home Political economy Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

§ 4. Suchasnі zmіni in penny obіgu

Rozvitok commodity virobnitstva that trumpery obіgu privіv in nashі dnі to suttєvih Change log in vikoristannі gold yak pennies. Prak-cal processes vіdbuvaєtsya demonetizatsії gold. Vіdpovіdno Yamayskoї to cater to 1976 p. of 1 kvіtnya 1978 p. gold-vmіst natsіonal their currencies, scho nazivaєtsya gold parity groshovoї odinitsі Kraina (ranіshe zolotoї now paperovoї), CCB skasovany. Ninі zo-yak penny bingo materіal nіde in svіtі in obіgu not vikoristovuyut. Gold kupuyut teper yak zvichayny goods. Practical vono Vico nuє on au-Perche, funktsіyu zasobu nagromadzhennya skarbіv; In another way, the fate of bere in viznachennі Monetary kursіv yak materіalno-Retschow, and once s note i vartіsne zabezpechennya Credit pennies (Papero-vortices, E-kartok toscho).

Exchange rate - tse penny odinitsya Kraina, Virage in Gros shovih odinitsyah іnshih kraїn. Teper vіn viznachaєtsya kupіvelnoyu spromozhnіstyu pevnoї currency vіdnosno tasks set tovarіv that poslug kіlkіstyu 250 naymenuvan at serednozvazhenіy tsіnі (US Dolar that in іnshih natsіonalnih currencies). Rozrahunok exchange rate zdіysnyuyut in place the kozhnіy kraїnі konkretnі, napriklad the US - Federal Reserve for taking part od-povіdnih bankіv; in Frantsії - natsіonalny іnstitut Economy, fіnansіv i statistics; in Ukraїnі - Natsіonalny Bank. It ranks spozhivchy Cart - s 250 naymenuvan - tse spozhivchі benefits SSMSC naybіlsh widely vzhivayutsya. On valyutnі Kursi vplivayut Num-lennі factors stupіn іnflyatsії, camp platіzhnogo balance, rіven vіdsotkovih rates have kraїnі, authority currencies on svіtovih Rink toscho. Names Cart Yea i Basics funktsії pennies yak mіri Var-tostі at paperovih, Electonics that іnshih penny.

The I sogodnі gold zalishaєtsya naynadіynіshim viraznikom ba-gatstva. Right in the fact scho Rate of gold in the major currencies on the foreign exchange vsіh bіrzhah svitu, SSMSC vklyuchenі to mіzhnarodnoї System Auto-matichnoї shvidkіsnoї peredachі Informácie, practical odnakova, tobto іsnuє svіtova Cena gold, yak yogo vіdbivaє svіtovu vartіst. Tse pov'yazano s tim, scho vitrati on virobnitstvo gold userednyuyut Xia, produktivnіst pratsі at Yogo virobnitstvі virіvnyuєtsya.

Ranіshe rate of gold (tsіnu) natsіonalnoї groshovoї odinitsі VJ significant power, vihodyachi s gold reserve Kraina, stock іnshih dorogotsіnnih metalіv that іnshih aktivіv Derzhbanku. Naprikіntsі 60 rokіv Tsei method LUVs torn down. Spochatku іz іnіtsіativi US yak head lender svitu and potіm i Mіzhnarodnogo currency background do Where Money Does domіnuyut US, gold has ceased Buti mіzhnarodnim zagalnim trademark i ekvіvalentom penny. Yogo Location posіli Kaushik vіdpovіdnih spozhivchih tovarіv on SSMSC in kozhnіy kraїnі arise and shine forth, novlyuyutsya svoї tsіni in natsіonalnih odinitsyah penny. Otzhe, courses natsіonalnih currency viznachayutsya spіvvіdnoshennyam tsіn in Tsikh currencies for z Cart odnakovim set tovarіv. Naturally, scho rіznitsya vitrat virobnitstvo on one of the first of the product-in rіz them kraїnah robit Taqiy ekvіvalent dosit nedostovіrnoyu mіzhna-native mіroyu vartostі.

Funktsіyu zasobu obіgu that payment vikonuyut paperovі groshі, kreditnі bіleti, elektronnі kartka toscho. Yurydychna Basics valyutnoї system for svіtovih pennies boule progoloshenі spetsіalnі zapisanі rights (Special Drawing Rights), garantovanі Mіzhnarodnim Monetary Fund. Course SDR viznachaєtsya on osnovі serednozva-zhenogo rate Pevnyi set natsіonalnih currency, de US Dolar pripadaє 42 vіdsotki. On praktitsі Dolar US zalishaєtsya bases-it mіzhnarodnim platіzhnim zasobom. Vikoristovuyutsya natsіo-nalnі currency number i i nshih rozvinutih kraїn. So, in Єvropeysko th Soyuzі vikoristovuyut yak grupovogo mіzhnarodnu bezgotіvkovu rozrahunkovu penny odinitsyu ESU (s anglіyskoї that Frenchman-koї - ob'єdnana єvropeyska currency)., Yak for rіshennyam, priynyatim kerіvnitstvom Union in 1996 p, Got Booty pereymenovana in with Euro. Realnі mozhlivostі demonetizatsії gold stvoryuyut Suchasnyj roses-round-NAUKOVO tehnіchnogo Progreso, vprovadzhennya ACS komp'yute-rizatsіya oblіku, rozvitok ekonomіchnoї іntegratsії, novih Collective forms vlasnostі, її sotsіalіzatsіya toscho. Tse Way to vіdkrilo viyavlen-nya neobhіdnoї kіlkostі pennies for normal funktsіonuvannya Gospodarstwa without poserednika - gold.

Demonetizatsіya gold formuvannya i novih Monetary pro-yshli systems Pevnyi іstorichny Way. Etap Pochatkova yogo Bulo vitіs-nennya gold yak pennies in pershіy polovinі XX century. vnutrіshnogo s turnover. Zakіnchuєtsya Tsey Way zamіnoyu gold tovaroobo-rotі svіtovomu on market analysis. Yak has zaznachalosya, based tsogo processes very hard realnі mozhlivostі yak, so i ob'єktivnu neobhіdnіst.

Naybіlshogo rozvitku svіtova penny system zasnovana to Zoloti, dosyagla on the cob XX century., If zabezpechuvavsya neobmezhe-ny obmіn natsіonalnih currency for gold. Tsya system titles won gold standard. Ninі on osnovі demonetizatsії gold formuєtsya mіzhnarodna new monetary system, the status Yurydychna yakoї pochavsya pіslya pіdpisannya Yamayskoї land.

W rozvitkom masshtabіv commodity Gospodarstwa gold-entered into not zmozі Bulo vikonuvati funktsіyu zasobu obіgu, payment and potіm i svіtovih pennies vnaslіdok nedostatnoї tsogo for yogo kіl-

kostі. Before w zastosuvannya paperovih and potіm Credit is the E-pennies all bіlshe vіdrivalo їh od svoєї zolotoї Ba-vie. Tse gave zmogu Uryadov vіddalyati gold-od yogo representation nitskih forms vnaslіdok іnflyatsії toscho.

For pribliznimi otsіnkami, protyagom usієї іstorії rozvitku gold th promislu in starodavnі that serednі vіki (up cob XVII century.) Zagal-ny vidobutok gold becomes 13.3 yew. m. 1600 W and 1990 p. svіtі in Bulo dobuto 106.2 yew. t gold. Otzhe, zagalny gold stocks men-tion - priblizno 119.5 yew. t Tretinu Yogo (38-39 yew m.) mill-lyat derzhavnі Zoloti stocks priblizno chvert (28-30 yew m.) ash and that -. tezavrovana, tobto nakopichena Private personages have viglyadі belongings, bіlshe tretini - vikoristano in yuvelіrnih, i denture Promyslova-tehnіchnih, Especially radіoelektronnih virobah (40- 42 tis. tons). Pevnyi Chastina (9-13 tis. Tons) znahoditsya in the tomb, SCAR-bang, recesses, ruїnah starodavnіh mіst on dnі morіv, okeanіv toscho.