home History Історія України - Полонська-Василенко Наталія: Том 2

Історія України - Полонська-Василенко Наталія: Том 2

OSVITA

1. Шкільна освіта

The lower section in Ukraine is broadened. Відвідуючи Україна in the hour of hard wines, in 1654-1655 rock, the Arabic mandrake Pavlo Alepsky writing, scho більшість козаків - writing in the middle of the world жінок та дівчат багато Written: він бачив, як у церкві read stink moth. Zvichayno, tsikh sliv can not be brothers tilkom to vira, ala zalishaetsya bezperechnym, scho zagalny literacy rate of the means of the Ukrainian villagers, that kozakiv having coped with the great enmity for a respectful spostereagacha.

Початкових шкіл в Гетьманській Україні було дуже багато. At the XVIII century. The school did not have much school. Існували ці schools in the churches і nаvchali in them the deacons. In the monasteries, there were schools, in which there were schoolchildren. In 1740-1748 rock at the shelves of: Nijensky, Liu-Bensky, Chernigivsky, Pereyaslavsky, Poltavsky, Prilutsky, Mirgorodsky (about 3 regiments of marriage tickets), a boule of 866 shkil for 1099 settlements; One school fell by per 1000 souls. In 1768, on the territory of the cities of Chernigivsky, Gorodensky and Sosnitskogo boule, 134 schools and sports schools, there were 746 souls. Ці цифри дуже важливі, бо in 1875 році на цій території було тиільки 52 schools, and 6.750 souls fell on the skin of the school. They went to school in the Cih schools at the XVIII century. Діти старшини, козаків, the clergy, the villagers.

In 4 regiments of Slobidska Ukraina, 124 schools were boulevard.

Najtsіnnіshoi prikmetoju tsikh shkіl було those, що зановувало їх the population, yake rozumilo will be demanded навчання дітей. Silska Hramada herself asked for a teacher, exaggerated yogo and gave a little hanging up at school. In the maps, the population inhabited by the farmsteads, the children called "the mandrakes of the deacons", moving from one place to the next.

In the schools, brother schools were laid .

It is known that the boulevard in the Ukrainian lands is under Polish rule. In 1676, the Metropolitan of Cyprus Cypriot II zvernuvsya to the Apostolic Stolitsy z prohannyam dopomogti in sravi zasnuvannya seminarії for pidgotovi clergy. Bula is based on the seed of Vílní, and has not sent any situations. The tragedy of the Ukrainian population from the Polish dominion of the bula in that place, the shchi of the faith, the gentry-the de-dal was more spilling, and at the same time the schoolchildren fell prey to it. The people of Masi were lulled without wires. Marriage shkil for zagalu, neossvichchenost the national masses buli dovgo by the reason of that, there was not created українська інтелігенція. Chernetschini could not vikonati that, but could the clergy vikonati be the clergy. Tom Metropolitan Ata-nasі Sheptyts'kyy dbav peredusim pro te, shob vihovati іz svyashenikіv osvіchenu, zdiscyplnanovu іnteligentnu verstvu.

The Seminary in Vílní vihovuvala theologia in the Apostolic Stolitsi kost. There, there were 20 million for the Ukrainians, and 16 for the people of the city.

More znachennya mali come in. Vasiliyan. In Umani in 1765, a manastir was founded, and in the course of school, there were up to 400 schools. Tsey manastir і school bully zіchenchenі під час Коліївщини. Vasi-liyansky schools are of little character, nizh bratskі, yakі buli all-stands, and Vasiliyansky shlyahetsky, Catholic.

Осередок вищої освіти в другій половині XVII ст. Renisya зі Lviv to Kiev, de rotsvіtala Bratska school, is reformed by Peter Mogiloy to the zoo of uzuitskikh colleges, it is protected by him і matі-ріяльно and juridically (привілеєм Владислава IV 1635 року). Petro Mogila attracted to her nepotite professors, some of them having to wait for a cordon. The number of students in the school - "spoudaev" - was growing.

Після смерти Петра Могили Bratsk school began to change " Kyiv-Mohyla Cape ". The Polish detachment did not recognize її for the high school and did not allow the Wiklady to enter into theology of theology, but also to apply for membership in Polish colleges. At Gadyatsky contract in 1658 році Виговський вимагав зрівняти Київську Колегію in rights з Краківською Академією і надати їй title Академії. Але цей договір не був зреалізований. The Muscovite Order in 1666 rotsі, після пожежі, if припиено навчання in Київській Колегії, having tried зліквідувати її, як "латинську", але itself воєвода Київський P. Sheremetev рішуче висловився за збереження Колегії (в ній вчися син його, Б.П Шереметев) . Prote, for the whole hour, from the king of Buv

Oleksiy, the Moscow order was put up to the King's fortress. Lisha for Tsar Feodor nadano Kolegії right vikladati theologian. Roku 1701 Колегія була it is renamed on Академію, їй it is given the right володиіти маєтками та it is recognized щорічну subsidдію in сумі 1.000 золотих.

Velyku Ilyu vіdіgrav at the right of the meeting of the Academician Hetman I Mazepa, whom Metropolitan Varlaam Yasinsky called "promise-linnik i bodditelyom", and Teofan Prokopovich - "the apostle of the glorious Academy of Grave and Mazepovianism". Bishop Antoniy Stakhovsky, calling the Academy "Kyiv-Mogilyansky Afinami", protected by Mazepa.

Tісний зв'язок Київської Академії з Мазепою having got acquainted in silent "panelists", які відмічали ролю Мазепи, як the leader of Ukraine. Mazepa is a true buz philanthropist and scholar of the Academy. Він збудував for неї новий будинок, новий Bratskiy cathedral, in a kind of service. Services of God and a professional professor were vipolovshuyu propovidi. Mazepa himself often vidviduvav Academia, buvav on її disputes that vistavah. In the Academy, the offspring Mazepinі neozhі - І. Obidovsky, A. A. Voinarovsky. In pobednesennya Ukrainsky kul'tury chasіv Mazepi Akademії naleozhlo tsentrne mistse.

For zvyazyki z Mazepoyu Akademia paid a grudge to the tsin: with the extension of Mayzhe, 30 rock wives could not detach herself in the face of the repressions of Peter I. The first and naytyazhchoyu represieyu bula fence vchitisya in the Academy of "strangers", sebto piddanim Polsch. In the lurid 1709 rock, 2,2 thousand voted for the bullet of 161. Lisha for Єlisaveti kіlkіst studentі znovu zrostaє: in 1744 році було їх 1.100.

To get ready for a blow, I'm a zavad of Academician Petro I, I won for Danilo the Apostle. Після блискучих професорів чів Мазепи, якими були Stefan Yavorsky, Joasaf Krokovskyi and especially Teofan Prokopovich, "mabut, nayviznachnіsh ucheni-entsiklopedicheskogo (teologii, fіlofоya, література, історія, математика, астрономія) точасної України", yak characterizes Prokopovich O. Oglob-lin , Turning on the snow. Characteristic for the "victory" of T. Prokopovich: in 1705 rotsi vin, prisvyazyuchi Mazepi his drama "Volodymyr", "glorifying yogo, yak volodymyr Volodymyr Veliky", and in "Slovi" on the day of Volodimir calling Kiev "Another Eurasian" Yak the antithesis of the "Third Rome" - Moscow. And in 1709, after the Poltava catastrophe, the rivulet of the "Other Russia" became the neo-third of the "Third Rome - Petersburg".

Повернути Киеву та Академії блиск і славу часів Mazepi does not exist already. Ale for Danila the Apostle, that metropolitan Rafa'il Zaborovsky of the Academy of Sciences, was given the right to change her name and become a zane. Hetman solidified for her all the mates, yakis were embraced in її volodiny. Metropolitan Rafa'il Zaborovskiy z vlasnyh koshtiv pidtrymuvav Akademii ta її proforіov, posilav zdіnnshih ucnіv before zakordonnikh unioversitiv, dopomagav bіdnim uchnyam, pribuduvav other on top of the boudinku Akademii, sporozhennomu Mazepyu.

Nova dobu pidnesennya experienced Academia for tsaruvannya Єlisaveti that hetmanuvannya Kiril Rozumovskogo. About the school її іїчія іменії профіївів 1740-імій роівів: Yuriy Konysky, Sylvester Laskoronsky, Yuriy Shcherbatsky, David Nishinsky, Manas Maksimovich and others, "were honored to be honored by the skin of the Zakhidian-European Union", - O. Ogloblin

Кількість учнів Академії змінювалась.

Navcheannya in Kiev Kolegna Bulo is motivated for the zrazkom єzuitskih polski kolgiy. Bulo in the 7th-8th Klyas, yakis are subdivided into three cycles: the lower one is grammatical (the inim, the grammar of the sintaksa), the middle one is the retrograde (pi-tika-ta rhetoric) and the vivid-phylosophical (dyalektika, logic and theology). The remains of the blade are rooted in a boule for 4 rock. At the latwows latinska mauva, alim kimim vvychali gattsu that word'yansku movi. For the method of navlechaniya Kolegia bula sholastichnoyu school, yak buli scholastic all schools Za-hіdnої Evropi that hour.

Колегія is small not in the school, but in the school of morals, good deeds, and in the spirit of the aristocracy, the congregational organizations, the yaki bula viva. The camp of the national school, the all-school school, the clergy, the elders, the cossacks, the townsfolk, the villagers.

At the Kolegna, and in the Academy, there was a syn syndrome of B. Khmelnitsky Juriy, the children of Mazepi that day of the senior sergeant: Lomikowski, Gorlenka, Danila Apostol, Khanenka, Lizogub, Polubotka, Skoropadsky. Крім дітей української еліти, вчеся тут і чужинці: син воєводи P. Sheremetev, BP P. Sheremetev, Sin Patrick Gordon. Серед слухачів було багато росіян, українців із Західньої та Right Bank of Ukraine, із Сербії, Болгарії, Румунії, навіть із Греції.

Колегія, а потім Академія, були tісно зв'язані з Church. The Rector of the Academy, who was the builder of Archimandrite of the Bratsky Manastir, robbed the professors and the metropolitan and hetman. The other half of the XVIII century. Enter the life of the new order: the rector began to recognize himself and metropolitan. Professors of buli are more important than spiritual priests.

Колегія й Академія lived spilnym zhittyam from Kiev, from Ukraine. Here in the part of professors and senior officials, discussions were debated, and they attracted the bagatoes of people from the world. Deykі z disputiv buli great podiyami v zhitti Kiyeva. On the other hand, the debate on 1646 rock on the subject of the Holy Spirit, if the prototype of Tsikhovski vystupav the rector of the Inokentiy Gizel, the disputation is 1663 if the rector Joanikiy Golyatovskiy vystupov protiv ezuyta Pekarsky on the subject of the vishchoy vladi in the church.

The Bagato of people took part in church church processions, in which the rector, professors and teachers studied. So they were baked on the day of the Epiphany, the Exaltation of Christ, the Trinity of the Saints, Blagovischennya. Especially we will clean the boule "walk with the witch" - in the church of St. Юрія, біля св. Софії, на Поділ, до Братського манастиря.

Masu vіdvіduvachіv privallyvayut teatral'nye vistavi, especial to Rizdvo, if the students of Academia vistavili p'єsi na biblіyni, іstorichnі ta moralіstichnі t ,ch, іnterme іntermedіy іschtatnogo temper. By the authors of the bullets, the Professors of the Academy are interchanged, with Yoanikiy Golyatovskiy among them, and Teofan Prokopovich that enoshi.

Значення Київської Академії в історії України було велике. For 150 rockів її існування навчалося в ній коло 25.000 українців. З цієї кількости вийшли тисячі освіченого духовенства та більша частина тієї свідомої інтелігенції, яка in the course of the XVIII century. Borrowed land. Recollections of biographies of people of the XVIII century, rіdko mozhna zustrіti muzhchinu, scho not vychalasya in Akademii. In the Academy of Sciences, those "famous classes of army chancellors", yak naming хh M. Hrushevsky, "prepares the national Ukrainian revival of the XIX century", sebto that army ulyadovtsіv regimental general office, the middle of some buli writers, vcheni, diplomatic dignity, and smut - українські патріоти-автономісти, як харакє їх O. Ogloblin.

Київська Академія була науковим осередком не тільки на Україну-Гетманщину та Right Bank of Ukraine, Ії профорів та вихованців зmoreї половин XVII ст. Is requested before Moscow, and pisnishe - up to the Russian Empire. Wong fuli organizatorami і professors shkіl u Moskovskinі, borrowed the archimandrite, Archbishop Archbishop, Metropolitan. Vihovantsy Akademii Buli takozh bishops to Sibir. Навіть Synod at the top of the warehouse mav pravlyuchu topivku ukraїнців: Ст. Yavorsky, T. Prokopovich, A. Lopatinsky and іnshі. The number of Іbishopів-українців була is so great, but the tsaritsa of Єlisaveta has seen the order, which allowed Synodov to "represent" candidates for the vacancies of archives, and those archimandrites - "great people", and not Ukrainians. For an hour from 1721 to 1750 ric is not less than 200 vichovants of the Academy of Sciences loaned a visa in Russia.

Багато вихованців Київської Академії займи світські посади в Росії, як профоисьських університетв, перекладачі в різних установов (G. Poletika), міністри (P. Zavadovsky, O. Bezborodko, Chancellor of the Russian Empire) та ін.

Київська Академія була зразком для інших шкіл України. Archbishop Lazar Baranovich having slept the Kolynyum from Novgorod-Siversk, a rock 1689 was transferred to Chernigov. For an hour Mazipa explained it to them. Roku 1722 Bilgorodsky писко bishop, Єpifaniy Tikhorsky, having fallen asleep in Bilhorod Koleyiyum with a theological course, a rock of 1726-7 was transferred to Kharkov, de rozvivasya vyn duzhe good: in 1729, the bots fell into 500 500 schools. 1738 rocked with visits by пискоbiks Arsenii Berlo Seminar in Pereyaslavi, yaku 1762 rock was moved to Poltava, de vona became a cultural oséredkom Poltava.

In the middle of the XVIII century. Помічається охолодження світської молоді до Київської Академії. Vano got acquainted with the future, and in the worst possible manner of "spudays" I began to go over to the clergy of the clergy. In the XVII century. The Synod of the clergy was no bigger than the Yak Tertina (30%), in 1764-1765 Rocky Mountains, 674 pupils of the Svyatskoye march, 485 spiritual (42%), and in 1776-1777 rock to 345 schools of the Holy Bank bolee 444 (sebto bl. 60%) of the spiritual. Це співвідношення спостерігається і in the other schools: in Chernigivsky Kolynyu in 1730-1740 роках було близько 2/3 warehouse уннів дітей світських батьків; In 1790 rotsі з 426 іннів тільки 40 were not like spiritual homelands, less than yak 10%. Київська Академія з її схоластичною програмою that the theological character has ceased to be satisfied with susinstvo і schoraz bіlshe molodі perekhodit to інших шкіл: Московського університету, Медико-Хірургічної Академії тощо. Prior to Mediko-Khirurgicheskoy Academy of 1754 to 1768 rock pereishlo z Kievivskoi Akademii ponad 300 osb. Також щораз більше молоді виїжжає вчитися до закодондонних університетв: Гайдельберзького, Ляйпціґського, Кенігсберзького, Страсбурзького, до Італії, to Paris тощо. Through tsju juvenile zatіsnyuyutsya zv'yazok Ukrainy z zahidnoeevro-peyskoyu naukoyu.

Внаслідок прагнення молоді до світської науки роблено пробы реформвати навчальну програму в Київській Академії і bring in not natural sciences, math, medicine. Bulo chimalo sproib zasnuvati in the Ukrainian University: Mazeppa plaunuvav zaklasti university in Baturin and translate to the University of Kyiv Academia. 1766 to the Rum'yantsev project, in the performance of the University in Kyiv Chernivtsi. In order to deputies to the Committee for the storage of new laws in 1767, the Ukrainian gentry of the Vimagala would fall asleep in the University of Kiev, Baturin, Chernigov, Novgorod-Siversku, Sumy (Punishments to the gentry of Kyiv, Nijensky, Chernigivsky, Sta-Rodubsky, Glukhivsky, Pereyaslavsky, Baturinsky). Проте, всі ці заходи були марні: російський уряд не дозволяв Україні мати університети.

About the high culture of the country - the elders, the senior clergy, and the citizenship - to adhere to the greatness of the country in Ukraine. Крім бібліотек Києво-Печерської Лаври й інших манастирів, а також бібліотеки Київської Академії, існувало багато приватних: Mazepa mav at Baturini great ta tіnnu bіlіoteku; Mali їх Lazar Baranovich, Yoanikiy Golyatovsky, Dmitro Tuptalo, Teofan Prokopovich, Stefan Yavorsky, M. Khanenko, Y. Markovich, S. Lashkevich, Kochubey, K. Rozumovski ta іnshi. Із schodennikiv Y. Markovich, M. Khanenka and іnshih can be seen, but the governors of the libraries wrote books because of the cordon, before paying the chapels, they appeared in different ways, fettered behind the cultural ones that science subbases. The handwritten with new visions of the plaintiffs authored stinked old manuscripts, hroniks. Do bugatokh bibliozhezhah buli books in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, not kazuchu about the right, istoriyu, geografiyu.