home History Історія України - Полонська Василенко Наталія: Том 1

Історія України - Полонська Василенко Наталія: Том 1

LANDSCAPE LAND

113 rock the death of the mighty prince Yaroslav the Wise (1054 rubles), which ended the confluence of the great Kiev power, the death of Prince Rostislav, the yogi great-grandson (1167), the rest of the authoritative "patriarch" of the prince's princes. During the hour, the Kiev branch of the power was formed for a number of lands. The principle of separatism is to change pragnenya to create єdinu power with a centralized power.

KIYVSKA EARTH

Kyiv land , yak spota intercalated by the glades, drove to the north: Derevska land (Derevian), Smuha land over the coast of Dnipra, Volinska, Pobozhzhya, or in the same way the stink was not angry. Land of glades in the XI century. I was called to the Russian land. In her, the village land was mozzno. Ostannii prince її buv Svyatoslav, incursions of Svyatopolk at 1015 році. Significantly, in the 12th century, Buv at the time of the prince's reign, Rurik, was the capital of Ovruch. Pogorinu - the land along the banks of the Riki Gorini - near Vsevolod, vidirvshshi її vіd Volinskoye zemlі. In the middle of the 12th century. Won turn to Volyn. Взагалі від кінця XI ст. Often pushed її rіznim princes. So itself - on the back of the XII century. - Відійшло Rioting. Pivdennyi zemlі zmіnіlіsya v slazhnostі vіd spastosheni їх кочовиками. In the X century. Cordon ішов понад Россю - пізніше, внаслідок атаів печенігів, transfers був to Стугни; In a friend's house of the 11th century. Porosya restored and populated with poluneni, ale in the twentieth century. Znov has been depreciated, the people of Yur'ev have been transferred to Vitechov. At the middle of the 11th century, pislya peremog over polovtsyami, columnizatsiya moved navit and Ros. Etc. Head of the Kiev region, yak і capital of the whole Ukraine Kyiv, Buv Kiev. Як більшість міст тих часів, він поділявся на дві частини: верхнє місто - Gora, de bouleau укріплення-городище, і долішнє місто - Podil, scho lying on the birch tree Дііпра під Горою. Vishche vzhe bula mov nero Kiev Yaroslav. Yaroslavov blue will buduyut: Іяслав-Дмитрівський manastir (povilkovo vvazhali yogo for Mikhaililsky); Yaropolk-Petro - the monastery of St. Petra; Svyatoslav P - St. Vasil; Vsevolod - Yanchin the monastery of St. Andriya. Here bulits talatsi princes: krim Yaroslav mali his palyazi Ізяслав і Мстислав. Buli boyarsky dvori, in a word - tse bula aristocratic part of Kiev.

At Podol 'boulo, there were cheating and wooden churches, of which no one was embroiled. Z mourovaniy bula is built by Mstislav I Church of Assumption, in which stood the icon of the "Bogoroditsi-Pirogoshchoy"; Dali, vzhe poza mezhami mista, in Dorogozhitsy, buv monastyr st. Kirila - the spore of Vsevolod P. Tтtmar, зі слів німецького вояка з Війська Болеслава, Writer, Що в Києві у 1018 році було понад 400 церков. Літопис оповідає, що ігід час пожежі року. 1124 погоріло більше як 600 церков. Навіть припускаючи перебільшення, не можна цілком відкидати ці свідчення: it is great to have a large number of churches. In Kiev not bool was tired of the temple, in which the princes used to go: the adventure of the threesome in the churches: in the Desyatinum, in St. Софії, in patronalnyh - Дмитрівському соборі (Ізяслав 1), in the church of Sts. Petra (Yaropolk), in the church of the Savior on Berestovi (Juriy Dovgoruky), etc. Svyatoslav zapovіv sprawl himself in Chernigov. At the entrance to the aristocratic "Gori", Podil was filled with an hour of democratic, middle part of the city, dey lived merchants, watchmen. There, the boule was a "marketplace" and was visited by Viche; Хоч Ізяслав переніс його «на Гору», воно знов збиралося на Подолі, біля Турової божниці.

On південь від princely msta, behind Хрещатицьким to failures, on mountains standing Стефанич a manastir, присвячений Влахернській Богоматері (on Клові), and даі it was covered Уурське передмістя. Pіd Ugorskoyu mountain, zgіdno z legendoyuu, zabito ochavanno Askold; In order to protect themselves in the name "Askold's grave." Near Ugorsky boul village Berestove, de zavodivsya countryside dvir Volodimir. Tsey dvir M. Grushevskiy vvazhav for the residence Askold. Behind Volodimir there was a boule of the Church of the Savior, the gates of which were preserved until our time. It was given in the 11th century. Kiev-Pechersky Manastir, with staggers in the mountains above Dnipro. Tsey manastir parachute rozbudovuvatis nislya, yak Іяслав 1 giving a great yom great earth. There were boules: churches - Uspenska that little Saint. Івана, трапезна, келії ченців. Manastir buv accrual of murom in a few brahmas. Troitskaya church over the head of the bra was protected donin. It was later given to the mountain, Buv Vidubitsky Manastir (for the sake of the names of the name, it is like "dubbing" drownings in Dnipro to the order of Volodymyr Perun). Tse Manastir buv vosnovovy Vsevolod 1 і zalyshavsya love in yogo rodinі. Tudy, having transferred Vin to the right of writing a litopis, rozpochat in Pechorsky Manastiri. Prince Rurik zbuduvav kam'yanu stinu, shob vonoroniti Vidubitsky manastir від обвалів внаслідок підмивання ґрунту Дніпром.

Above the Vidubetsky Manastir, on the mountains, the boulevard of Zvirinets, de trimes of wild zviriv for the princes of the Polovan. Ibid bov Vsevolodiv "Red Dvir". Knyazh zagorodnі dvori buli i in інших місцях. Київ з усіма by suburbs having borrowed velikoznu ploshchu - approximately taku, yaku having borrowed before other svitovoj vainnoju. Tell me hard, skilki mav vin mehkants. M. Hrushevsky letting in, 100 thousand people. Літопис подає, що в 1002 році, під час пошести в Києві, в період від Пиблиівський заговінь (middle of leaf fall) to м'ясопусту (indefinitely if not пізніше як в лютому) 7,600 households were prepared. And skilki is without home! Beruchi to uvazi nevelikі rozmіri srednjovіchnikh mіst u Zahіdnіy Evropi, treba pohoditsya z chizhyntsiv characteristics: Titmar kazav, scho Kiiv під час війни Svyatopolk z Yaroslavom buv great mistom, mav 8 rinkiv and unencumbered strength of the people. Серед цієї маси згадував він франків, данів, вірменів, хозар і т. Ін. On the great kilkіst chuzhyntsіv vkazyuyut name brah in ukrіplennney Kyev: Lyadska, Zhydivska, Ugorska, natural boundary Kozari i etc. On Podolі buly column novgorodtsiv, yakі mali its church, latin, nimtsiv. Treb guessing, stink taikoz Mali own church. At the XII century. Buv bone of st. Марії, були - Dominican monastery, Benediktinsky. In Novgorodskoe litopisi vkazivka, scho "guest of every country, every little thing shut up in the churches" - obviously, in its own way. Buli of the column: Greek, liquid, virmen, hozarska (since the bayonet of the mosque on Podolí - Kozari).

Київ був оточений укріпленими містами. On північ, over Дніпмм, був Vishgorod with the great that mіtsnim site of ancient settlement, with glybokimi rovami that shaft. Vyshgorod zgaduyutsya in the X century., At the collins of Constantine Porfirogenny yak znachny trade point, tisno zv'janannyh z Kiev; For the igorya buv in the virgin village of Olga, pisnіshe priedilyali yogo princes, candidates for Kievskiy stіl. Not vvazhayuchi on tse, pomichalas postinoy opositsya vishgorodtsiv to Kiev. Вижгород підтримує Svyatopolk proti brotheriv, z Vishgorodov resemble the killing of Boris. Має симпатії у Вишгороді Всеволод П, якого не любили в Києві. Вишгород завжди був міцною фортецею і боронив Київ з півночі та північного сходу; Біля Вишгороду була переправа через Дніпро. Vyshgorod Mav znachennya important relygynogo osedredku: in nyomu supported the power of Boris and Gliba і perebuvala, brought to the city of ikon, yaku taking Andrey Bogolyubsky. Мощі Бориса та Гліба prince David Rostislavich has been transferred from 1191 r. To Smolensk. Білгород захищав Київ із заходу та північного заходу. Він lying on the right botsі Ірпія, on шляу з Києва on захід, і був оточений подвійними валами із заролом. Білгородські вали забереглися, і задяки ім з'ясовано техніку sporudi укріплень: the shaft is stored in a system of clay, crumbled із міцних стовбурів деревіі zasipanyh clay. Volodimir mav here is the holy dvir; Here is bula і їпископогія. Наприкінці XII century. In the Byelorussia prince Rurik, moreover, yak podiliv vladu grand duke із Svyatoslav III. Він прикрасив місто пишним храмом Апостолів, розкішне we decorate with frescoes. Bilgorodi has boules of handicrafts, in the midst of them - viribnitsvo poliv'yanikh tiles

З інших міст на південь від Києва були: Vasiliv on the road to Пониззя, Подунав'я, Галичини; Dali, on the circuit - Trepol, on the bark of Stugni, over the ford through Dnipro; Vitečev, with a small fortress above the ford through Dnipro; On південь від Trepoly, over Dniprom, Zarub, in the town mound, yaqe coveted brid through Dnipro (z Zaruba vishov metropolitan Klim Smolyatich). Далі: on Porossi Bouvet Torchesk, залюднений осілими торками; Over Rossyu Yaroslav zbuduvav at 1030-their rocky places misto Jur'sv, in a sort of boulevard є bishop's cathedral. Ярослав хотів був зробити Юр'єв the most important osredkom Porossya, did not vomit yomu; 1095 rock polovtsi burned yogo. Svyatopolk II's test of the video of Yur'ev pislya peremogi over Polovtsy takozh not behaved. Історія Юр'єва показує, яка тяжка Borotba точилася на південній межі Київщини. Above Дніпром у другій половині XI cent. Згадується Канів, що у XII ст. It is a very valuable trade. If the Polovtsi attacked, Kaniv became a guardian of the point, and the princes came to see "to guard the land with the Russians" and to bury the merchant's felling. Далі йшла лінія укріплень: Товарів, Дверень, Кульдеюрів, Корсунь, Вогуслав, Володарів, зв'язаних високими, так званими "змієвими" with the trees. The pose between the "Ruskoe Zemli" and the "bulo" is not Bagat Mist. In Derev'skii zemlі - the old Іstrengen і Vruchay (Ovruch), in a long time, prince Rurik, zbuduvavshi rokkishnu church St.. Vasil (yogo christianism ім'я). Ovruch was famous for its virobami from the chervona slate, the head rank - spindles.

Внутрішнє життя Київщини characterized by the mitsnoy boyar's top, yak took an active part in the auction. In the days of Kyiv Kievan, the boyars came to the mosque boyars' upper line, and the princes left their lands. Prince Pruzhina uncomprehendingly angry with the mass of "best people", boyars that merchant, zdobuvayuchi zemlі, dvori, gosdarstva. Pomichavsya tіsny zv'yazok tsієї aristokratії z yryadom i prince. Kiivske boyars pravono vstanoviti singes dynasty of his princes, yak buli b more respectful to yo voice, come along, and from the other side of the boyars could appear the appearance of new people from the prince's druzhina, who was brought into the world. Tsim clarify the ruins against the prince's druzhina pislya death Vsevolod II yuriya. Kiani volili, shchob rules of dynasty Monomakh, zokrema eldership lіnіya Mstislavovich. The transfer of the stench table was pummeled along the simple lines - to the father of the oldest sino, and not to the younger brothers. Tse jaskrawo vyyavilosya, if Kiivsky stіl having bought Vsevolod II: "Olgovichi is not wanted", - virishilo Viche, if vyn pouring Kiev Ігореві. Взагалі Київське віче not once rishucha vislovlyuvalosya for the fact neobosnogo candidate for stil. Roku 1113 was screamed, the death of Svyatopolk II, the mother of the yogi sina did not come, but Volodymyr Monomakh was calling. In other words, Viraznishe vyyavilo vyonavo his poshanu up to Іяслава Мстиславича 1146 року, if the Grand Dukes of Stіl іsіv Іgor: the kijani declared firmly, but did not want to become a sluggard in the Olgovichi family. Prote, dopomagati his love for the princes in the battle against protoss, yak bulo in the Boria Izislava P z Yuriyom Dovgorukim, kiyanam boolo is harder, and stinks, if it came to real life, the taxes were filed. The main reason for the severity of passivity lay in the fact that she could not imagine great Vyisky; Actually intervened in Kiev by the Kiev suburbs, decided not to criticize Kyivvsky, but his own little princely ones. Unadulterated bullet of the extortion of Chornykh Klobuk, they inhabited the pivdenny part of Kyivschyna, the boars were easily scrubbed, and they could not be laid on them.

Nato bahato prince pravnuli zavolodіti Kiivom, i vin transferred from Mstislavichiv to Olgovichi, and dali - Rostislavichiv Smolensky and Monomakhovich Suzdalskih. Characteristic, but the kiyani did not show the power of the fret without the prince: "Hardly by the cue, they did not have a single prince in Kiev" -in 1154 they were self-absorbed to the unpopular Izaslav Davidovich. "The mother of the prince, who, basking in all the heart of good for the Russian land - tse bula alpha and omega polichnichnyh zmagan kievsky hromadi ... zlozhti all on such a prince, to the time when he was dovir, and on that zaspokoichtis, - tse buv ідеал тодішньої суспільности ", - writing M. Grushevsky. Віче з революції 1068 року зн.у стає стає важливим чинником політичного життя. Vono grab the candidacy of the princes, ask them, arrange them with a "row" -guard, get up in the habit of living; Року 1097 воно припиняє війну між Volodikvіrom Monomakh ta Svyatopolk P. Tsіkavy еpіzod was trapped by Rostislav Smolenskiy. Pislya death of IIslav II Rostislav priehhav to Kiyeva, de yogo dojo good was a huge company. Grand Duke Vyacheslav, confirming to him the favor, but in the death of one Rostislav become a prince. Kiyani gossiped yogi prince - the suppressor of Vyacheslav. Ale, Vyacheslav's code brazenly died, the boyars have made Rostislavov "get established" with a hulk: evidently, the yogis' lands with Vyacheslav boo fell. Rostislav of that not zrobiv і lishe through ten rockіv I will turn Kyiv.

About the "number" of the prince in vvechem zaduyutsya arc often, ali zmist chich pleasingly reported nevidomiy. Roku 1146, laying the "row" with the igory, Viche put an eye to: "Do not give me the will of the tiyuns, do the court yourself". Tsim umovam obedovodalo "Pocheniye" Volodymyr Monomakh, a kind of radios, deti bouti respected to the voice of the hulk, pilnuvati themselves usih galuzey devi. Tsim, mozhno, Monomakh zdobuv popinimnisty sobi і svoim nashchadkam. Through those, the city Kyivshchina did not become dumbstruck by the dynasty, the territory was not crumbling in the middle of the slump, it was buoyed in the smaller lands. Yakshcho the Grand Duke gave komusis iz korichiv to a small village - a little less than a timchasian character. Kyiv, Yak ekonomichnyi i kulturny oseredok z nepammyatnih chasiv, zalshavsya such a stretch sysієї gorodknyazіvs'koh do. Він був також політичним та релігійним осередком величезйої державиі, іtіlkі natural, осередком української культури и мистецтва. Church ecclesiastical architecture does not have a mausoleum or a choco of the mystic decoration of the church, but the prince is namaghas zbuduvati here is a monastery abo the church. Zanepad Kiєva characterize the protivolezhnym yavishhem: prince rastyagyuyut scarab, zibrani їhnnimi crossbones. The first to stop Yuriy Dovgoruky in 1169 році, and behind him - Andrey Bogolyubsky. Navit Danilo, buduyuchi Hill, pozabavav z Kieva, reminiscent of the Fedor's Manastir, Icons, and navnit dzvoni. Velichneznets znachennya Kiєva yak religіynogo osredku pіdtrimuvav Kiєvo-Pechersky manastir, yaky nebarom becoming zagaloukraїnskuyu svyatineyu. Chimalo prince and boyar s usієї Ukrainі postiglsya v nоmu abo simply lived out біля нього свого віку. "Paterik Pechorsky" put together a list of 50 писко bishops, which are the vishys of the monastery. Zanepad Kiivskoi power jasarkovo vyyavlyaetsya vіdokremlennіі vіd not warehouses partyn, zemlya, shoo pravut zdobuti voyas vlasnі dinastії i viboroti nezalezhne іsnuvannya.