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Istoria Ukrainy - Polonska Vasilenko Natalіya: Volume 1

Suspіlny ustrіy ukraїnsko-Ruthenian lands XI-XII stolіt

Lyudnіst of Ukrainian lands podіlyalasya on Dvi velikі categories: i vіlnih nevіlnih people to yakih mozhna priєdnati napіvvіlnih.

a) Verhіvku vіlnih people become members knyazhoї squad - zrozumіlo not OAO All combatants, as well zvanі "knyazhі muzhі" elіta, scho yak vistupali doradniki, spіvuchasniki vsієї dіyalnostі Prince. HEAD Find our squad has been viewed dobrovіlnіst; Leather s "Knyazhye muzhіv" mіg "without zradi" i refuse to leave the prince to join the service to іnshogo. W-pomіzh Knyazhye muzhіv rob Prince voєvod that іnshih uryadovtsіv. Spochatku verhіvka squad vіdrіznyalasya od zemskoї verhіvki - boyars starovinnogo, mіstsevogo pohodzhennya. Ale in the XI century. tsі Dvi groupies angry one - nobility; knyazhі muzhі ob'єdnalisya in the group digit zemlevolodіltsіv, vplivovih in polіtichnomu vіdnoshennі scho take fate in Boyarka rad Prince on vіchah in admіnіstratsії de posіdali vischі post. Bilja Prince utvoryuyutsya dinastії boyars, the Grandfather-SSMSC s dad Ziman vischі planted. Napriklad, dinastіya Sveneld-Dobrinі-visatam gave 7 pokolіn osіb on vischih positions; Shimon, giving the Vikings 4 pokolіnnya.

Verstva boyars podіlyalasya on rіznі grup, OOO All stink boule ale uprivіleyovanoyu Chastain population size, i OAO All zlochini, zapodіyanі Contrary boyars, Kara vischoyu mіroyu, nіzh zlochini Contrary іnshih people.

Znachnіshі boyars, yak Sveneld, Ratibor, tisyatsky Volodymyr Monomakh, Mali svoї vlasnі squad. Zokrema bagato vkazіvok Je pro squad Halytska boyars de Boyarka verstva dosyagla rіvnya temple; there s-pomіzh nobility vidіlilas grupa "great" boyars, SSMSC Mali svoї ukrіplenі locks.

Vzagalі verstva boyars not bula chimos іzolovanim caste. Before neї zavzhdi mіg pass smerd for yakіs merits. Sered boyars boule dіti th unuki "popovichіv" boule chuzhintsі - Vikings, polovtsі, Torquay i, etc...

In Kiєvі i vzagalі in Boyarka Ukraїnі verstva not vіdokremilasya od Bhagat kupetstva, promislovtsіv. Spetsifіchnі torgіvlі minds in the X-XIII Art. vimagali, dwellers merchant CCB zavzhdi Ready zbroyno ohoronyati svіy Cram od napadіv pechenіgіv, polovtsіv, i tse rіvnyalo їh s vіyskovimi people. Vid Old chasіv vstanovilosya two termіni: merchant - for dermal, hto torguє, i spetsіyalno "guest" - in order hto Veda zakordonnu Torgіvlyu. Kuptsі i gostі perebuvali pid Especially opіkoyu prince i in "Ruskіy Pravdі" delivered close by їh s warriors.

Already in the X century. zgaduєtsya "startsіv gradskih", "deliberately muzhіv". In the XI-XII Art. vzhe bagato boyars zv'yazuyut its share s mіstom: So, in 1146 rotsі lіtopis zgaduє іmena boyars prihilnikіv Olgovichіv, areshtovanih Іzyaslavom II: Daniel Great Gyurgeya Prokopic, Іvora Gyurgevicha, Miroslav To unuka, Miroslav Hilicha unuka. Ra Tibor vіdomogo z 1079 roku, yak 1113 roku zgaduєtsya tisyatskogo of Kyiv. Vіdomі yogo blue Іlbeh that Thomas posadnik Cervena (1121 p.). Chudin "powers" in 1072 p. Vishgorod and blue yogo Ivan Brave fate in naradі Berestovі in 1113 roku. Xing Yang voєvodi visatam CCB tisyatskim of Kyiv and blues Jan - Varlaam - іgumenom Kiєvo-Pechers'ka Monastir. So okreslyuєtsya dosit-valued grupa boyars, scho tarried in Kiєvі th yogo patritsіyatom boule. Je fact SSMSC svіdchat, scho in the XII century. otsya mіska elіta bіlshe zv'yazana bula s mіstom, nіzh s Prince owes a special debt. Napriklad, Kievskiy tisyatsky Uleb Ziman Qiu jailed for Vsevolod yogo brother Іgorya that Іzyaslava P.

Ukrainian Mista i, headaches rank, naybіlshy, naybagatshy Kiev, worried that samy processes Borotba s knyazіvskoyu Vladoiu that patritsіyatom, yaky vіdbuvavsya in Zahіdnіy Evropі i privіv to utvorennya vіlnih mіskih communities have Frantsії, Nіmechchinі, Іtalії. Іz stislih slіv lіtopisu mozhna zrobiti visnovki, scho with such a bula Borotba "Persha revolyutsіya 1068 year". Bezperechno, Borotba Kiyan s Іzyaslavom Pocha vibuhu to 1068 roku: lіtopis Kazhe scho povstantsі zvіlnili v'yaznіv s "Poruba". Mabuchi, boules yakіs zavorushennya to rozgromu Knyazhye vіyska Polovtsian. On the nature of the insurrection Masov vkazuє pomsta Mstislav, yaky Strata 70 cholovіka "chadі" and bagatoh without slіdstva oslіpiv. In opozitsії Іzyaslavovі was Chastina chentsіv Kiєvo-Pechers'ka Monastery. Antonіy on yakogo "Pocha gnіvatisya Іzyaslav іz of Vseslav" primusheny CCB vtekti to Chernіgova, in podіyah 1068 rock Vpershe vistupayut "people" - the population of Mista, if chomu spіlno i mіskі Nizi, i kupetstvo for yakogo zahoplennya stepіv Polovtsov meant pripinennya torgіvlі s Vіzantієyu.

Nezadovolennya Kiyan viyavilisya gostrіshe slit 1113 roku, if "Nizi" oburilis lihvarstvom Svyatopolk yogo spekulyatsіyami sіllyu - "Enforced many people created", - Kazhe Paterik Pechers'ka about Demba. Pіslya death Svyatopolk Kiyani pograbuvali dvir tisyatskogo Putyata i zhidіv. Boyars that kuptsі zvernulis to Volodymyr Monomakh, i, dwellers zaspokoїti population vіn at naradі s tisyatskimi, vnіs to "Ruskoї truth" novі stattі, SSMSC obmezhili rozmіr vіdsotkіv at pozikah. Tikhomirov pripuskayut scho Volodymyr Monomakh giving at tsomu ustavі scho povnіstyu to us dіyshov "talent letter."

W mid-CP Art. zmіtsnyuєtsya Borotba for Mista law. For slim viynyatkom usі knyazі, dwellers dіstati throne ukladali "row" s vіchem.

yaskravіshe Sche passed Borotba mіst s boyars - "Knyazhye men of" that "men of Halytska" abo "great" boyars HP-KhPI Art. in Halytska-Volins'ka knyazіvstvі. Pokazova Istoria Іvana Berladnik Prince demokratichnoї Chastain Galicia yakoto "Nizi" protistavlyali knyazevі Volodimirovі i yaky viklikav to hatred іnshih knyazіv (Yuriy Dovgoruky Trimai yogo i have v'yaznitsі hotіv navіt stratiti). Peremyshl, Jaroslav, Zvenigorod, Town zalishilisya in the hands of the old nobility pid hour Borotba Daniel, scho spiravsya on population mіst.

In HP-KhPI Art. zmіnyuєtsya polіtichna role mіst. In Halytska-Volins'ka knyazіvstvі roztsvіtayut craft. Danilo zasnovuє novі Mista, zaklikaє nіmtsіv, polyakіv, ukraїntsіv, i "іdyahu people day in and day baa life and neighborhood yards napolnisha city, the field and the village ..."

Serednyu grupu vіlnih people gave Mista, hoch "lіpshі", "vyatsі" people zamozhnіshe kupetstvo that gostі, slit not place th s zlivalisya nobility. Rasht mіskoї population size nazivalasya "mob" abo just "people". Yurydychna OOO All stink boule vіlnі, rіvnopravnі s boyars, stale ale factuality od Tsikh patritsіїv, kapіtalіstіv.

At great mіstah, yak Kiev, Chernіgіv, Volodymyr, Galich, Hill, widely rozvinulosya remіsnitstvo. Remіsniki have become more important; vіdsotok population. At great mіstah, yak Kiev, remіsniki rіznih fahіv lived okremo on Podolі de tsіlі dіlnitsі wore titles rіznih Crafts:.. Hanchar, i Kozhem'yaki etc. There znaydeno reshtki budinkіv, takozh znaryaddya virobnitstva, gancharnі pechі i, etc... in Kiєvі to "Hori", in Knyazhye mіstі Bulo bagato maysteren, SSMSC viroblyali naykoshtovnіshі rechі: zolotnikarskі, kostorіznі de obroblyali slonovі іkla, metaloobrobnі, sklyanі. Obviously, the boule maysternі, SSMSC pratsyuvali for the prince, with chomu virobi їh often poznachalisya brand s trident.

In bіlshih mіstah Ukraine zavzhdi Bulo bagato chuzhintsіv, i pam'yat about them in zalishilasya titles okremih dіlnits. Tse boule hozari, Greeks, vіrmeni, Poles, zhidi, Bulgarians, Arabs, nіmtsі, іtalіytsі, Scandinavia i іn. In Donkey chuzhintsіv buduvali latinskі church (in Kiєvі, Pereyaslavі, Volodimirі i t. Іn.). . Naypershe in Volodimirі in the XIII century, chuzhintsyam Nada privіleї: nіmtsі dіstali Magdeburzke right, yak vivodilo їh s-pid mіstsevoї yurisdiktsії admіnіstratsії th pіdkoryalo yurisdiktsії Magdeburg. In 1339 r. dіstav letter to Magdeburzke right Syanok.

Nizhchu grupu vіlnogo population becomes Selanne - stinks. Pong volodіli Vlasnyi sіlskim Gospodarstwa, field, court, i thinness. Stinks paid pevnі podatki that vіdbuvali vіyskovu povinnіst іz Vlasnyi zbroєyu that kіnmi. "Ruska Pravda" ohoronyala lady that Gospodarstwa smerd, yak vіlnogo, ale punishment for zlochin proti smerd bula less then, for nіzh zlochin proti .boyarina chi "Reigning husband." The HP-KhPI Art. by vsіy Ukraїnі poshiryuєtsya Boyarka zemlevolodіnnya i h in the CIM zv'yazku zmenshuєtsya number smerdіv Square. Navpaki: zrostaє grupa smerdіv, fallow od zemlevlasnika, SSMSC pratsyuyut on boyarskіy zemlі, zalishayuchis vіlnimi.

b) Napіvvіlnі people. In Ukraїnі-Rusі X-XIII stolіt іsnuvala dosit numerical grupa napіvvіlnih people - "zakupіv". So nazivali people SSMSC s rіznih reasons timchasovo vtratili his will, could її Ale znovu zdobuti. Tse boule nasampered hirelings, SSMSC, vstupayuchi on Pratzen, took charge in advance, abo vіdroblyali pozichenі groshі. "Purchase" mіg mother Vlasnyi Gospodarstwa, dvir, Main, ale mіg zhiti on zemlі Pan i pratsyuvati on yogo zemlі. Purchase vіdpovіdav man for svoї vchinki for zlochin proti Demba vinny vіdpovіdav by law. For unfair punishment, nakladenu Pan on procurement, ostannіy mіg skarzhitis to court, i todі pan nіs vіdpovіdalnіst. Yakscho pan sold in bondage purchase - purchase dіstavav will and vіdpovіdav pan for tse. Ale OAO All tsі law is weak ohoronyali right purchase. Bulo Duzhe encampment procurement grave: Pan right MAV carat Yogo, Biti "about dіlo"; purchase nіs vіdpovіdalnіst for remanent for vsyakі vtrati in gospodarstvі.

c) Nevі l nі people nazivalisya chelyaddyu abo slaves. Jerel slavery boule: narodzhennya od holopіv, full on vіynі sales at svіdkah; shlyub s servant - "roboyu 'entry into the service without the" number "of sales zbankrutovanogo merchants flow in procurement that kradіzh purchase. Law zasterіgav minds, if slave mіg Why vіlnim: Yakscho vіn redemption rights at will, Yakscho yogo zvіlnit pan and krіm that - for zhіnki-rabinі, Yakscho pan zґvaltuvav Rabin - todі, pіslya Pan's death, i will dіstavali zhіnka i її dіti. Slave CCU pozbavleny vsіh rights, i yogo traktuvav law narіvnі s thinness. For zlochin, zapodіyany holopovі, dіstavav vіdshkoduvannya pan. For zlochin slave vіdpovіdav pan. The serf not MAV vlasnostі, Lane ni, ni yard; vіn CCB vlasnіstyu Svoge Pan. W poshirennyam Christianity encampment holopіv Troch pokraschalo: Churches zaklikaet to pom'yakshennya in stavlennі to rabіv, radila vіdpuskati rabіv at will "on spomin dushі"; "Zadushnі" їh todі nazivali. Otsі vіdpuscheniki "passed in іnshu kategorіyu population - іzgoїv.

g) Іzgoyami vvazhali people SSMSC vsilu rіznih reasons vibuli s tієї groupies to yakoї nalezhali, ale not come to іnshoї. In the church ustavі Grand Prince Volodymyr perelіcheno zvіlnenih holopіv, zbankrutovanih kuptsіv, sinіv svyaschenikіv, scho not navchilisya literacy. Usі tsі people passed pid Zahist Church. Before Tsikh

troh group іzgoїv the piece priєdnano the fourth - "if the prince zavchasno osirotіє". About the camp i practice yak vstanovilasya Contrary knyazіv-іzgoїv, bula mova vische. Zvichay vzhivati ​​termіnu "іzgoї" in vіdnoshennі to knyazіv CCB tіlki analogієyu Zi encampment spravzhnіh іzgoїv, SSMSC perebuvali pid opіkoyu Church.

Golovna masa іzgoїv resembled s holopіv scho dіstali will zgіdno s Testament їh panіv. Such іzgoїv MAV on uvazі Charter Grand Prince Vsevolod that pam'yatki tserkovnoї lіteraturi.