA), F. Perry (Frantsіya), J. M. Keynes, John. Hіks (Velikobritanіya) that іn. Vazhlive values ​​vdoskonalennyu techniques CHP pridіlyayut mіzhnarodnі organіzatsії UN nasampered.

W 1993 r. Thirdly dіє modifіkatsіya mіzhnarodnoї standartnoї Sistemi natsіonalnih rahunkіv, pobudovana on ostannіh dosyagnennyah teorії i practice natsіonalnogo rahіvnitstva in okremih kraїnah * 1. When rozrobtsі tsієї Sistemi boule viznachenі mezhі "ekonomіchnogo virobnitstva" tobto spherical virobnitstva gross vnutrіshnogo product SSMSC ohoplyuyut virobnitstvo practical vsіh tovarіv i poslug for vinyatkom homemaking Gospodarstwa (prigotuvannya їzhі, pribirannya Zhitlo, vihovannya dіtey i t. N.) Bezposeredno members sіm'ї. takozh Zahist dіyalnіst s ekonomіchnogo dovkіllya including up virobnitstva.

* 1: The standard {CHP, rozroblena randomness UN komіsієyu, zastosovuvalas z 1953 r. In 1968 r. Bula introduced a new model mіzhnarodnogo standard CHP, yak proіsnuvala until 1993 p. i included takі osnovnі rahunki: zvedenі rahunki; rahunki virobnitstva; spozhivannya that vikoristannya kapіtalu; rahunki dohodіv i vitrat; rahunki fіnansuvannya kapіtalnih costs.}

Based CHP hard at kontseptsіyu gospodarskogo krugoobіgu, yak pobudovano on the following principles:

1) Productive Je whether yak Prace, otzhe to sukupnogo suspіlnogo product nalezhat rechovі good yak th materіalnі Hotel so i nematerіalnі Hotel;

2) virobnitstvo, rozpodіl, obmіn i spozhivannya rozglyadayutsya yak vzaєmozv'yazanі PARTIES єdinogo vіdtvorennya processes;

3) organіchne poєdnannya oblіku vzaєmopov'yazanih inventory virobnichih, spozhivcho-rozpodіlchih that dohіdno-fіnansovih operatsіy;

4) i groshovі vitrati revenues in ekonomіtsі ekvіvalentnі, tobto scrip penny vitrat dorіvnyuє sumі dohodіv.

CHP takozh bazuєtsya on printsipі podvіynogo records Where Money Does poznachaєtsya, scho cutaneous operatsіya paysite Got that oderzhuvacha i pokazuєtsya in real (resource) that fіnansovomu aspects.

Golovna meta Sistemi natsіonalnih rahunkіv - tse іnformatsіyne zabezpechennya analіzu complex processes that stvorennya vikoristannya rіznih forms sukupnogo product. Tsya system daє mozhlivіst zіstaviti ekonomіchnі pokazniki rіznih kraїn and takozh usuvaє trudnoschі at priynyattі gospodarskih i polіtichnih rіshen on mіzhnarodnomu i natsіonalnomu rіvnyah. CHP - tse uzgodzhena zbirannya system oblіku mainly potokіv statistichnoї Informácie on rіvnі makroekonomіchnih pokaznikіv. Such was the system ninі koristuєtsya Ponad 100 kraїn - UN chlenіv.

W cob 90 rokіv in postsotsіalіstichnih kraїnah, T. Ch Ukraїnі, zdіysnyuєtsya perehіd od so zvanoї balance of the system of national Gospodarstwa (BNG) * 2, yak bula zaprovadzhena 20-x Rokach XX century., To mіzhnarodnoї Sistemi natsіonalnih rahunkіv . Danian perehіd vіdkrivaє novі mozhlivostі for analіzu factuality will nashoї Economy, oskіlki daє zmogu ROBIT zіstavlennya mainly makroekonomіchnih natsіonalnih pokaznikіv s mіzhnarodnimi. Prote vprovadzhennya CHP in Ukraїnі - dosit trivaly processes. Digit mіroyu vіn pov'yazany not tіlki s uzagalnennyam statistichnoї Informácie (rahіvnitstvom), and th s formuvannyam real (ekonomіchno dіyovih) rinkovih structures in vіtchiznyanіy ekonomіtsі.

* 2: {BNG system small іstotnі obmezhennya at analіzі protsesіv suspіlnogo vіdtvorennya, mainly s yakih boule:

(Nedootsіnka rolі nematerіalnoї Especially the one sphere in suspіlnomu vіdtvorennі;

(Nayavnіst podvіynogo rahunku (Included promіzhnogo suspіlnogo product to product);

(Nevrahuvannya vplivu on vіdtvoryuvalnі processes such vidіv dіyalnostі, yak fіnansovo and credit, ruh dohodіv toscho.}

Zagalnі pokazniki CHP is the methodical їh obchislennya

Main pokaznikami CHP for natsіonalnoї Economy Je vnutrіshnіy gross product (GDP), gross natsіonalny product (GDP), net vnutrіshnіy product (NDP), natsіonalny dohіd (ND), NKVD dohіd (OD) at dohіd rozporyadzhennі gromadyan.

One s naybіlsh zagalnih makroekonomіchnih pokaznikіv vistupaє GDP, scho yak viznachaєtsya Valova vartіst (at rinkovih tsіnah) usіh tovarіv i poslug, stvorenih protyagom Pevnyi perіodu on teritorії danoї Kraina i s vikoristannyam deprivation її faktorіv virobnitstva. GDP Mauger Buti obchisleny for troma methods.

Purshia method - Revenue. Pіdsumovuyutsya Income Private osіb, aktsіonernih tovaristv, the privacy of companies and takozh Income powers od pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі that organіv sovereign upravlіnnya in viglyadі podatkіv on virobnitstvo that іmport.

Another method - for vitratami. Pіdsumovuyutsya vitrati on kapіtalovkladennya (valovі іnvestitsії in natsіonalnu ekonomіku) NKVD spozhivannya, derzhavnі purchase (Reigning spozhivannya) i balance zovnіshnoї torgіvlі.

Tretіy - tse method dodanoї vartostі (virobnichy method): pіdsumovuyutsya vartіst vigotovlenih kіntsevih tovarіv i poslug vsіh spheres Economy (faktornі revenues that amortizatsіynі vіdrahuvannya, SSMSC not Je income).

Dolan vartіst - vartіst tse, yak target in protsesі virobnitstva on danomu pіdpriєmstvі that vіdobrazhaє real vnesok pіdpriєmstva in formuvannya vartostі specific product (product, Hotel) tobto zarobіtnu fee Prybutok, rent, interest on loans, amortizatsіynі vіdrahuvannya toscho.

Vartіst spozhitih materіalіv, sirovini, SSMSC boule zakuplenі postachalnikіv i have to stvorennі yakih pіdpriєmstvo did not take uchastі in Dodanim vartіst not vklyuchaєtsya. Іnakshe Saying to, Dolan vartіst - tse Valova Produkciya pіdpriєmstva (abo rinkova Cena vigotovlenoї produktsії) for mіnusom precisely vitrat, ale s inclusion in neї vіdrahuvan on amortizatsіyu, oskіlki osnovnі funds (mainly kapіtal) pіdpriєmstva chastkovo "Take fate" in stvorennі vartostі vigotovlenoї produktsії.

Yakscho uvazhno vchitatis in vikladene then slіd zrozumіti, scho GDP can be pіdrahuvati: 1) yak scrip Pervin dohodіv usіh іnstitutsіonalnih sektorіv (sub'єktіv) Economy (domogospodarstv, of companies, powers); 2) yak scrip vitrat on kіntseve spozhivannya, nagromadzhennya nadhodzhennya i od pure eksportu; 3) yak scrip valovoї dodanoї vartostі vsіh Galuzo i spheres of Economy. At just past cutaneous vipadku about one second that the bag itself, Hoca on praktitsі result, yak usually descho vіdrіznyayutsya. Especially Tse pov'yazano s іnformatsіyno statistichnoї-bazi is the vikoristovuvanih metodіv obchislen. Rozrahunok GDP for vsіma troma methods that uzgodzhennya otrimanih rezultatіv mіzh him becoming a major zmіst CHP. Together s note podіbny pіdhіd dozvolyaє rozglyanuti GDP Niby s rіznih bokіv i otrimati tsіlіsnіshu picture funktsіonuvannya Economy. Slіd pam'yatati th those scho Kraina in the furrows of the revenues of some Je vitratami іnshih.

Tіnova ekonomіka

Pokaznik GDP daє zmogu in penny virazі viznachiti obsyag virobnitstva in kraїnі. Together s note vvazhaєtsya, scho GDP not povnіstyu vіdobrazhaє real ekonomіchny Dobrobut natsії, oskіlki not zavzhdi ohoplyuє All types ekonomіchnoї dіyalnostі in suspіlstvі, so zokrema Rank tіnovu ekonomіku. Tіnova ekonomіka - tse nekontrolovany suspіlstvom ruh penny koshtіv i inventory materіalnih tsіnnostey i poslug, tobto prihovanі od organіv sovereign upravlіnnya ob'єkti sotsіalno-ekonomіchnih vіdnosin (otzhe, i samі tsі vіdnosini) mіzh okremimi gromadyanami i sotsіalnimi GROUP. Tsі vіdnosini including The-chayut usі nevrahovanі, nereglamentovanі Vidi ekonomіchnoї dіyalnostі.

To the structure of incoming tіnovoї Economy:

• krimіnalna ekonomіka - rozkradannya; pіdpіlna scho prihovuєtsya od usіh forms of control, Ekonomichna dіyalnіst: narkobіznes, azartnі іgri, prostitution; zagalnokrimіnalna form pozaekonomіchnogo rozpodіlu dohodіv: grabuvannya, rozbіy, reket, kradіzhka NKVD Lane;
• fіktivna ekonomіka - ekonomіka scho nadaє not dostovіrnі result, SSMSC vіdobrazhayutsya in dіyuchіy sistemі oblіku that zvіtnostі yak realnі (home);
• ekonomіka is informal - informal system vzaєmodіy ekonomіchnih sub'єktіv, SSMSC bazuyutsya on osobistіsnih vіdnosinah i zamіnyuyut ofіtsіyno vstanovleny order organіzatsії that realіzatsії ekonomіchnih zv'yazkіv;
• nelegalіzovana ekonomіka - prihovuvannya od control vidіv іndivіdualnoї chi kooperativnoї dіyalnostі, abo yak zaboronena law abo regulatory zareєstrovana not in the prescribed manner.

For Suchasnyj minds to such vidіv dіyalnostі, zokrema in Ukraїnі, Doda vivezennya tovarіv for a cordon metoyu s profit, nezakonnі valyutnі operatsії, nadannya kreditіv komertsіynimi banks over solіdnu vinagorodu illegally vivezennya currency across the border that іn. Zokrema for 90 Ti Rocky, yak vvazhayut fahіvtsі, h Ukraine Bulo vivaise od 20 to 40 billion dollars., SSMSC zdebіlshogo legalіzovanі offshore.

About Scale Economy in tіnovoї Ukraїnі mozhna to judge for ekspertnimi otsіnkami, zgіdno s yakimi in nіy stvoryuєtsya blizko half of GDP. When tsomu for danimi Natsіonalnogo Bank of Ukraine, on the cob 2001 p. for mezhami bankіvskoї Sistemi znahodilosya 52% groshovoї masi in natsіonalnіy valyutі. Tsі Costa widely vikoristovuyutsya for rozrahunkіv in tіnovomu sektorі Economy, peretvorivshis on postіyny іnstrument illegal currency operatsіy.

Typically those scho i legally tіnovy BIZNES tіsno zrostayutsya, Especially for perehіdnoї Economy, to їh nerіdko vazhko vіdrіzniti one od one. Ale Power blame sformuvati TAKE LEGAL golf gospodarskoї dіyalnostі sub'єktіv, yak b maximum obmezhuvalo mozhlivostі protizakonnih that ofіtsіyno nevrahovanih vidіv dіyalnostі.

Obchislennya GDP takozh uskladnyuєtsya іnflyatsієyu (zrostannyam tsіn), yak chi vlastiva tієyu іnshoyu mіroyu practical vsіm kraїnam s rinkovoyu ekonomіkoyu. In zv'yazku s CIM rozrіznyayut ponyattya nomіnalnogo that real GDP.

GDP, yaky obchisleny at precisely rinkovih tsіnah, nazivaєtsya nomіnalnim. For viznachennya dіysnoї the GDP - tobto real GDP neobhіdno "ochistiti" nomіnalnu yogo value od vplivu іnflyatsії and sama zastosuvati іndeks tsіn. Ostannіy virazhaє vіdnosnu zmіnu serednogo rіvnya tsіn shirokoї groupies tovarіv for vіdpovіdny perіod. Vіn viznachaєtsya of the formula:

Show dwellers real value of GDP, nіvelyuvati rіven іnflyatsії at zіstavlennі virobnitstva dvoh specific perіodіv, vikoristovuyut GDP deflator. Vіn usuvaє OAO All tsіnovі (іnflyatsіynі) vikrivlennya the GDP i rozrahovuєtsya of the formula:

Blizkim for zmіstom GDP to GNP pokaznik Yea, yaky on vіdmіnu od GDP virazhaє sukupnu vartіst kіntsevih tovarіv i poslug, SSMSC stvorenі not deprivation on teritorії, ale th for її mezhami. Pіdrahovuєtsya vіn so very, yak i GDP, ale od vіdrіznyaєtsya Demba an amount scho dorіvnyuє balance rozrahunkіv іz zarubіzhnimi kraїnami. Saying to Іnakshe, Yakscho to GDP Add your revenues danoї Kraina gromadyan behind a cordon i virahuvati Income іnozemtsіv, SSMSC pratsyuyut in tsіy kraїnі then otrimaєmo pokaznik GNP. Zagalnim kriterієm vіdmіnnostey mіzh tsimi pokaznikami vistupaє those scho GDP - tse vartіst produktsії, yak Yea vlasnіstyu gromadyan danoї Kraina, de b i stink not perebuvali not dіyali.

For bіlshostі kraїn rіznitsya mіzh GDP GNP Neznachny i. Ale for rozvinutih kraїn GDP, yak usually bіlshy od GDP. Napriklad for Shveytsarії, Luxembourg rіznitsya mіzh tsimi pokaznikami dosyagaє 10%. Obchislennya obsyagіv GDP GNP i do not deprivation polegshuє mіzhnarodne porіvnyannya tempіv i rіvnіv ekonomіchnogo rozvitku rіznih kraїn and second daє zmogu poglibiti makroekonomіchny analіz.

In sistemі natsіonalnih rahunkіv іsnuyut takozh INSHI vzaєmozv'yazanі makroekonomіchnі pokazniki, SSMSC shaping can Buti rozrahovanі on osnovі GDP GNP chi.

For lіkvіdatsії re-entered rahunku pokaznik NNP - natsіonalnogo pure product, yaky vklyuchaє Income vlasnikіv faktorіv virobnitstva: kapіtalu, zemlі, pratsі, pіdpriєmnitskih zdіbnostey. NNP - tse stvoreny GNP virahuvannyam tієї chastki Yogo, yak neobhіdna for zamіschennya zasobіv pratsі (main kapіtalu), scho boule znoshenі in protsesі vigotovlennya produktsії (amortizatsіynі vіdrahuvannya, tobto A). Otzhe, NNP = GNP - A.