home Political economy Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Rozdіl 7 SUSPІLNY PODІL PRATSІ - DZHERELO SOTSІALNO-EKONOMІCHNOGO ROZVITKU

§ 1. Zmіst suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі

Suspіlny podіl pratsі in evolyutsіynomu rozvitku ekonomіchnih systems vіdіgraє virіshalnu role. Vіn viznachaє not tіlki structure that organіzatsіynu pobudovu productive forces kombіnatsіyu faktorіv virobnitstva and second bazovі vіdnosini scho vinikayut mіzh sub'єktami gospodaryuvannya. Tse folding bagatoaspektne ekonomіchne yavische, yak viyavlyaєtsya in spіvіsnuvannі rіznih vidіv konkretnoї pratsі that ha rakterizuєtsya Pevnyi structures suspіlnoї organіzatsії virob-nitstva. Introduced in chasі, suspіlny podіl pratsі vistupaє yak processes. Yogo character i result zumovlenі EYAD-vzaєmopov'yaza them Hoca th protilezhnimi for zmіstom, tendentsіyami. Persha, s-pog lyadu rozvitku productive forces suspіlstva, vіdbivaєtsya in vіdok-remlennі novih areas virobnitstva that їh spetsіalіzatsії vіdpovіdno to yakіsnih Change log in materіalnih zasobah virobnitstva is the Ruler-cal funktsіyah virobnikіv, zmіstі processes pratsі and takozh in suspіl-they require. Another harakterizuєtsya ususpіlnennyam virobni-tstva, formuvannyam skladnіshoї Sistemi gospodarskih zv'yazkіv i vіdpovіdnoї kombіnatsії suspіlnogo virobnichogo processes and otzhe, pov'yazana іz rozvitkom ekonomіchnih vіdnosin.

W look around to skladnіst genetichnoї Nature suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі yogo uniquely theoreticity tlumachennya nemozhlive. About Tse svіdchit rozmaїttya basic interpretations suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі yak ekonomіchnoї the category. Vіdpovіdno to them suspіlny podіl pratsі Je:

warehouses Chastain virobnichih suspіlstva forces; tehnologіchnoyu Form іsnuvannya virobnichih forces; pіdsistemoyu ekonomіchnih od-nosin suspіlnogo virobnitstva; Form organіzatsії vzaєmodії VJ forces robnichih i ekonomіchnih vіdnosin; way funktsіonuvannya ekonomіchnih virobnichih vіdnosin.

Sche in the XIX century. one іz vidatnih predstavnikіv klasychnoji polіtich noї ekonomії-J. S. Mіl zaznachav scho vpliv podіlu pratsі on virob-nitstvo nabagato glibshy, nіzh mozhna uyaviti on pіdstavі priynyatih tlumachen tsogo supply. In kіntsі XIX - XX century on the cob. A newly-Bogda, followed by i Plekhanov vіdstoyuvali іdeyu podvіynostі suspіlnih ekonomіchnih vіdnosin in strukturі yakih "Purshia top" Ziman "vіdnosini spіvrobіtnitstva", scho vіdpovіdali tehnіchnomu podіlu pratsі. M. Buharіn, navpaki, pіdkreslyuvav materіalny zmіst podіlu pratsі.

In the following diskusіyah viznachilisya dosit protilezhnі pіdhodi to problem podіlu pratsі. Odnі napolyagali on vіdnesennі pratsі up

productive forces drugі vvazhali korektnіshim tlumachennya podіlu pratsі yak FORMS ostannіh, tretі vіdnosili podіl pratsі to virobni-chih vіdnosin.

Bezperechno, Leather s Got Tsikh pіdhodіv ratsіonalne .zerno, ale fіksuє uwagi on Find our Pevnyi zmіstu suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі. Printsipovimi for the proper category of rozumіnnya Je two aspects. According au-Perche, suspіlny podіl pratsі - is complex kategorіya tse, yak pov'yazuє tehnologіchny processes іz suspіlnim processes virobni-tstva, tobto sotsіalіzuє tehnologіchnu Budova virobnitstva, nadayuchi їy suspіlnih yakostey. Alternatively, suspіlny podіl pratsі vistupaє yak samostіyna productive force, yak factor zrostannya suspіlnoї produktivnostі pratsі.

Shvidky rozvitok pіdpriєmnitstva giving Bhagat materіal for vivchennya vplivu Naukova, tehnologіchnih i have structural zrushen virobnitstvі on yogo i efektivnіst character gospodarskih zv'yaz-kіv. In seredinі XIX century. Marx in "Kapіtalі" uvazhno doslіdiv dіa-ruh lektichny od simplest form podіlu pratsі on rannіh stadіyah Formation pіdpriєmnitskoї ekonomіchnoї system before rozvinutih pіdpriєmnitskih virobnichih vіdnosin scho gruntuvalisya on Vico ristannі machines. Dіyshovshi visnovku scho neobhіdnіst rozpodіlu suspіlnoї pratsі in Pevnyi proportsіyah already nіyak not Mauger butyl znische-on by a new Form suspіlnogo virobnitstva, vіn dovіv unіversal-nіst dії tsogo factor ekonomіchnogo rozvitku.

Complex pіdhіd to analіzu Georeferencing podіlu pratsі in sistemі sus-pіlnogo virobnitstva Veda to rozumіnnya of scho suspіlny podіl pratsі yak one s Fundamental ekonomіchnih kategorіy nalezhit to "stikovih" kategorіy, SSMSC vklyuchayut in itself Elements i produk-tive forces, i ekonomіchnih virobnichih vіdnosin .

Rozvitok suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі for whether yakih sotsіalno-eco-nomіchnih minds oznachaє postіynu nayavnіst stіykih Especially in zmіstі i harakterі rіznih vidіv pratsі th okremih virobnichih proce-sіv. Podіlena Prace vistupaє yak sukupnіst vidіv spetsіalіzovanoї konkretnoї pratsі, Leather іz yakih Got pevnі tehnіko ekonomіchnі-Lake-Naki.

To major Find our scho zumovlyuyut rozbіzhnostі in zmіstі that ha rakterі pratsі okremogo particular note nalezhat: pevnі znaryaddya pratsі, SSMSC vikoristovuyut in virobnichomu protsesі; pevnі Objects pratsі on SSMSC spryamovanі dії virobnika; spetsifіchna tehnologіya VJ robnichogo processes; kvalіfіkatsіya i profesіyna pіdgotovka pratsіv-nick; viznacheny result virobnichogo processes. Kombіnatsіya Tsikh Find our formuє stіykі galuzevі osoblivostі scho vіdrіznyayut eg, treasure, Prace Shakhtar od pratsі budіvelnika chi hlіboroba.

Analіz Sistemi tehnіko-ekonomіchnih acquaint themselves, in weight-spetsіalіzovanoї headquarters suspіlnogo virobnitstva pratsі, pokazuє, scho stink th Je Find our processes virobnitstva. Through Yednist Tsikh Find our rozkrivayut Xia spetsifіka zmіstu, character i result virobnichogo processes, yogo tehnіchny rіven i stupіn progresivnostі.

Otzhe, s one side, їh yakіsny camp stosovno konkretnoї spherical virobnichoї dіyalnostі Je complex characteristics її rozvinutostі stage. Zmіna yakіsnih Find our virobnichogo processes Je Noah rushіy-power rozvitku suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі, yogo kіlkіsnoї that yakіsnoї dinamіki.

W other side, rozvitok suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі stimulyuєtsya natural diferentsіatsієyu suspіlnih required. Purshia іstorich-ny podіl pratsі (vіdokremlennya skotarstva od zemlerobstva) od-buvsya zavdyaki rozvitkovі virobnichogo dosvіdu chlenіv communities that poyavі printsipovo novih vidіv zasobіv pratsі and smut - novih required. Postupovo time іz appeared metalevih znaryad pratsі, vinahodom tehnologії metaloobrobki i pіdvischennyam produktivnostі pratsі vor Muva peredumovi for another great podіlu pratsі - vіdok-remlennya remіsnitstva. Viniknennya pottery virobnitstva, tkats-Twa kovalskogo craft gave poshtovh rozvitku promislovostі in tsіlomu i Shvydko rozshirilo scope of regular commercial obіgu. Yak naslіdok, torgіvlya became samostіynoyu sphere gospodaryuvannya and kupetstvo vіdokremilosya in samostіynu profesіynu grupu. Perehіd od prostoї kooperatsії through textiles to machinery budіvni-tstva suprovodzhuvavsya revolyutsіynimi structural zmіnami in op-ganіzatsії bezposerednogo i suspіlnogo virobnitstva, rіzkim pіdne-sennyam produktivnostі pratsі, zagalnoї efektivnostі Economy.

Suchasnyj processes rozvitku suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі pov'yazany s innovations in ekonomіtsі, SSMSC toil tsiklіchny character. Con-tseptsіyu great ekonomіchnih tsiklіv rozrobiv rosіysky Ekon-mіst MD Kondratєv. Zgіdno s her vprodovzh priblizno 50 rokіv vіdbuvaєtsya zmіna domіnuyuchih the basal tehnologіy. Cycle storage-єtsya s kіlkoh phases: formuvannya narodnogospodarskogo potentsіa-lu innovations yogo rozpovsyudzhennya, wide komertsіynogo vikoristannya i stabіlіzatsії. Suchasnyj harakterizuєtsya cycle in expansion E-i Komp'yuterniy tehnologіy scho given in shtovh rozvitkovі desyatkіv naynovіshih Galuzo virobnitstva. Be-likі potentsіynі mozhlivostі vdoskonalennya suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі pov'yazanі іz rozvitkom bіotehnologіy.

Suspіlny podіl pratsі Mauger Buti klasifіkovany for ver-cal rіvnyami narodnogospodarskoї structure; Main organіzatsіyno-ekonomіchnimi realіzatsії forms; spheres suspіl virobnitstva-tion; species.

For vertical rіvnyami narodnogospodarskoї structuring sus-pіlny podіl pratsі mozhna zobraziti yak tripoverhovu pіramіdu in osnovі yakoї znahodyatsya chislennі ekonomіchno samostіynі sub'єkti state-podarskogo Zhittya - pіdpriєmstva that pіdpriєmtsі. Tse rіven bezpo-serednogo virobnitstva chi odinichny rіven suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі. Above him roztashovana rozgaluzhena nadbudova (galuzevy abo chastko rіven-tions). Verhnіy over becoming small Quantity Gospodar-skih Galuzo, ob'єdnanih zagalnim rіvnem suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі.

Rіvnі suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі okreslyuyut vertical structure virobnitstva that yogo organіzatsії across the national gospodarst Islands. Stupіn detalіzatsії tehnіko-ekonomіchnih characteristics okremih vidіv pratsі zrostaє od vischogo to nizhchogo rіvnya tsієї structure.

Main organіzatsіyno-ekonomіchnimi forms realіzatsії, sus-pіlnogo podіlu pratsі Je: spetsіalіzatsіya virobnitstva, Yogo-tsіya cooperatives, kontsentratsіya that kombіnuvannya.

Spetsіalіzatsіya virobnitstva virazhaєtsya in zrostannі kіlkostі samostіynih virobnitstv scho vіdbuvaєtsya zavdyaki їh those nіko-i-ekonomіchnomu vіdokremlennyu formuvannyu they became vnut-rіshnih zv'yazkіv. Rozrіznyayut spetsіalіzatsіyu Galuzo (in addition chislі th narodnogospodarskih) i spetsіalіzatsіyu of companies. On zagalnі VJ robnichі result naybіlshe vplivaє vnutrіshnogospodarska spetsіalіzatsіya, yak rozscheplyuє processes virobnitstva kіntsevoї pro-duktsії pіdpriєmstva on tehnologіchnі operatsії, organіzuє robot tse-hіv, dіlnits, teams that bezposeredno robіtnikіv.

Spetsіalіzatsіya Promyslova virobnitstva Got predmetnі, hearth-talnі that tehnologіchnі rіznovidi, vikoristannya yakih in rіznih Galois zyah Got pevnі osoblivostі. The basis spetsіalіzatsії very hard vіdok-remlennya Pevnyi virobnichih protsesіv that їhnіh stadіy.

Cooperation - tse vіdnosini zv'yazku okremih virobnikіv, \ y. obmіnu rіznimi views dіyalnostі'ta produktsієyu. There, de іsnuє spetsіalіzatsіya, i Got Booty cooperation. Tsі organіzatsіyno-ekonomіchnі FORMS vzaєmopov'yazanі th zumovlyuyut one single, peretvoryuyut processes virobnitstva on suspіlnu kombіnatsіyu pratsі.

Fallow od rіvnya suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі that panuyuchoї FORMS ekonomіchnih zv'yazkіv cooperation virobnikіv nabuvaє tієї chi іnshoї konkretnoї form. On odinichnomu rіvnі, tobto on rіvnі okremih warehouse them virobnitstv, cooperation Got character was a direct zv'yazkіv mіzh pіdrozdіlami pіdpriєmstva. Kooperativnі zv'yazki mіzh pіdpriєmstvami zdebіlshogo carols potokіv form of commodity, if at osnovі Rink vortices rozrahunkіv zdіysnyuєtsya obmіn produktsієyu. Fallow od rіznovi-dіv spetsіalіzatsії of companies formuyutsya th pevnі Find our їh-tsії cooperatives. Nayposhirenіshimi Suchasnyj forms ostannoї Je: tehnologіchne abo stadіyne kooperuvannya (obmіn napіvfabrikatami chi vikonannya okremih tehnologіchnih stadіy processes vigotovlennya kіntsevogo pro-products); kooperuvannya exploded; Aggregate kooperuvannya.

Kontsentratsіya virobnitstva yak organіzatsіyno-Ekonomichna form suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі viyavlyaєtsya in dosyagnennі Pevnyi obsyagu chi scale spetsіalіzovanih pіdrozdіlіv zagalnoї cooperative-ratsії virobnitstva. Kontsentratsіya zasobіv virobnitstva i robochoї Sealy in okremomu pіdpriєmstvі zdіysnyuєtsya zavdyaki processes HEATING-madzhennya kapіtalu i formuvannya kіlkіsnih proportsіy obmіnu.

Kombіnuvannya virobnitstva Je Form ratsіonalіzatsії virobnichoї kooperatsії in furrows okremih folding virobnitstv. Main metoyu kombіnuvannya Je naybіlsh efektivnosti vikoris-tannya vsіh faktorіv virobnichogo processes on pіdpriєmstvі, GUSTs-rennya bezvіdhodnih tehnologіy. According sutі, kombіnuvannya prezentuє processes mіzhgaluzevoї іntegratsії (bagatoprofіlne virobnitstvo) on odinichnomu rіvnі suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі.

Suspіlne virobnitstvo podіlyaєtsya on the sphere i materіalnogo nematerіalnogo virobnitstva; perevazhno rozumovoї i perevazhno fіzichnoї pratsі. In Persha vipadku kriterієm podіlu Je form kіn-trodes result virobnichogo processes. Yakscho spozhivna vartіst scho stvoryuєtsya in virobnichomu protsesі, vtіlyuєtsya in materіalno th product i (tovarі) Got the Location materіalne virobnitstvo. Well Yakscho result virobnitstva Je zadovolennya nematerіalnih (cul-tour osvіtnіh, spirituality is the іn.) It will take abo pevnі Hotel, todі virobnitstvo Got nematerіalny character. Find our ostannogo often Je zbіg in chasі processes virobnitstva i spozhivannya poslug.

Schodo areas rozumovoї i fіzichnoї pratsі, here printsipovo ro-zrіznyayutsya character pratsі that vikoristannya znaryad pratsі. For rozumovoї pratsі characteristic Je produkuvannya іdey i novih knowledge transfer dosvіdu, realіzatsіya kontrolyuyuchih, regulyuyuchih i organі-zatsіynih funktsіy trudіvnika toscho. Fіzichna Prace zavzhdi pov'yaza-on іz zastosuvannyam energії m'yazіv Helsinki Human chi bezposerednoyu participation in pratsіvnika tehnologіchnih processes.

Sche one aspect vazhlivim suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі Je yogo Vidova spetsifіka. Okrіm vzhe zgaduvanogo galuzevogo іsnuє terito-rіalny podіl pratsі, yaky viznachaє virobnichu spetsіalіzatsіyu quiet chi іnshih regіonіv, geografіchnih mіstsevostey chi admіnіstrativnih rayonіv. On osnovі vіdpovіdnoї sirovinnoї that pererobnoї bazi, a hundred-lih of cooperative zv'yazkіv i nayavnostі kvalіfіkovanoї robochoї Seeley and takozh spriyatlivih natural klіmatichnih minds i mіstseznaho-Jen rozvivayutsya virobnichі complex, scho viznachayut eco-nomіchne encampment area chi navіt tsіloї Kraina.