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Ekonomіka pratsі - Zavіnovska GT

2.3. Bezrobіttya i yogo Vidi

Bezrobіttya - Folding ekonomіchne, sotsіalne i psihologіchne yavische. Vodnochase bezrobіttya - tse Ekonomichna kategorіya, yak vіdbivaє ekonomіchnі vіdnosini schodo vimushenoї nezaynyatostі pratsezdatnogo population.

Factors formuvannya bezrobіttya shaping can Buti takі:

• nestacha sukupnogo efektivnosti popitu;
• negnuchkіst Sistemi vіdnosnih tsіn i bet i zarobіtnoї pay vikrivlennya in nіy, pov'yazanі s penny ekspansієyu powers i іnflyatsієyu away;
• nedostatnya mobіlnіst robochoї Seeley;
• strukturnі zrushennya in ekonomіtsі;
• diskrimіnatsіya on market analysis pratsі schodo zhіnok, molodі that natsіonalnoї menshostі;
• demografіchnі zmіni in chiselnostі that skladі robochoї Seeley;
• sezonnі Oscillations in rіvnyah virobnitstva okremih Galuzo Economy.

Dosvіd okremih kraїn transition to market analysis svіdchit about those scho in skin perіod rіven zaynyatostі i scale bezrobіttya harakterizuyutsya digit Oscillations, zumovlenimi sukupnim vplivom bagatoh chinnikіv. When tsomu the cause will appear bezrobіttya i yogo Vidi mozhut duzhe rіznitisya.

Rozrіznyayut vіdkrite th prihovane bezrobіttya.

Vіdkrite bezrobіttya oznachaє іsnuvannya clearly nezaynyatogo population prihovane - nayavnіst formally zaynyatogo population.

Mozhna vidіliti takі Vidi bezrobіttya: friktsіyne, structural, tsiklіchne, season, іnstitutsіyne.

Friktsіyne bezrobіttya pov'yazane s peremіschennyam people s odnієї robots into another, and takozh іz odnієї mіstsevostі in іnshu. Friktsіyne bezrobіttya oznachaє scho іsnuyut postіyny phone reception mіzh zvіlnennyam s odnієї organіzatsії i Naiman pratsіvnikіv іnshimi organіzatsіyami, zamіschennya one profesіy іnshimi, ruh pratsіvnikіv s one Galuzo in INSHI toscho.

In the minds rinkovoї Economy Tsey view bezrobіttya zavzhdi іsnuє. Odnі zmіnyuyut robot dobrovіlno, INSHI - at zv'yazku Zi zvіlnennyam abo vtratoyu sezonnoї zaynyatostі. Dehto shukaє robot Vpershe. Tacke bezrobіttya Mauger poєdnuvatisya s rіvnovagoyu pratsі on market analysis. Napriklad, the US naprikіntsі 80 rokіv blizko 49% bezrobіtnih not less then pratsyuvali p'yati tizhnіv. Tse svіdchit about the normality of labor processes pererozpodіlu resursіv vіdpovіdno to potreb virobnitstva and takozh about Visoko efektivnіst pratsі market analysis.

Viniknennya structural bezrobіttya pov'yazane Zi structural zrushennyami in ekonomіtsі, zakrittyam zastarіlih of companies i virobnitstv, skorochennyam Key infrastructure produktsії in razі pereorієntatsії virobnitstva, zakrittya shkіdlivih of companies.

Structurally bezrobіttya vіdrіznyaєtsya od friktsіynogo peredusіm tim, scho pratsіvniki, SSMSC vtratili robot in some sectors of the Economy, is not shaping can Buti vikoristanі on quiet robochem mіstsyah, SSMSC proponuyutsya in іnshih sectors. Okrіm of structural bezrobіttya trivalim Yea i Got, yak usually hronіchny character.

Structural reasons bezrobіttya Yea i teritorіalna kvalіfіkatsіyna nevіdpovіdnіst mіzh vіlnimi robochem mіstsyami i bezrobіtnimi.

In structural bezrobіttі mozhna viokremiti tehnologіchne th konversіyne bezrobіttya.

Tehnologіchne bezrobіttya pov'yazane s transition to novoї tehnіki tehnologії i, z is the mehanіzatsієyu avtomatizatsієyu virobnitstva scho suprovodzhuєtsya vivіlnennyam robochoї Sealy i Naiman pratsіvnikіv printsipovo novih spetsіalnostey that kvalіfіkatsії.

Konversіyne bezrobіttya sprichinyaєtsya skorochennyam chiselnostі armії zaynyatih i have Galuzo oboronnoї promislovostі. Rozmіri tsogo bezrobіttya mozhut kolivatisya od Neznachny to great.

Season bezrobіttya stosuєtsya quiet vidіv virobnitstva, SSMSC toil seasonal nature in yakih i protyagom rock vіdbuvayutsya rіzkі Oscillations popitu to Prace (sіlske Gospodarstwa, budіvnitstvo toscho).

Tsiklіchne bezrobіttya - tse view bezrobіttya, yak postіyno zmіnyuєtsya for svoїmi scales, warehouse trivalіstyu i scho pov'yazano s cycle dіlovoї kon'yunkturi. Scale i trivalіst tsiklіchnogo bezrobіttya dosyagayut pid hour maximum recession (crisis) virobnitstva i mіnіmumu - pid hour pіdnesennya. Otzhe, rozmіri Rinku pratsі kolivayutsya time s Oscillations cycle dіlovoї kon'yunkturi. Naybіlshoyu mіroyu od tsiklіchnogo bezrobіttya strazhdayut juveniles zhіnki people Pokhil vіku i nekorіnne population.

Іnstitutsіonalne bezrobіttya - bezrobіttya tse, yak porodzhuєtsya legal norms, scho vplivayut on popit i propozitsіyu pratsі. Vono Mauger Buti, napriklad, sprichinene Introduction garantovanoї mіnіmalnoї zarobіtnoї pay, nedoskonaloyu podatkovih system (nadmіrnі sotsіalnі viplati znizhuyut propozitsіyu pratsі. Visokі rates opodatkuvannya, skorochuyuchi income roblyat їh porіvnyannimi іz Sumy viplat for sotsіalnimi Programs. Tse takozh znizhuє propozitsіyu robochoї Sealy).

In the market analysis pratsі rozrіznyayut takozh i zastіyne hronіchne bezrobіttya.

Zastіyne bezrobіttya ohoplyuє naystіykіshy contingent bezrobіtnih - bіdnih, vagrants, bomzhіv that іn.

Rozvitok rinkovoї Economy suprovodzhuєtsya viniknennyam i rozshirennyam masshtabіv hronіchnogo bezrobіttya. Tse pov'yazano s tim, scho іnvestitsії in stvorennya novih robochem mіsts vіdstayut od tempіv zrostannya chiselnostі pratsіvnikіv Naiman. Bezrobіttya staє Masov i postіynim, vrazhayuchi nasampered naymensh rozvinutі regіoni. Sered bezrobіtnih perevazhayut zhіnki, spetsіalіsti s vischoyu osvіtoyu. Schodo vіkovogo warehouse domіnuє juveniles.

In viznachennі MOS bezrobіtnimi Je individuals have vіtsі 15-70 rokіv (zareєstrovanі yak, so i nezareєstrovanі in derzhavnіy sluzhbі zaynyatostі) SSMSC odnochasno vіdpovіdayut trom minds:

• not robots toil (pributkovogo zanyattya);
• shukayut robot abo namagayutsya organіzuvati Vlasnyi Right;
• gotovі pristupiti to the following robots protyagom dvoh tizhnіv. Before tsієї nalezhat category of individuals, scho navchayutsya for sending service zaynyatostі, znayshli robot i chekayut vіdpovіdі abo gotuyutsya an opened pratsyuvati, ale at the time of Danian not pratsyuyut slit.

Zgіdno іz Law of Ukraine "About zaynyatіst population" bezrobіtnimi vvazhayutsya pratsezdatnі gromadyani pratsezdatnogo vіku, SSMSC s Square od them reason not to toil zarobіtku abo іnshih peredbachenih chinnim zakonodavstvom dohodіv through vіdsutnіst vіdpovіdnoї robot zareєstrovanі have Reigning sluzhbі zaynyatostі, tobto individuals Tse, scho shukayut robot that zdatnі an opened pratsyuvati.

Do not shaping can Buti viznanі bezrobіtnimi gromadyani:

a) up to 16 vіkom rokіv for vinyatkom quiet, SSMSC pratsyuvali i boule vivіlnenі in zv'yazku Zi zmіnami in organіzatsії virobnitstva i pratsі: reorganіzatsієyu, pereprofіlyuvannyam i lіkvіdatsієyu pіdpriєmstva, set th organіzatsії abo skorochennyam chiselnostі (state);

b) SSMSC Vpershe shukayut robot i do not toil profesії (spetsіalnostі), in addition chislі Graduates zagalnoosvіtnіh shkіl, Yakscho stink vіdmovlyayutsya od prohodzhennya profesіynoї pіdgotovki abo od oplachuvanoї robots, robots have to chislі timchasovogo nature;

c) SSMSC vіdmovilisya od dvoh propozitsіy pіdhodyaschoї robots s time reєstratsії їh in sluzhbі zaynyatostі yak osіb, kotrі shukayut robot. When tsomu stink vtrachayut right to nadannya status bezrobіtnogo string into three mіsyatsі s reєstratsієyu away;

g) the right to toil SSMSC pensіyu vіdpovіdno to zakonodavstva Ukraine.

Pokaznikami scho harakterizuyut rіven bezrobіttya, Yea:

In viznachennі MOS -

Rіven zareєstrovanogo bezrobіttya:

de RB - rіven bezrobіttya%;

B - in Quantity bezrobіtnih vіtsі rokіv 15-70;

Ea - Quantity ekonomіchno active population;

BZ - Quantity bezrobіtnih, zareєstrovanih in derzhavnіy sluzhbі zaynyatostі;

Chp.n - Quantity pratsezdatnogo population in pratsezdatnomu vіtsі.

Number bezrobіtnih (for viznachennyam MOS) have serednomu 2001 p. zmenshilos to 190.7 yew. i becomes 2.5 million osіb. Serednomіsyachny rіven bezrobіttya (for metodologієyu MOS) in 2001 p. skorotivsya porіvnyano s rock poperednіm 0.6 vіdsotkovogo item that becomes 11.1% of the active population in ekonomіchno vіtsі 15-70 rokіv. Sered osіb pratsezdatnogo vіku Tsey pokaznik znizivsya 0.7 vіdsotkovogo item that becomes 11.8% of the active population ekonomіchno vіdpovіdnogo vіku.

In Table. 2.2 suggestive rіvnі bezrobіttya population of statte mіstsem that of residing in 1999-2001 pp. Rіven bezrobіttya in regіonalnomu rozrіzі for Tsey same perіod vіdbivaє hovering nizhche dіagrama (Fig. 2.1).

table 2.2

RІVNІ BEZROBІTTYA population for statte TA MІSTSEM Accommodation In 1999-2001 pp., Have VІDSOTKAH to EKONOMІCHNO active population VІDPOVІDNOGO VІKU

(For otsіnkami, rozrahovanimi on bazі materіalіv schokvartalnih vibіrkovih obstezhen population s power ekonomіchnoї aktivnostі)

Danі Derzhkomstatu Ukraine.

Fig. 2.1. Rіven bezrobіttya in 2000-2001 pp. in regіonalnomu rozrіzі (for otsіnkami, rozrahovanimi

on bazі materіalіv schokvartalnih vibіrkovih obstezhen population s power ekonomіchnoї aktivnostі)

Got Location i prihovane bezrobіttya.

Prihovane bezrobіttya typical for situatsії ekonomіchnogo recession. Vono zumovlene nepovnim zavantazhennyam bearing-down of companies, zmenshennyam obsyagіv virobnitstva, rіzkim znizhennyam produktivnostі pratsі, nadannyam pratsіvnikam neoplachuvanih vіdpustok, nepovnoyu zaynyatіstyu protyagom robochem tizhnya.

Nayavnіst znachnoї kіlkostі pratsezdatnih osіb, SSMSC deprivation formally zaynyatі and factuality not pratsyuyut i oderzhuyut nizku zarobіtnu fee (abo zovsіm not oderzhuyut її) spriyaє zbіlshennyu chiselnostі zaynyatih in nereglamentovanіy dіyalnostі, uskladnennyu krimіnogennoї situatsії, zagostrennyu sotsіalnih konflіktіv.

Provedenі doslіdzhennya chiselnostі th warehouse nezaynyatogo pratsezdatnogo population is given zmogu pripustiti, scho in sferі nereglamentovanoї zaynyatostі osnovnі Income oderzhuє mayzhe tretina pratsezdatnogo population in pratsezdatnomu vіtsі. Ninі nezareєstrovana zaynyatіst - tse informal sector of Economy against viklyucheny Zi spherical tsivіlіzovanih sotsіalno-labor, legal vіdnosin i norms.

Zarubіzhny dosvіd svіdchit, scho i in kraїnah s rozvinutoyu ekonomіkoyu vіdbuvaєtsya zrostannya vimushenoї nepovnoї zaynyatostі.

Prote perehіd on skorocheny robochem day (Tyzhden) rozglyadaєtsya yak efektivnosti Zahid schodo zapobіgannya bezrobіttyu. Nepovnoї zaynyatostі scale in the US, Nіmechchinі, Frantsії, Portugalії for ostannі Rocky zbіlshilisya tens razіv. When tso-

mu actively vikoristovuyutsya derzhavnі dotatsії (subsidії) pіdpriєmstvam on zarobіtnu pratsіvnikam fee for kompensatsіy vitrat in razі skorochennya zbitkovih i unprofitable robochem mіsts.

Otzhe problem nepovnoї zaynyatostі i prihovanogo bezrobіttya i Zgoda viyavlyatimetsya yak problem chastkovogo (timchasovogo zmenshennya abo STATUTORY skorochenoї trivalostі robochem days) abo timchasovogo Povny bezrobіttya (Pererva in oderzhannі zarobіtnoї pay abo zmenshennya її rozmіru s Reason timchasovogo pripinennya virobnitstva without rozіrvannya of labor vіdnosin).

Zagostrennya problemi bezrobіttya suprovodzhuєtsya ekonomіchnimi vtratami, nasampered zmenshennyam natsіonalnogo gross product (GNP), Yogo vіdstavannyam od potentsіynogo GNP yaky viznachaєtsya for poached іsnuvannya natural rіvnya bezrobіttya Pevnyi is the "normal" tempіv ekonomіchnogo zrostannya. Chim vischy rіven bezrobіttya, team bіlshe vіdstavannya GNP. In ekonomіchnіy nautsі Taqiy vzaєmozv'yazok virazhaє A. Okun's Law: Yakscho factuality rіven bezrobіttya perevischuє natural rіven (3-5%) to 1%, the gross vіdstavannya obsyagu natsіonalnogo product becomes 2.5%. W tsogo law can zrobiti visnovok schodo praktichnoї dіyalnostі and the Same: neobhіdno schorіchno nemenshe yak 2.5-3.0% of GDP on spryamovuvati stvorennya novih robochem mіsts.

Ekonomіchnimi zbitkami od bezrobіttya Je takozh zvuzhennya spozhivchogo market analysis, naroschuvannya elementіv Creasy nadvirobnitstva. Krіm, people have SSMSC perebuvayut statusі bezrobіtnih, vtrachayut profesіynі navichki stereotypes trudovoї povedіnki.

Seryoznoyu Problems Je regіonalne bezrobіttya. Yogo podolannya potrebuє vіdpovіdnoї strukturnoї polіtiki i rozroblennya regіonalnih program zabezpechennya efektivnoї zaynyatostі population in osnovі podalshoї diversifіkatsії Economy, zaluchennya that funktsіonuvannya private kapіtalu, rozvitku іnfrastrukturi, vіdkrittya tsentrіv perepіdgotovki robochoї Sealy, formuvannya spetsіalnih fondіv kredituvannya Private pіdpriєmtsіv.

In Velikіy Britanії, napriklad, zmenshennya regіonalnogo bezrobіttya dosyagaєtsya through company profile "pіdpriєmnitskih zones" in yakih usі pіdpriєmstva practical zvіlnenі od splat podatku on neruhome Main. Praktikuєtsya pіlgovy sales Powers munіtsipalnih land lіberalіzatsіya Zabudova rules, scho spriyalo pіdvischennyu tempіv zrostannya zaynyatostі in Tsikh regіonah.

In the minds of becoming rinkovoї Economy Especially GOSTR Problems Je bezrobіttya molodі Sered, yak dedalі zrostaє. For її virіshennya neobhіdno stvoriti realnі peredumovi for obґruntovanogo Vibor profesії that Georeferencing robots s urahuvannyam potreb pratsі market analysis and takozh poklikannya, zdіbnostey i psihofіzіologіchnih mozhlivostey molodoї Helsinki Human її that profesіynoї pіdgotovki.

Vazhlivim directly zapobіgannya bezrobіttyu Sered molodі Je realіzatsіya spetsіalіzovanih program, SSMSC zabezpechuyut rozshirennya zaynyatostі stvorennyam for neї dodatkovih robochem mіsts without great materіalnih vitrat, zokrema organіzatsієyu sezonnoї i timchasovoї uchastі in provedennі sіlskogospodarskih robіt, obslugovuvannі i remontі sіlskogospodarskoї tehnіki, transportuvannі i realіzatsії harvest through nadannya Relief іnvalіdam, people Pokhil vіku, the robot in lіkarnyah, іnternatah, Kindergarten budinkah that іn.