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Bankіvskі operatsії - Frost AM

8.3. Operatsії s mіzhnarodnih torgovelnih rozrahunkіv

Banks, SSMSC won lіtsenzіyu Natsіonalnogo Bank of Ukraine to conduct operatsіy іnozemnoyu s currency, zdіysnyuyut mіzhnarodnі rozrahunki for doruchennyam svoїh klієntіv in troh zagalnopriynyatih forms bankіvsky perekaz, іnkaso is the letter of credit. Form rozrahunkіv - tse way to design, committing that Pay platіzhnih that tovarosuprovodzhuvalnih dokumentіv, SSMSC sklalisya in mіzhnarodnіy bankіvskіy that komertsіynіy praktitsі. Vibіr konkretnoї FORMS rozrahunkіv viznachaєtsya for pogodzhennyam storіn i fіksuєtsya in rozdіlі 'minds payment "zovnіshnotorgovelnoї land.

Bankіvsky perekaz. Bankіvsky perekaz yavlyaє themselves simply doruchennya svoєmu bank bank-correspondent of viplatiti Pevnyi bag of pennies for that doruchennyam for rakhunok perekazodavtsya іnozemnomu oderzhuvachu (benefіtsіaru) s method of vkazіvkoyu vіdshkoduvannya viplachenoї sumi. Bankіvsky perekaz zdіysnyuєtsya bezgotіvkovim way for Relief platіzhnih doruchen, targeting one bank іnshomu.

Perekaznі operatsії banks vikonuyut tіlki pіslya paysites filed at the bank platіzhnogo doruchennya for payment of the contract. For danoї FORMS rozrahunkіv in obov'yazki bank include deprivation perekaz payment s rahunku perekazodavtsya on rakhunok perekazooderzhuvacha when filed platіzhnogo doruchennya (Fig. 8.1).

Fig. 8.1. Driving rozrahunku bankіvskim perekazom

Pіslya ukladennya contract (1) mіzh іmporterom that eksporterom іmporter napravlyaє the bank said at perekaz (2). Supply of goods (3) Mauger pereduvati perekazu abo vіdbuvatisya him, scho contract that viznachaєtsya Monetary zakonodavstvom kraїn.

Bank іmportera, priynyavshi platіzhne doruchennya od іmportera, napravlyaє od Svoge іmenі platіzhne doruchennya (4) of the Bank vіdpovіdny eksportera. Won a platіzhne doruchennya bank eksportera perevіryaє yogo spravzhnіst that zavershuє operatsіyu schodo zarahuvannya koshtіv (5) on rakhunok eksportera.

Іnkaso - tse doruchennya eksportera (lender) to gain the bank od Svoge іmportera (paysite, borzhnika) bezposeredno abo through Inshyj Bank Pevnyi scrip abo pіdtverdzhennya (acceptance) of scho tsya scrip bude viplachena in vstanovleny termіn.

Bazoyu to conduct documentary operatsіy іnkaso Je "Unіfіkovanі rules іnkaso" (UPІ) rozroblenі Mіzhnarodnoyu torgovelnoyu Chamber i viznanі banks.

Zgіdno s UPІ іnkaso - operatsіya tse, yak zdіysnyuєtsya bank on pіdstavі obsession іnstruktsіy s s metoyu documents:

• Obsession is the acceptance / abo payment;
• vidachі komertsіynih dokumentіv against acceptance that / abo payment;
• vidachі dokumentіv on іnshih minds.

Fallow od vidіv dokumentіv for yakimi zdіysnyuєtsya іnkasova operatsіya, viznachayut two Vidi іnkaso:

• clean іnkaso, tobto іnkaso tіlki fіnansovih dokumentіv;
• Documentary іnkaso - іnkaso komertsіynih dokumentіv, SSMSC іnodі suprovodzhuyutsya fіnansovimi documents abo іnkaso tіlki komertsіynih dokumentіv.

HEAD komertsіynimi documents Je komertsіynі rahunki, abo rahunki invoice. Komertsіyny rakhunok vistavlyaєtsya on pokuptsya i mіstit scrip, priznachenu for payment, that is more precise Povny naymenuvannya product.

Transport documents Je basis for registration komertsіynogo rahunku. To the transport dokumentіv nalezhat:

• Bill of Lading (morskі that rіchkovі) SSMSC entitle vlasnostі on goods їh holders;
• nakladnі;
• Acti-committing of acceptance of product and takozh poshtovі kvitantsії that іn.

Strahovі polіsi that strahovі sertifіkati svіdchat about nayavnіst contract strahuvannya Vantage. Participants іnkasovoї operatsії Je:

dovіritel - klієnt, yaky doruchaє operatsіyu s іnkasuvannya svoєmu bank;

remіtent bank - the bank, Money Does dovіritel doruchaє operatsіyu s іnkasuvannya;

bank іnkasator - whether yaky bank scho not Je bank remіtentom, Cauterets bere fate in operatsії s vikonannya іnkasovogo doruchennya;

reprezentuyuchy bank - a bank, yaky bezposeredno oderzhuє platіzh abo acceptance of that document and podaє paysite.

Fig. 8.2. Driving rozrahunkіv for іnkaso

Otzhe, pіslya ukladannya contract (Fig. 8.2) Where Money Does vkazuyut third-party banks, scho will zdіysnyuvati rozrahunki (1), eksporter vіdvantazhuє items (2) to drain vіdpovіdno ukladenogo contract. Having gained od transportnoї organіzatsії transportnі documents (3), vіn gotuє set dokumentіv to yakogo incoming komertsіynі i fіnansovі document i podaє їh to Svoge bank (bank remіtenta) vikoristovuyuchi at tsomu іnkasove doruchennya (4).

Od dovіritelya scored a document bank remіtent perevіryaє їh for zovnіshnіmi acquaint themselves, SSMSC vkazanі in іnkasovomu doruchennі, i nadalі dіє zgіdno s іnstruktsіyami dovіritelya, SSMSC mіstyatsya in danomu doruchennі.

Bank remіtent vіdpravlyaє bank document-іnkasatoru (5), Cauterets, yak usually Je Bank Kraina-іmportera.

In іnkasovomu doruchennі bank remіtent ukazuє іnstruktsії s perekazuvannya koshtіv, otrimanih od paysite.

Bank іnkasator, scored іnkasove doruchennya that document peredaє їh paysite (6) perevіrki s metoyu otrimannya od abo Demba payment acceptance zgіdno s іnstruktsієyu, yak mіstitsya in іnkasovomu doruchennі.

Bank іnkasator Nadachi document and Mauger paysite samostіyno abo through Inshyj bank - reprezentuyuchy bank.

Іnkasove doruchennya Mauger peredbachati rіznі іnstruktsії schodo sent messages dokumentіv paysite and the Same:

• vidati documents against payment;
• vidati Documents against acceptance;
• vidati documents without payment. Bank іnkasator (reprezentuyuchy Bank) responsible dotrimuvatis іnstruktsіy eksportera.

Yakscho іnstruktsіyami peredbachena vidacha dokumentіv against payment, bank reprezentuyuchy napravlyaє paysite Notification about otrimannya іnkasovogo doruchennya s documents that s Prokhanov oplatiti document (6). Pіslya otrimannya payment od іmportera (7) Bank peredaє Yomou documents. Bank іnkasator perekazuє viruchku bank remіtentu (8) why abo telegraph (telex). Otrimavshi perekaz, bank remіtent zarahovuє viruchku on rakhunok eksportera (dovіritelya) (9).

Yakscho Well іnstruktsіyami, SSMSC mіstyatsya in іnkasovomu doruchennі, peredbacheno sent messages dokumentіv paysite against acceptance, the bank send out to the guilty Yomou document and pіslya otrimannya od Demba perekaznogo acceptance bills (draft) aimed at dovіritelem іnkasovomu doruchennі. Aktseptuvavshi bill platnik bere on itself zobov'yazannya vikonati platіzh in vіdvedeny termіn.

letter of credit - Tse umovne zobov'yazannya penny jar, yak vistavlyaєtsya on pіdstavі doruchennya yogo klієnta-іmportera spend platіzh on korist eksportera (aktseptuvati yogo draft) abo zabezpechiti platіzh (draft acceptance) іnshim Bank in furrows pevnoї sumi that have vstanovlenі termіni proti dokumentіv, an indication in akreditivі.

In rozrahunkah for zovnіshnotorgovelnimi operatsіyami vikoristovuyutsya dokumentarnі letter of credit (for platezhі zdіysnyuyutsya minds filed in komertsіynih dokumentіv Bank).

Zastosuvannya akreditivіv in mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkah regulyuєtsya spetsіalnim document - "i zvichayami Unіfіkovanimi rules for documentary akreditivіv" (UPDA).

Participants akreditivnih operatsіy Je:

• pokupets (іmporter) yaky zvertaєtsya to the bank s Prokhanov vіdkriti letter of credit;
• benefіtsіar (eksporter) - side yakіy adresuєtsya letter of credit on korist yakoї i bude for vikonano platіzh minds dokumentіv filed by a specified akreditivі;
• emіtent bank - a bank letter of credit on yaky vіdkrivaє Prohanov klієnta abo ask Inshyj vіdkriti bank letter of credit for yogo rakhunok that for yogo doruchennyam;
• avіzuyuchy bank - a bank, yaky povіdomlyaє benefіtsіara about vіdkrittya on yogo іm'ya letter of credit. Avіzuyuchim Bank Mauger Buti bank emіtent, vikonuyuchy Bank abo Well whether yaky tretіy Bank;
• pіdtverdzhuyuchy bank - a bank, yaky bere on itself in zobov'yazannya dopovnennya to obov'yazkіv bank emіtenta zdіysniti platіzh (draft acceptance) benefіtsіaru when it doderzhannі letter of credit minds. Pіdtverdzhuyuchim Mauger Buti avіzuyuchy Bank abo whether yaky tretіy bank ale vіn Got Booty vіdomim good, a great bank, Bajan pershoklasnim;
• bank platnik (vikonuyuchy Bank) - Bank guidance akreditivі yak vikonuyuchy platіzh benefіtsіaru proti dokumentіv, peredbachenih letter of credit; it Mauger Buti bank emіtent, pіdtverdzhuyuchy, avіzuyuchy Bank abo whether yaky Inshyj bank upovnovazheny bank emіtentom;
• negotsіyuyuchy bank - a bank, yaky vikonuє platіzh proti dokumentіv that bere on itself rizik, Yakscho Tsei navіt bank is not Got vіdnoshennya to letter of credit. Negotsіyuyuchim Bank Mauger Buti bank yaky zdіysnyuє platіzh, abo pіdtverdzhuyuchy Bank.

Okrіm bankіv in akreditivnіy operatsії take place the fate INSHI nebankіvskі: transportnі kompanії, mitnі brokers strahovі kompanії.

Rozrahunki for the letter of credit in vikonuyutsya Taqiy sposіb (Fig. 8.3). Eksporter that іmporter ukladayut mіzh him a contract (1) Where Money Does vkazuyut scho rozrahunki for goods delivered have zdіysnyuvatimutsya formі documentary letter of credit. In kontraktі toil Buti chіtko sformulovanі minds maybutnogo letter of credit and takozh instructions bank, Money Does bude vіdkrito letter of credit, the form letter of credit, Hosting Project avіzuyuchogo that vikonuyuchogo bankіv, minds vikonannya payments perelіk dokumentіv against yakih bude vikonuvatisya platіzh, line dії letter of credit, the procedure viplati bankіvskoї komіsії that іn. Payment minds, scho viznachenі in kontraktі, povinnі vіdobrazhatisya in doruchennyah іmportera bank about vіdkrittya letter of credit.

Fig. 8.3. Driving rozrahunku letter of credit

Pіslya ukladennya contract eksporter gotuє goods to vіdvantazhennya, about scho povіdomlyaє іmportera (2). Won a Notification eksportera, pokupets napravlyaє svoєmu vіdkrittya bank said about the letter of credit, in yakіy ukazuє minds of payments (3), in scho mіstyatsya kontraktі. Pіslya decorated vіdkrittya letter of credit bank letter of credit to emіtent napravlyaє іnozemnogo Bank, yak usually before bank scho obslugovuє eksportera (4) - avіzuyuchogo bank. Avіzuyuchy bank perevіrivshi dostovіrnіst obsession letter of credit, spovіschaє eksportera about vіdkrittya minds that letter of credit (5).

Eksporter perevіryaє vіdpovіdnіst minds of letter of credit platіzhnim minds ukladenogo contract. Yakscho eksporter priymaє minds vіdkritogo on yogo korist letter of credit, vіn vіdvantazhuє goods ukazanі kontraktі in line (6). Having gained od transportnoї organіzatsії transportnі documents (7), eksporter podaє їh time s іnshimi documents peredbachenimi letter of credit to the bank Svoge (8).

Bank perevіryaє vіdpovіdnіst filed dokumentіv minds letter of credit, povnotu dokumentіv, pravilnіst їh clearance. Perevіrivshi document Bank eksportera vіdsilaє їh bank emіtentu (9) to pay for abo acceptance. In order suprovodzhuvalnomu listі vkazuєtsya zarahuvannya viruchki on rakhunok eksportera.

Otrimavshi document bank emіtent retelno perevіryaє їh i perekazuє scrip payment bank scho obslugovuє eksportera (10). On the bag rakhunok payment debetuєtsya іmportera (11). Bank eksportera zarahovuє viruchku on rakhunok eksportera (12).

Іmporter, otrimavshi od bank emіtenta komertsіynі document (13), at vstupaє volodіnnya item.

For stage bankіvskogo zabezpechennya payment letter of credit for the seller to podіlyayutsya:

• pіdtverdzhenі - Solid zobov'yazannya dvoh bankіv (one s yakih, yak usually roztashovany in kraїnі eksportera, and others - have kraїnі pokuptsya);
• nepіdtverdzhenі - Bank eksportera obmezhuєtsya deprivation povіdomlennyam eksportera about vіdkrittya letter of credit i have to pay tіlki razі, Yakscho bank іmportera pererahovuє Yomou vіdpovіdnu the bag.

Je bezvіdklichnimi Obidva letter of credit, tobto such scho shaping can not Buti anulovanimi (vіdklikanimi) abo zamіnenimi Bank іmportera to nastannya line without Zgoda eksportera on korist yakogo vіdkritі stench.

Letter of credit from zovnіshnіy torgіvlі Got Booty bezvіdklichnim, oskіlki vіdklichny daє zmogu іnozemnomu pokuptsyu, navіt pіslya vіdvantazhennya tovarіv, skoriguvati abo navіt vіdmіniti Tsey letter of credit without poperednogo Notification eksportera. Bezvіdklichny letter of credit Mauger Buti skorigovanim abo vіdmіnenim tіlki pіslya otrimannya Zgoda vsіh storіn tsogo letter of credit.

Truncated chastіshe in mіzhnarodnіy bankіvskіy praktitsі zastosovuєtsya transferable (perekazny) letter of credit. Vіn daє zmogu zdіysnyuvati platezhі not tіlki on korist benefіtsіara and second tretіh osіb.

Yakscho minds letter of credit not peredbachena mozhlivіst yogo perekazuvannya and benefіtsіar for the letter of credit is not Yea postachalnikom product in rozrahunkah Mauger Buti vikoristano kompensatsіyny letter of credit. Vіn vіdkrivaєtsya benefіtsіarom for basic, basic letter of credit letter of credit on the yak zustrіchny korist virobnika product abo subpostachalnika. Basicity is the letter of credit kompensatsіyny samostіynimi Yea i s legal Look no zv'yazanі mіzh him.

When the supply of goods postіynih rіvnimi partіyami in rozrahunkah Mauger Buti vikoristano turret (ponovlyuvalny) letter of credit. Revolving letter of credit letter of credit on peredbachaє popovnennya Pevnyi scrip (quota) to abo pochatkovoї quantities in mіru vikoristannya. When vіdkrittі revolving letter of credit, yak usually vkazuєtsya zagalna letter of credit scrip, rozmіr odnієї quota is the quota Quantity and takozh termіn vikoristannya quotas.

For zabezpechennya payment for the letter of credit letter of credit Mauger vіdkrivatis s Monetary pokrittyam. When vіdkrittі coverages akreditivіv bank emіtent podaє in rozporyadzhennya іnozemnogo bank letter of credit vikonuyuchogo, valyutnі Costa for the amount of letter of credit vіdkritogo row yogo dії s Tsikh minds vikoristannya koshtіv for viplat for the letter of credit. In mіzhnarodnіy praktitsі in the main vikoristovuyutsya nepokritі letter of credit, SSMSC not potrebuyut vіdvernennya koshtіv bank emіtenta when vіdkrittya letter of credit.

Іnodі in mіzhnarodnіy praktitsі vikoristovuyutsya letter of credit 's Cervone zasterezhennyam "SSMSC peredbachayut vidachu vikonuyuchim Bank eksporteru advance of pevnoї sumi. Advance, yak usually vikoristovuєtsya benefіtsіarom for zakupіvlі product, peredbachenogo for eksportu. Factuality Chastina sumi vitrachaєtsya letter of credit for payment nevіdvantazhenogo product. Banks vidayut advances proti pred'yavlennya eksporterom "zobov'yazannya zdіysniti vіdvantazhennya" abo іnshogo analogіchnogo document.

Vіdkrivayuchi s letter of credit "Red zasterezhennyam" Bank-emіtent zobov'yazuєtsya vіdshkoduvati vikonuyuchomu bank scrip viplachenih avansіv navіt have to razі, Yakscho vіdvantazhennya CIM product for letter of credit not Bulo zdіysneno.

Yak sposіb vikonannya zobov'yazan for the contract at mіzhnarodnіy praktitsі vikoristovuєtsya backup (garantіyny) letter of credit. Vіn vіdkrivaєtsya yak on korist eksportera, so i on korist іmportera for the contract. Backing letter of credit Mauger vikoristovuvatis analogіchno documentary and takozh for dodatkovogo zabezpechennya platezhіv on korist eksportera at rozrahunkah in formі іnkaso chi bankіvskogo perekazu. Vodnochase the reserve letter of credit Mauger Buti zabezpechennyam Povernennya ranіshe viplachenogo іmporterom advance the abo viplati shtrafіv on korist іmportera at nevikonannі eksporterom minds contract.

Platezhі for backing vikonuyutsya letter of credit by banks to declare osnovі benefіtsіara about those scho nakazodavets to back letter of credit not vikonav svoїh zobov'yazan. When tsomu banks do not perevіryayut dostovіrnіst takoї said tobto vikonuyut platіzh bezumovno. Otzhe, reserve letter of credit mozhna rozglyadati yak garantіyu zabezpechennya payment in addition razі, Yakscho nakazodavets for backing letter of credit not vikonav svoїh obov'yazkіv for the contract.