home Political economy Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

§ 2. Regulyuvannya rіchnogo flow tovarіv, poslug i dohodіv on makroekonomіchnomu rіvnі

Suchasna zahіdna Ekonomichna Dumka rozglyadaє bezperervnіst virobnitstva a scale model suspіlstva through ekonomіchnogo turnover produktіv i dohodіv (Fig. 26).

In rinkovіy ekonomіtsі OAO All good, scho zdіysnyuyut ekonomіchny turnover toil two forms: natural-Retschow that penny. Tsі FORMS spіvіsnuyut i vodnochase superechat one odnіy. Pong toil rіznu spryamovanіst Ruhu: penny - for strіlkoyu godinnika, Nat-General - against.

Vihіdnim point in ekonomіchnomu oborotі benefits Je domogospodar-tion, SSMSC for dwellers mother їzhu, Zhitlo, odyag, proponuyut on market analysis resursіv ground Prace, kapіtal, pіdpriєmnitskі zdіbnostі. Pong Well splachuyut derzhavі pryamі podatki and otrimuyut od neї zarobіtnu fee (Yakscho pratsyuyut in state-sponsored sektorі) transfertnі pla-tezhі.

Pіdpriєmstva splachuyut derzhavі pryamі that nepryamі podatki and otrimuyut od neї dotatsії, subsidії, subventsії, Yakscho pid pіdpadayut dіyu Sistemi pіlg. Mіzh pіdpriє mstvami i domashnіmi gospodarst-you mozhut іsnuvati bezlіch poserednikіv. Tse-foot model ekonomіch turnover zakritoї natsіonalnoї Economy. On praktitsі Won uskladnyuєtsya vzaєminami s іnshimi kraїnami, SSMSC vplivayut on funktsіonuvannya rіznih ekonomіchnih sub'єktіv have to chislі th der zhavi, rinkovu kon'yunkturu yak resursіv at the market, so i at the market tovarіv.

Otzhe move your model of a closed circular flow dіlovoї ak-tivnostі bring:

Yednist natural-Retschow vartіsno i-penny-makroekonomіch proportsіy them;

vzaєmozv'yazok i vzaєmoobumovlenіst spheres i potokіv vіdtvorennya Ruhu resursіv, tovarіv i dohodіv;

neobhіdnіst uzgodzhennya ekonomіchnih іnteresіv that potreb pro-davtsіv (virobnikіv) i pokuptsіv (spozhivachіv);

vrіvnovazhenіst sukupnoї Offers that sukupnogo popitu, Dhu movlenu dіalektichnoyu єdnіstyu virobnitstva i spozhivannya (no wi-robnitstva Absent spozhivannya without spozhivannya Absent virobnitstva);

odnochasnіst funktsіonuvannya i turnover in kapіtalu troh vor max: productive-resursnіy, tovarnіy, groshovіy.

Rinkova ekonomіka peredbachaє uzgodzhennya, urіvnovazhenіst mіzh vitratami that income popitom i propozitsієyu yak in the furrows of the neighborhood-IIR Galuzo that sektorіv Economy, so i on the scale usogo sus-pіlstva. Makroekonomіchny analіz rіvnovagi potrebuє retelnі-shogo rozglyadu such ekonomіchnogo yavischa,

yak sukupny popit, yaky

nabuvaє FORMS spozhivchogo (vitrati on spozhivannya) that іnvesti-tsіynogo (vitrati on kapіtalnі goods). Tom dokladnіshe rozglyane-mo takі ponyattya, yak "spozhivannya", "zaoschadzhennya", "іnvestitsії" SSMSC toil dosit suttєve values ​​for analіzu rіvnovagi that chinni-kіv scho vplivayut on zrostannya natsіonalnogo income that іnshih uzagalnyuyuchih pokaznikіv gospodarskoї dіyalnostі Kraina. Naiza-galnіshy vzaєmozv'yazok Tsikh protsesіv zobrazheno in Fig. 27.

Spozhivannya - tse chi virazhennya zagalnogo spozhivchogo plateau spromozhnogo popitu. Іnshimi words spozhivannya yavlyaє him zagalnu Quantity tovarіv bought that spozhitih protyagom Pevnyi th perіodu. Rіven spozhivannya deposits od sub'єktivnogo that ob'єk-tive chinnikіv. Sub'єktivny chinnik vklyuchaє psihologіchnu skhilnіst people to spozhivannya; ob'єktivnі - rіven income yogo rozpodіl, rіven tsіn, rate vіdsotka toscho.

Zrozumіlo scho mіzh rіvnem spozhivannya that rіvnem income іsnuє direct phone reception. Prote on rіven spozhivannya krіm income vplivaє takozh a boundary skhilnіst to spozhivannya. Dwellers zrozumіti Austan-nude rozglyanemo serednyu skhilnіst to spozhivannya CCC, visas yak-yak nachayut psihologіchny chinnik scho vplivaє on Bazhannya people kupuvati spozhivchі goods. Shilnіst spozhivannya to pay with yak-yut vіdnoshennya Chastain natsіonalnogo income scho іde in Spozhiv-vannya C to vsogo natsіonalnogo income Y, tobto

Boundary Well skhilnіst to spozhivannya GSS - tse vіdnoshennya whether yakih for Change in spozhivannі to whether yakih for Change in rіvnі income yaky viklikav zmіnu in spozhivannі, tobto

Vihodyachi s "brain psihologіchnogo law" Keynes, Boundary skhilnіst to spozhivannya kolivaєtsya in furrows od 0 to 1, tobto

Prote Lyudin pragne not tіlki spozhivati ​​and second zaoschadzhuvati. Zaoschadzhennya yavlyaє him Chastain income, not yak spozhivaєt Xia. Zaoschadzhennya oznachayut skorochennya spozhivannya. Pong - іnvestitsіy basis.

Serednyu skhilnіst to zaoschadzhen CVD viznachayut yak vіdno-shennya zaoschadzhenoї Chastain natsіonalnogo income 5 to vsogo to-go V, tobto

Boundary skhilnіst to zaoschadzhennya NHS - tse spіvvіdnoshennya whether yakih Change log in to zaoschadzhennyah quiet for Change in dohodі, SSMSC sprichini-whether nazvanі vische zmіni, tobto

Yakscho sukupny income have rozpodіlyaєtsya on spozhivannya With i-oschadzhennya for S, then? C +? S =? Y. Oznachaє Tse, scho minds of zrostan-nya income Pevnyi yogo Chastina vikoristovuєtsya on zbіlshennya spo-tenance C and іnsha - on zrostannya zaoschadzhen S, and the zagalnі obsyagi zrostannya spozhivannya that zaoschadzhennya povinnі dorіvnyu-vati obsyagu increase in income?. Ically mathematical Tsey phone reception mozhna goiter-reeks like this:

Boundary skhilnіst to zaoschadzhennya NHS іz vischenavedenoї vor Muli dorіvnyuє rіznitsі mіzh odinitseyu that boundary skhilnіstyu to spozhivannya: PES = 1 - GSS i, navpaki, Boundary skhilnіst to spozhivannya dorіvnyuє rіznitsі mіzh odinitseyu that boundary skhil-nіstyu to zaoschadzhennya: REG = 1 - NHS .

In ekonomіchnomu zhittі suspіlstva yavische zaoschadzhennya znaho-be in dosit tіsnomu zv'yazku s yavischem іnvestuvannya. Zaoscha-Jen Je Basics іnvestitsіy I. For natural-Retschow the structure-digging income nabuvaє FORMS spozhivchih i kapіtalnih tovarіv. Pershi ydut in nevirobniche spozhivannya, drugі - at virobniche.

Zagalny obsyag kapіtalnih i virobnichih tovarіv nazivayut real іnvestitsіyami, abo іnvestitsіynimi popitom. Yaky same phone reception іsnuє mіzh zaoschadzhennyami that іnvestitsіyami? J. M. Keynes dovіv scho zaoschadzhennya that іnvestitsії zavzhdi odnakovі, oskіlki Faculty tichnі zaoschadzhennya that іnvestitsії dorіvnyuyut rіznitsі mіzh income i spozhivannyam.

Yakscho kapіtalovkladennya zrostayut, the income zrostaє in takіy mіrі, dwellers bring to zaoschadzhennya rіvnya kapіtalovkladen. The I navpaki, Yakscho kapіtalovkladennya viyavilis Mensch, nіzh zaoschadzhennya, the income zmenshitsya nastіlki, dwellers zaoschadzhennya zrіvnyalis s іnvestitsіyami. Oznachaє Tse, scho ekonomіka znahoditsya in stanі rіvno-crowbars in tochtsі de zaoschadzhennya that іnvestitsії vrіvnovazhuyutsya. Zobra-wintering vzaєmozv'yazok mіzh natsіonalnim income zaoschadzhennyami that іnvestitsіyami grafіchno (Fig. 28).

Yakscho pripustiti scho Square od obsyagu income mozhlivostі іnvestuvannya s rock in Year zalishayutsya steel, the lіnіya II bude harakterizuvati nezmіnny obsyag іnvestitsіy (such situatsіya re-dbachaє Pevnyi rіven abstraguvannya s metoyu sproschennya pobudovi vіdpovіdnih models).

Dinamіka is the nature of the processes zaoschadzhennya zobrazhenі lіnієyu SS. Іz grafіka seen scho at zrostannі natsіonalnogo income on the curves zaoschadzhen SS pіdnіmaєtsya Vgoru. Dali in tochtsі peretinu

zaoschadzhen SS curve that іnvestitsіy II Ekonomichna system znaho-ditsya in rіvnovazі. Yakscho Well, napriklad, bude system ruhatis in napryamі zrostannya natsіonalnogo income pravіshe point K, lіnіya zaoschadzhen SS Walk vische krivoї іnvestitsіy II. Zrostannya for-oschadzhen zmenshit spozhivannya. Upovіlnitsya processes realіzatsії tovarіv i poslug, zrostut tovarnі stocks. Skoroti obsyag VJ robnitstva, zroste bezrobіttya. Tse prizvede to znizhennya rіvnya tsіonalnogo to-income ratio (ruh vlіvo) i system will turn up at rіvnovagi tochtsі K.

Rozglyanemo Teper, yak zmіna obsyagu іnvestitsіy / vplivaє on lead-rank natsіonalnogo income (Fig. 29).

Pripustimo, scho tse svіdchit about zrushennya krivoї іnvestitsіy II Vgoru I'I '. Todі point ekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi By peremіschuєtsya in point-ku K '; in yakіy vіdbivayutsya prirіst zaoschadzhen i prirіst natsіonal-tion income. Іz grafіka seen scho prirіst natsіonalnogo income bіlshy, nіzh prirіst іnvestitsіy. Koefіtsієnt perevischennya zros-tannya income over іnvestitsіyami J. M. Keynes called multi-plіkatorom. The essence of multiplіkatora polyagaє in fact, scho minds in rinkovoї Economy zbіlshennya obsyagіv іnvestitsіy spriyaє zrostan nude rozmіru natsіonalnogo income against tse zrostannya od buvaєtsya shvidshe, nіzh zrostannya іnvestitsіy.

Multiplіkatsіyny efekt poshiryuєtsya takozh on zaoschadzhen-nya. Yakscho curve zaoschadzhen peremіstitsya Vgoru, the point rіvnova-gi K 'zmіstitsya vlіvo od point K, scho Yea svіdchennyam padіnnya rіvnya natsіonalnogo income (Fig. 30). Poyasnyuєtsya Tse note scho zrostannya skhilnostі to zaoschadzhennya Veda to skorochennya spozhivannya. Hoz tannє Well sponukaє pіdpriєmtsіv vіdmovitis od іnvestuvannya kapіtalu in virobnitstvo, oskіlki mozhlivostі realіzatsії zvuzhuyutsya. Sceaux-Rocen іnvestitsіy generally produces up skorochennya natsіonalnogo VJ robnitstva i natsіonalnogo income.

Vikladene svіdchit about those scho multiplіkator dіє two ways. W one side, zrostannya іnvestitsіy spriyaє multiplіkatsіynomu zrostannyu natsіonalnogo income, and other s - skorochennya іnvestitsіy at-zvodit to rіzkogo zmenshennya natsіonalnogo income. Well Rіvnovaga in ekonomіtsі Mauger i zabezpechuvatis at nizkomu rіvnі іnvestitsіy, ale when digit rіvnі bezrobіttya abo at Visoko rіvnі іnvesti-tsіy porіvnyano іz zaoschadzhennyami, ale at іnflyatsіynomu zrostan-ni tsіn.

Doslіdzhuyuchi rozglyaduvanі zalezhnostі Keynes dovіv scho rіvnova-ha mіzh іnvestitsіyami that zaoschadzhennyami in tochtsі By dosyagaєtsya in protsesі samorozvitku ekonomіchnoї system without whether yakogo vtru-channya powers in ekonomіchne Zhittya suspіlstva. Prote on yogo Dumka, rіvnovaga in tochtsі It does not require vіdpovіdaє suspіlstva, wasps kіlki Won peredbachaє nayavnіst digit rіvnya bezrobіttya. Souss pіlstvo Well guilty dbati about those dwellers stvoriti takі ekonomіchnі peredumovi for yakih rіven іnvestitsіy zrostav bi, and the point rіvnova-gi mіzh іnvestitsіyami I that zaoschadzhennyami S nablizhalas to point F in yakіy stvoryuєtsya natsіonalny income dostatnіy for zabezpe-chennya povnoї zaynyatostі. Stvoriti takі peredumovi at Dumka Kay NSA, zdatna tіlki power for Relief vplivu on sukupny in the pit through derzhavnі vitrati, SSMSC harakterizuyut popit power (Fig. 31)

Model scho vіdbivaє vzaєmozv'yazok mіzh natsіonalnim income i sukupnimi vitratami, nazivayut slit "keynsіsіnskim Chrestus". Tsya model gruntuєtsya to ensure scho natsіonalny income vikoristovu-єtsya yak on spozhivannya, so i on іnvestuvannya, tobto

With de + I - sukupnі vitrati suspіlstva.

Іz grafіka seen, scho minds in stagnatsії point rіvnovagi R0 іnves-titsіy that I zaoschadzhen S znahoditsya uniquely nizhche point, de-Dosya gaєtsya Povny zaynyatіst F. Stimulyuvannya processes zrostannya on-tsіonalnogo income vіdbuvaєtsya Shlyakhov dodavannya to NKVD spozhivannya With іnvestitsіy in pіdpriєmnitskі structure. Todі curve with the provisions of the Loan krivoї (C + I) and point (R0) peremіstitsya in point K, nablizivshis Pevnyi mіroyu to the point P, ale not dosyagnuv-shek її. Dwellers domogtisya peremіschennya point K to the point K1, power is not to blame obmezhuvatis stimulyuvannyam Private іnvestitsіy, won herself Got vistupati іnvestorom Reigning program, zbіlshuyuchi obsyagi іnvestitsіy i sukupnogo spozhivannya. Such dіyalnіst holding vie spriyaє peremіschennyu krivoї sukupnogo popitu Vgoru od (C + I) to (C + I + G), and the point K to the point K 'suttєvo nablizivshi її to bazhanoї point F, then yak Yea rіvnovazhnoyu for іnvestitsіy i zaoschadzhen.

Efekt, otrimany od sovereign іnvestuvannya Economy, glyadaєtsya-roses in ekonomіchnіy teorії yak multiplіkatsіyny efekt. Yak zaznachav J. M. Keynes, multiplіkator oznachaє scho zrostannya for-obsyagu іnvestitsіy to legally bring to zrostannya obsyagіv natsіo-tional income by the amount of yak in the k razіv bіlsha, nіzh prirіst іnvestitsіy. Ically mathematical qiu zalezhnіst mozhna vіdobraziti as follows:

Prirіst dohodіv? We, in its Cherga, podіlyaєtsya on prirіst spo-zhivchih vitrat? With that prirіst іnvestitsіy? I of, tobto? Y =? C +? Of I. Zvіdsi I = Y -??? C. Pіdstavivshi values? I have the formula

Podіlivshi chiselnik that znamennik on? Y otrimaєmo formula

Іz vivedenoї formula shows scho multiplіkator By dorіvnyuє odinitsі, podіlenіy on rіznitsyu mіzh odinitseyu that boundary skhil-nіstyu to spozhivannya, abo dorіvnyuє velichinі, zvorotnіy granichnіy skhilnostі to zaoschadzhen. Yakscho, napriklad, Boundary skhilnіst to spozhivannya becoming 3/5, then multiplіkator

When zrostannі іnvestitsіy per 10 000 ML. zagalny prirіst natsіo-tional income becomes 25,000 odes.

Іz teorії multiplіkatsії mozhna zrobiti visnovok scho denote Vishcha skhilnіst to spozhivannya, team bіlshy multiplіkator, team suttє-vіshoyu Je rіznitsya mіzh Pervin іnvestitsієyu that zagalnim zbіl-shennyam sukupnogo popitu and otzhe, i zrostannya, vreshtі-Rasht, natsіo-tional income. When tsomu slіd zaznachiti scho Pervin zrostan-nya іnvestitsіy primnozhuє prirіst income in spadnіy geometrichnіy progresії. Oznachaє Tse, scho Yakscho a boundary skhilnіst to spozhivan-nya SCA becoming 3/5, the Pervin vitrata on іnvestuvannya Prien se od 2.5. increase in revenues, oskіlki kіntseva scrip progresії dorіv-nyuє 2.5 tobto de n- kіnets multiplіkatsіynogo processes.

Exposure The multiplіkatora pripinyaєtsya todі, if prirіst zaoschadzhen zrіvnyuєtsya s increase in revenues, tobto? S =? U.

In order to overcome the attenuation dwellers, neobhіdno Pevnyi rite sti-mulyuvati іnvestitsіyny processes. Qiu problem virіshuє accelerator - koefіtsієnt, yaky vіdbivaє vzaєmozv'yazok mіzh іnvestitsіynim i spozhivchim popitom. Ically mathematical Tsey phone reception mozhna zobraziti as follows:

and de - koefіtsієnt akseleratsії; I t, zrostannya novih іnvestitsіy in perіodі t; Yt - the value of income for perіod t; Yt-1 - the value of income for perіod scho pereduє perіodu t; Yt - yt-1 - prirіst income for perіod t.

Accelerator, yak i multiplіkator, Mauger dіyati in two ways: s one side, prirіst spozhivchogo popitu stimulyuє іnvestitsіynі vitrati and other s - padіnnya tempіv zrostannya popitu on spozhivchі Flea generally produces up zagasannya іnvestitsіynogo popitu.

Ekonomіchnoyu brought by science, scho for Pevnyi perіodu hour mozhna Know TAKE poєdnannya protsesіv multiplіkatsії that Axel ratsії, yak i zabezpechit nezagasayuche zrostannya.

On vzaєmozv'yazok protsesіv іnvestuvannya i spozhivannya digit vpliv toil takі chinniki, yak ochіkuvannya spozhivachіv (pokuptsіv) i virobnikіv (prodavtsіv), type rinkovoї konkurentsії, spriyatlivіst rinkovoї kon'yunkturi phase ekonomіchnogo toscho cycle. Krіm Sotho ekonomіchnih yavisch that protsesіv, іsnuyut bezlіch sotsіalnih, polіtich-them moral psihologіchnih, demografіchnih, natural that іnshih aspektіv, exposure The yakih poznachaєtsya Especially on Ruhu warehouses natsіonalnogo income. All tse, vreshtі-Rasht, vіdbivaєtsya the pace ekonomіchnogo zrostannya, stabіlnostі makroekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi, Napriklad have zahіdnіy ekonomіchnіy dumtsі widely vіdoma model zrostannya Solow, scho viyavlyaє mehanіzm vplivu zaoschadzhen, zbіl-shennya population i zrostannya NAUKOVO-tehnіchnogo Progreso on PI-Wen Zhittya that yogo dinamіku. The "golden rule" modelі zrostannya Solow viznachaє optimal rate zaoschadzhen for yakoyu Arise-lyuєtsya camp stіykogo zrostannya s Economy-Maximum rіv it spozhivannya on skin robіtnika, abo Maximum rіven spozhivannya on efektivnosti odinitsyu robochoї Seeley.

Tse svіdchit about those scho on suchasnі makroekonomіchnі processes znach-but vplivayut vzaєmoperepletenі sotsіalno-ekonomіchnі, tehnіko-op-ganіzatsіynі, natural demografіchnі, moral and psihologіchnі that in lіtichnі aspects.