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Bankіvskі operatsії - Frost AM

3.4. Mіzhbankіvskі rozrahunki

Vazhlivim Elements penny rozrahunkіv Je mіzhbankіvskі rozrahunki. Je Pong obov'yazkovoyu peredumovoyu mіzhgospodarskih rozrahunkіv scho zdіysnyuyutsya mіzh ekonomіchnimi sub'єktami - klієntami rіznih bankіv abo rіznih fіlіy one bank. In Tsikh vipadkah vinikaє require perekazuvati Costa s bank paysite in oderzhuvacha Bank.

Krіm of mіzh banks yak samostіynimi ekonomіchnimi sub'єktami vinikaє bagato vіdnosin, SSMSC zumovlyuyut їh vlasnі vzaєmnі platezhі - mіzhbankіvskі kreditnі vіdnosini, kupіvlya-currency sales, tsіnnih paperіv, nadannya poslug toscho. Tom lining organіzovanoї, nadіynoї, efektivnoї Sistemi mіzhbankіvskih rozrahunkіv not mozhut uspіshno zdіysnyuvatisya mіzhgospodarskі rozrahunki i funktsіonuvati bankіvska vzagalі system.

For zabezpechennya mіzhbankіvskih rozrahunkіv stvoryuyutsya spetsіalnі platіzhnі system. Їh organіzatsіya in rіznih kraїnah neodnakova scho zumovleno traditsіyami, rіvnem rozvitku bankіvskoї right, scales zaprovadzhennya novіtnіh Komp'yuterniy tehnologіy in bankіvsku toscho practice. UKRAINE vіdnosno recently started to Rozbudova svoєї bankіvskoї system. However, vivchivshi maintained upstream svіtovy dosvіd that zaprovadivshi naysuchasnіshі komp'yuternі tehnologії, Won target dosit operational, efektivnosti th nadіynu system mіzhbankіvskih rozrahunkіv - E-System platezhіv (SEP), scho vіdpovіdaє svіtovim standards. Tsya system rozbudovana on state-sponsored rіvnі, oskіlki іnіtsіatorom i organіzatorom її CCB NBU. Through neї zdіysnyuєtsya perevazhna Chastina mіzhbankіvskih rozrahunkіv in Ukraїnі, Won spromozhna zadovolniti required in rozrahunkah usіh bankіv.

Krіm Sistemi E-platezhіv, mіzhbankіvskі rozrahunki mozhut zdіysnyuvatisya i INSHI through the system, and the Same:

- Vnutrіshnobankіvsku platіzhnu system (UPU);

- Kombіnatsіyu UPU i CEP systems;

- Mіzhnarodnі Sistemi E-rozrahunkіv, napriklad SWIFT;

- Dvostoronnі pryamі korespondentskі vіdnosini.

HEAD priznachennyam kozhnoї s names of systems Je yaknayshvidshe transportuvannya rozrahunkovih dokumentіv mіzh banks that perekazuvannya koshtіv od paysite to oderzhuvacha. For tsogo banks povinnі vіdkrivati ​​one for one osoblivі rahunki, SSMSC nazivayutsya korespondentskimi (korrahunkami), is the mother of inexpensive, shvidkіsnu i nadіynu zv'yazku system for sent messages Informácie.

Korespondentsky rakhunok - tse rakhunok one bank in vіdkrity іnshomu bank. Ostannіy bank for doruchennyam for rakhunok i Perche zdіysnyuє rіznі platezhі: Banks, Where Money Does rakhunok vіdkrity, іnshomu bank nebankіvskim structures. Korrahunki for bankіv toil TAKE w values, yak potochnі rahunki for gospodarskih sub'єktіv and vіdkrittya i Keeping їh Je obov'yazkovoyu peredumovoyu zdіysnennya mіzhbankіvskih rozrahunkіv. Keeping korrahunkіv - vazhliva warehouses korespondentskih vіdnosin mіzh banks.

Korespondentskі vіdnosini - tse dogovіrnі vіdnosini mіzh s banks metoyu vikonannya cutaneous іz them for іnshogo Pevnyi operatsіy that poslug, pov'yazanih s rozrahunkami mіzh klієntami that s Vlasnyi vіdnosinami. Pong oformlyayutsya korespondentski mi agreements in yakih viznachayutsya Vidi poslug scho їh nadaє one bank іnshomu, forms, procedure i minds nadannya: vіdkrittya rahunkіv, pіdtverdzhennya i vikonannya akreditivіv that іnshih rozrahunkovih operatsіy, rozmіr komіsіynoї vinagorodi for Hotel schodo Keeping korrahunku, sposіb committing that Zahist Informácie, rows contract vіdpovіdalnіst sanktsії i for yogo torn down.

Ukladennyu korespondentskogo contract mіzh komertsіynimi banks pereduє uvazhne vivchennya one of them, and vіdkrittya korrahunkіv zdіysnyuєtsya on pіdstavі viznachenogo set of standard dokumentіv the statutes about mіzhbankіvskі rozrahunki in Ukraїnі, zatverdzhenim Holds Pravlіnnya Zhovtnya NBU 8, 1998.

In ukraїnskіy praktitsі vikoristovuyutsya korrahunki kіlkoh vidіv:

- Vіdkritі on vzaєmnіy osnovі, if two banks (fіlії bankіv) vіdkrivayut їh one for one;

- Vіdkritі odnostoronnomu in order, if one bank vіdkrivaє tіlki sobі rakhunok at another bank. Takі rahunki vіdkrivayut, yak rule, Ukrainian banks іnozemnih abo malі banks have great resident banks;

- Vіdkritі banks in other rіvnya regіonalnih upravlіnnyah NBU. In praktitsі mіzhbankіvskih rozrahunkіv through SEP їh nazivayut real korrahunkami;

- Performance korrahunki, vіdkritі banks - participants in SEP regіonalnih rozrahunkovih wards;

- Klіringovі rahunki scho Yea i rіznovidom korrahunkіv vіdkrivayutsya in klіringovih centers (rozrahunkovih banks) to conduct zalіku vzaєmnih vimog mіzh banks.

Korrahunki, vіdkritі in komertsіynih banks pіdrozdіlyayutsya rahunki on "Nostro", "Loro". "Nostro" nazivaєtsya rakhunok, vіdkrity danim bank іnshomu komertsіynomu bank. Rakhunok "Nostro" vіdobrazhaєtsya in bank vlasnika in aktivі, and obslugovuyuchogo bank Korrespondent - in pasivі balance.

"Loro" nazivaєtsya rakhunok, vіdkrity danomu from bank to bank іnshogo komertsіynogo - Yogo vlasnika. Tom is one that i samy korrahunok for bank vlasnika bude rahunkom "nostro" and for obslugovuyuchogo bank - rahunkom "Loro". In obslugovuyuchogo bank correspondent of "Loro" vіdobrazhaєtsya pasivі in the balance, and bank vlasnika - in aktivі balance.

Korespondentsky rakhunok, vіdkrity danim bank to bank-correspondent of іnozemnogo in іnozemnіy praktitsі slit nazivaєtsya rahunkom "Vostro". For bankіv Ukraine rahunki "Vostro" - tse, Vlasnyi those SAME Well, scho th rahunki "Loro".

Mіzhbankіvskі rozrahunki in Ukraїnі (tobto Keeping korrahunkіv, formuvannya rozrahunkovo-platіzhnih dokumentіv, їh committing, transportuvannya, priymannya, obroblennya, control ta Zahist Informácie, write-downs that zarahuvannya koshtіv on rahunkah toscho) zdіysnyuyutsya іz zastosuvannyam Electonics zasobіv. Cutaneous Bank rozroblyaє their trammel Electonics zasobіv zdіysnennya platezhіv. Naybіlsh Mogutnov i Wide trammel їh target NBU, scho th gave Yomou mozhlivіst rozrobiti zagalnonatsіonalnu System E-platezhіv.

E-platezhіv System (SEP) Natsіonalnogo Bank of Ukraine - tse Derzhavna platіzhna system scho zabezpechuє zdіysnennya rozrahunkіv mіzh bankіvskimi install on vsіy teritorії Ukraine formі out electronically.

Funktsіonuvannya SEP bazuєtsya on the following principles:

- Usі operatsії zdіysnyuyutsya viklyuchno in bezpaperovіy (elektronnіy) formі;

- Yea absolutely Closed-system, not tobto groshovі Costa mozhut viyti s fіnansovogo expanse SEP on zhodnіy s її dіlyanok;

- Koshtіv turnover in sistemі zdіysnyuєtsya the principle of "gross", if cutaneous platіzh vіdobrazhaєtsya on korrahunku participant SEP;

- Іnіtsіativa making payments nalezhit bank paysite, yaky debetuє svіy rakhunok. Right debetuvati korrahunki іnshih uchasnikіv SEP nadaєtsya tіlki install NBU obmezhenih, peredbachenih chinnim zakonodavstvom vipadkah;

- Vikonannya platіzhnih doruchen s yogo paysite korrahunku zdіysnyuєtsya in chergovostі їh calendar nadhodzhennya in SEP i in the furrows on nayavnih rahunku koshtіv;

- Platezhі zdіysnyuyutsya in real rezhimі hour scho daє mozhlivіst completed rozrahunki mіzh banks protyagom operatsіynogo day;

- Zarahuvannya koshtіv oderzhuvachu zdіysnyuєtsya tіlki pіslya writedowns їh s korrahunku bank scho paysite obslugovuє, i nadhodzhennya on korrahunok obslugovuyuchogo yogo bank.

Dotrimannya Tsikh printsipіv, peredusіm prevent overdraft for korrahunkami i zabezpechennya platezhіv in rezhimі robochem hour, pozbavlyayut SEP credit riziku i zabezpechuyut їy lіkvіdnіst temple.

In strukturnіy pobudovі SEP chіtko vimalovuyutsya three rіvnі: nizhnіy, serednіy that verhnіy.

At the bottom rіvnі perebuvayut komertsіynі banks їhnі fіlії - JEP Participants time іz Vlasnyi avtomatizatsії E-system (ABS), program- tehnіchnim AWS-3 complex zasobami Zahist Informácie that elektronnoї why.

Serednіy rіven - tse teritorіalnі upravlіnnya NBU teritorіalnі rozrahunkovі Commerce (RRS) s time program- tehnіchnim complexes ARM-2, zasobami Zahist Informácie that elektronnoї why.

On the upper rіvnі funktsіonuyut operatsіyne upravlіnnya NBU central rozrahunkova Chamber (PIU) s time program- tehnіchnim ARM-1 complex, zasobami Zahist Informácie that elektronnoї why. Before tsogo rіvnya vіdnesene takozh teritorіalne upravlіnnya NBU m. Kiev on i Kiїvskіy oblastі, oskіlki for bankіv tsogo regіonu not stvoryuvalasya okrema rozrahunkova Chamber and їh obslugovuvannya dorucheno PCR.

In zagalnomu viglyadі structural pobudovu SEP mozhna taxes as follows (Figure 3.8.):

Fig. 3.8. The structural pobudova JEP

Elements SEP upper rіvnya zabezpechuyut funktsіonuvannya Sistemi zagalom: balansuvannya mіzhregіonalnih platіzhnih oborotіv, Zahist Sistemi od nesanktsіonovanogo vtruchannya, usunennya avarіynih situatsіy, sinhronіzatsіya mainly operatsіy uchasnikіv Sistemi toscho.

Elements SEP serednogo rіvnya zabezpechuyut funktsіonuvannya system in okremomu regіonі: Keeping tehnіchnih that real korrahunkіv bankіv - uchasnikіv SEP; priymannya, obroblennya that vіdpravlennya platіzhnih dokumentіv od / from bankіv - uchasnikіv JEP that іnshih RRS; committing pіdsumkіv tehnіchnih korrahunkіv bankіv-uchasnikіv on kіnets robochem day at teritorіalne upravlіnnya NBU for vіdobrazhennya on їh real korrahunkah; nadannya information The rozrahunkіv mill to ARM-1 toscho.

Elements of SEP on the bottom rіvnі zabezpechuyut pochatkovі tehnologіchnі processes funktsіonuvannya vsієї system: pіdgotovka that perevіrka paketіv Electonics rozrahunkovih dokumentіv, committing їh in the system (up to RRP through ARM-2); obsession rozrahunkovih dokumentіv od DRS is the introduction of the system at їh avtomatizatsії Bank (SAB).

Zagalnu scheme vzaєmozv'yazku mіzh okremimi rіvnyami that uchasnikami SEP mozhna taxes in such viglyadі (Fig. 3.9).

Fig. 3.9. Driving vzaєmozv'yazkіv mіzh uchasnikami JEP

JEP participants naynizhchogo rіvnya Je komertsіynі banks and їhnі klієnti without being uchasnikami SEP, mozhut skoristatisya її Hotel oposeredkovano deprivation - through obslugovuyuchі їh banks. In this way mozhut skoristatisya Hotel JEP takozh іnozemnі banks that nebankіvskі fіnansovo-kreditnі install. Tse zumovleno principle zamknutoї pobudovi SEP. Tom Perche participant system yaky stoїt bilja round tehnologіchnogo Process E-platezhіv, Je komertsіyny Bank (fіlіya bank), scho gotuє vhіdnі (pochatkovі) rozrahunkovі documents for SEP.

Elektronnі rozrahunkovі document and formuyutsya Bank s Relief SAB in viglyadі package, in yaky vklyuchaєtsya 1000 dokumentіv i yaky Got file form. The package (file) Pochatkova rozrahunkovih dokumentіv formuєtsya on pіdstavі dokumentіv, obsession od klієntіv bank in paperovіy chi elektronnіy formі abo od fіlіy tsogo bank.

E-rozrahunkovy document Got odnakovu Yurydychna force s paperovim document i have mіstit sobі OAO All rekvіziti (zmіstovі that tehnologіchnі) neobhіdnі for zdіysnennya payment zasobami SEP. For character zdіysnennya payment document and elektronnі podіlyayutsya TER on kreditovі i debetovі - fallow od, in yakіy storonі korrahunku bank - oderzhuvacha dokumentіv bude vіdobrazheny platіzh - at kreditі chi in debetі. Nayposhirenіshimi Je kreditovі document tobto platіzhnі doruchennya bank vіdpravnika spisati vkazanu scrip koshtіv s yogo korrahunku i zarahuvati on korrahunok bank oderzhuvacha.

Bank dokumentіv preformed package perevіryaєtsya through program- tehnіchny complex AWS-3 i vіdpravlyaєtsya yogo s Relief in teritorіalnu rozrahunkovu Chamber, yak obslugovuє Danian Bank. RRS through svіy complex ARM-2 priymaє od bankіv package rozrahunkovih dokumentіv, perevіryaє їh that vidaє s Relief zasobіv elektronnoї why bank kvitantsіyu about dokumentіv of acceptance. Odnochasno on the bag Tsikh dokumentіv zmenshuєtsya zalishok koshtіv on tehnіchnomu korrahunku bank - vіdpravnika dokumentіv. Yakscho on tehnіchnomu rahunku bank koshtіv nedostatno, ARM-2 is not zmozhe zdіysniti platіzh i yogo document does not povinnі priymatisya in SEP.

Priynyatі od bankіv document and ARM-2 grupuє on okremih banks - oderzhuvachah dokumentіv, Yakscho stink obslugovuyutsya tієyu samoyu RRS, scho th bank vіdpravnik, abo on okremih RRS Yakscho stink obslugovuyutsya іnshimi RRP.

Formuyutsya novі package vіdpovіdnih rozrahunkovih dokumentіv, SSMSC vіdpravlyayutsya in bank oderzhuvach abo in іnshu RRS, de stink perevіryayutsya on pravilnіst.

When a positive result perevіrki addressees povіdomlyayut ARM-2 pro dokumentіv of acceptance. When vnutrіshnoregіonalnih rozrahunkah on pіdstavі tsogo Notification RRP zarahovuє scrip payment on bank rakhunok tehnіchny oderzhuvacha. And when mіzhregіonalnih rozrahunkah RRP vіdpravlyaє oderzhanі documents of the Bank, Money Does adresovanі stench. Ostannіy guilty їh perevіriti i povіdomiti about їh of acceptance of their RRP. TAKE won a Notification, RRS zarahovuє scrip payment on tehnіchny bank rakhunok - oderzhuvacha payment.

Having gained od ARM-2 platіzhnі document komertsіynі banks zobov'yazanі obroblennya їh completed in one day i samy zarahuvati scrip payment on potochnі rahunki vіdpovіdnih klієntіv.

Naprikіntsі days ARM-2 viznachaє result operatsіy for tehnіchnim rahunkom for precisely the day i yogo povіdomlyaє teritorіalnomu upravlіnnyu NBU for vіdobrazhennya on real korrahunku tsogo bank. That result Mauger Buti zbіlshennya abo zmenshennya zalishku koshtіv on tehnіchnomu korrahunku per day, yak i carried on real korrahunok. Yakscho on ostannomu protyagom day operatsіy not Bulo, scho zdіysnyuvalisya pose mezhami JEP, the result oboh korrahunkіv on kіnets day povinnі skhoditisya. Oskіlki results on Tsikh rahunkah mozhut rіznitisya, RRS before spadix robochem day oderzhuє od place the NBU іnformatsіyu about zalishki koshtіv on real rahunkah i vіdpovіdno koriguє zalishki on tehnіchnih rahunkah.

Zagalna circuit and document when mіzhregіonalnih rozrahunkah mіzh banks through SEP Got Taqiy viglyad (Figure 3.10.):

Fig. 3.10. Scheme documents in the JEP

Explanatory notes to the document management schemes: operatsіya 1) - filed pіdpriєmstvom-paying students platіzhnogo doruchennya svoєmu bank A; 2) - formuvannya on pіdstavі platіzhnih doruchen klієntіv bankіvskogo Electonics platіzhnogo document (doruchennya); 3) Delivering Pervin bankіvskih platіzhnih dokumentіv RRS; 4) - formuvannya vіdpovіdnih platіzhnih dokumentіv in RRS i їh delivery in RRS, scho obslugovuyut banks - oderzhuvachі platezhіv; 5) - delivery platіzhnih dokumentіv in bank oderzhuvach (B); 6) - rozshifruvannya in bank B obsession platіzhnih dokumentіv on klієntah-oderzhuvachah i zarahuvannya koshtіv on їhnі potochnі rahunki; 7) - Notification about klієnta nadhodzhennya koshtіv to yogo rakhunok; 8) - Transferred rezultatіv day on tehnіchnih korrahunkah on realnі korrahunki komertsіynih bankіv in operas regіonalnogo upravlіnnya NBU.

Vnutrіshnobankіvska platіzhna system. For nayavnostі in komertsіynogo bank fіlіy vinikaє problem vihodu in SEP for kozhnoї s them. Vіn Mauger Buti bezposerednіm abo oposeredkovanim. In Persha vipadku cutaneous fіlіya Got vihіd directly from SEP, de їy vіdkrivaєtsya samostіyny tehnіchny korrahunok, i rozrahunkova dіyalnіst її zdіysnyuєtsya Square od ofіsu brain bank. In another vipadku vihіd at SEP Got tіlki parent bank, and OAO All yogo skladovі Set (fіlії) zdіysnyuyut rozrahunki through parent banks korrahunki. In tsomu razі bank potrіbno stvoryuvati his Vlasnyi vnutrіshnobankіvsku platіzhnu system (AMS).

Funktsіonuvannya UPU harakterizuєtsya such risami:

- Konsolіdatsіya koshtіv usіh SET danogo jar on one korrahunku scho rozshiryuє platіzhnі mozhlivostі kozhnoї structure of banks porіvnyano s tim, yakbi stink Somalia svoї korrahunki the NBU;

- Posilennya rolі brain bank in organіzatsії mіzhbankіvskih rozrahunkіv usіh yogo structures oskіlki OAO All flows dokumentіv i platezhіv passing through the ARM-3 brain bank. Tse daє mozhlivіst ostannomu oderzhuvati nadіynu іnformatsіyu about OAO All platezhі scho yogo zdіysnyuyutsya structures i keruvati them vіdpovіdno to situatsії scho sklalasya in tsіlomu by the bank;

- Zdіysnennya platezhіv mіzh structures of the bank for Relief program- tehnіchnih zasobіv of the bank without vivedennya їh at SEP, scho spriyaє їh priskorennyu, sproschennyu i zdeshevlennyu;

- Keeping subkorrahunkіv for vsіh fіlіy bank bezposeredno UPU s vіdbittyam on them tіlki vnutrіshnobankіvskih and second pozabankіvskih platezhіv scho zumovlyuє poєdnannya UPU іz SEP.

Zabezpechuє dіyalnіst UPU bunt rozrahunkovy center komertsіynogo Bank (SRC). Vіn Veda subkorespondentskі rahunki for kozhnoї fіlії bank for yakimi samostіyno zdіysnyuє mіzhfіlіynі platezhі vseredinі Bank and takozh vіdobrazhaє platіzhnі turnover fіlіy s іnshimi banks scho zdіysnyuyutsya through SEP. SRC priymaє OAO All pochatkovі platіzhnі document and od fіlіy bank sortuє їh on vnutrіshnobankіvskі, SSMSC oplachuє pererahuvannyam koshtіv іz subrahunku fіlії-paysite on rakhunok fіlії-oderzhuvacha, i on pozabankіvskі, SSMSC vklyuchaє in zagalny package Pochatkova platezhіv brain bank i napravlyaє through AWS-3 SEP to pay via bank konsolіdovany korrahunok. Після надходження від СЕП оплачених документів ГРЦ сортує їх по філіях і заносить суми документів на їхні субкоррахунки.

Створення ВПС потребує значних витрат на забезпечення філій програмно-технічними засобами та підтримки технологічного процесу. Тому такі системи доцільно створювати у великих банках, що мають багато філій і добрий фінансовий стан. ВПС успішно функціонують у таких банках, як Промінвестбанк, Укрсоцбанк, «Аваль», Приватбанк тощо. ВПС цих банків гарантують швидкість, надійність, безпечність та ефективність розрахунків на рівні, який забезпечує СЕП. У малих банках створювати власні ВПС поки що не ефективно.