home History Istoria Ukrainy - Polonska Vasilenko Natalіya: Volume 1

Istoria Ukrainy - Polonska Vasilenko Natalіya: Volume 1

b) Torgіvlya

Find our bunt torgіvlі Ukraine KSU-HUІ Art. boule - vlastivі serednovіchnіy torgіvlі - zv'yazanіst її marriage freedom, accurate reglyamentatsіya polskoyu powers. Mitnі podatki on korist powers zrostali through privіleї scho їh slapped Power mіstam that privacy ladies - shlyahtі on pіdstavі yakih stink TER begging Mito in its korist. Shlyakhov, yakimi transported goods, boule peredіlenі Mitnija Comoros. Paid fact chiєyu Earth passes Way, paid for pereїzd bridge for pereїzd granitsі. Buli ofіtsіynі Shlyakh yakimi povinnі boule proїzditi kupetskі rolls. Tom dwellers uniknuti mit, kuptsі of Namangan їhati "illegal" Shlyakhov de їm zagrozhuvala mozhlivіst grabіzhnitskih napadіv. Ohoronyayuchi Interests polskogo kupetstva, korolі Jagiello i Kazіmіr zakrivali Roads Ahead to Ukraine chuzhozemnim merchants. Chuzhozemnі Flea spryamovuvalisya tіlki to polskih kuptsіv and Ti vzhe mali right to bargain in Ukraїnі. Mali Chuzhintsі not right prodavatsya tovarіv mіstsevim merchants anі carry їh Dali. Velikі Mista, yak Krakіv, Lublin and pіznіshe Lviv, Somalia "the right temperament," de priїzhdzhі kuptsі povinnі boule prodavatsya vves imported goods. Tse Bulo vigіdno for mіstsevih kuptsіv, ale i galmuvalo torgіvlyu zovnіshnyu vnutrіshnyu.

Zovnіshnya torgіvlya zmіnyuє svіy character. . Іz slіv Plyano Karpіnі, tso CCB have Kiєvі pp in 1246-1247, it is clear scho navіt pіslya tatarskogo Kiev pogrom slit not vtrativ Svoge value in torgіvlі: Karpіnі bachiv there kuptsіv s Frantsії, Іtalії, levantinskih, nіmetskih that іn. Chornomorska torgіvlya pereyshla todі to іtalіytsіv hands, head genueztsіv, SSMSC volodіli Cuff that іnshimi chornomorskimi kolonіyami. Inst s them visuvayutsya vіrmeni, SSMSC take fate in torgіvlі digit Maloї Azії and s zanepadom genuezkih kolonіy over Chorny sea vіdіgrayut velicheznu rolyu in Ukraine torgіvlі HІU-XV Art. Take fate in torgіvlі takozh zhidi, Greeks, Turks. Torgіvlya HІU-XV Art. Bula perevazhno suhodіlna - goods carried by great caravans-rolls s receptionists. Rubrukvіs opovіdaє, yak slit in the XIII century. kuptsі h Russia brought to Krim Crete wagons pulled by oxen, dorogotsіnnі hutra and taken sіl. HEAD Way yshov on Perekіp, vіdomy slit on the cob of the XVI century., Yak "ancient road". In seredinі XVI century. Michael Litvin wrote scho in Tavanі near Oleshshya standing Murowana Budinok - "Vіtovtova room" de Bula kolis litovska Mitnija Komora. Chornomorska torgіvlya vtratila for Ukraine svoє pіslya values ​​of yak Tatari opanuvali Cream. GRAND zusillyami passed caravan across Moldavіyu that Voloschinu to Istanbul-Constantinople, de zoseredilasya torgіvlya Zi converges. Zvіdti brought skhіdnі virobi: tkanini, zokrema shovki, kilimi, sap'yan, The Weapon, yuvelіrnі virobi, pіvdennі Vegetables, solodoschі, korіnnya, wine Liky.

Velichezne Location in pіvdennomu eksportі bunt s Naddnіpryan schini, nalezhalo nevіlnikam, yakih Tatari taken in full i sold perevazhno Kaffі. The XY-HUІ Art. in Іtalії paid for nevіlnikіv of Ukrainian, and especially for nevіlnits, bіlshe, nіzh for іnshih. In the XVI century. vivіz of Ukrainian nevіlnikіv to Іtalії zmenshuєtsya against to the XVI century. vivozyat slit їh to Turechchini, Maloї Azії. There CCB bіlshy popit on cholovіkіv, yakih to take vіyska. In Zahіdnіy Ukraїnі torgіvlya small Inshyj character. Chornomorska torgіvlya for knyazhoї Dobie zahoplyuvala її deprivation yak poserednitska mіzh Kiєvom i Zahіdnoyu Europe. In the XIV century. postayut here takі znachnі torgovelnі item yak Volodimir, birch bark, Peremyshl, Galich. Galicia slit s davnіh chasіv punched Vlasnyi Way to Chorny sea. In the XI-XII Art. pochinaєtsya kolonіzatsіya Dnіstrovo-Prutskogo Ponizzya. In the XII century. galitskі korablі walked along the Danube. In the XII century, for Daniel, LUVs port on Chorny sea - Bіlgorod in girlі Dniester Basin.; zv'yazki prodovzhuyutsya th todі, if Bіlgorodom in the XIV century. zavolodіli genueztsі and takozh i todі, if Bіlgorod pereyshov pid turetsku Vlad. Zvіdti levantinskі transported the goods to the Lviv, Galic, Volodymyr, Lutsk, and Dali - to Polschі. In 1280, their Rokach boule in Volodimirі kolonії vіrmenіv, zhidіv, surozhan (chi tse not іtalіyskі kuptsі s Chorny sea?). Vіrmeni osіdayut in Lvovі for Korіyatovichіv - at Kam'yantsі; karaїmi in - Galichі, Lutsk. OOO All stink served yak poseredniki in chornomorskіy torgіvlі. Pіvdenno-skhіdnya torgіvlya yshla perevazhno s Bіlgorodom (zgadati polsko- litovskі locks on port: Chorniy city of Dnіstrom that Kadzhіbey - on mіstsі suchasnoї Odes). Krіm of torgіvlya velasya s Krim, perevazhno s Cuff. Way to Hawtin, Suceava, Iasi zv'yazuvav Kamianets s Voloschinoyu. Torgіvlya tsya nabuvaє value in the XIV-XIV Art. Through Voloschinu yshov goods skhіdnіy - tatarsky that turetsky. W pіvdnya vivozili shovk, dorogotsіnnі materії, yuvelіrnі virobi, dorogotsіnne kamіnnya, wine korіnnya, solodoschі, rizh, Vegetables, Riboud, thinness, shkіri, sap'yan toscho. Buli torgovelnі zv'yazki of Galicia s Ugorschinoyu. King Ludwig in 1344 gramotі rock zgaduє kuptsіv scho s coming to Russia Ugorschinu. W Ugorschini took away the stench of horses, metalevі virobi toscho.

W XIII century. nav'yazuyutsya stosunki s nіmetskimi mіstami. Bug that Wisla served zruchnimi Shlyakhov, zv'yazuyuchi Volyn that Galicia s Torun i Kulm and pіznіshe - s Ґdanskom, SSMSC steel poveredshіkami in torgіvlі s Flyandrієyu that uzberezhzhyam Pіvnіchnogo sea pіvnіchnoyu Frantsієyu, Anglієyu. In gramotі scho 1320 roku її Prince Andriy giving merchants the Torah-Ia, zgaduєtsya scho stink Somalia privіleї slit for Yurіya 1. Detko zaklikaet nіmetskih kuptsіv oselyatisya in Lvovі. W leaf Volodimirskoї mіskoї bulks up to 1324 rock colossus m. Stralsund seen scho kuptsі Volodymyr kupuvali cloth in Flyandrії. Je bagato vkazіvok to those scho nіmetskі kuptsі tarried at Lvovі, Volodimirі, Syanoku that іnshih mіstah їzdili kuptsі through Zahіdnyu up Ukraine to Krakow, Nіmechchini, Nuremberg, to Іtalії. Nyurnberzky merchant Druha half of the XIV century. in svoєmu schodenniku porіvnyuє breaking bar in Tanі, Lvovі that Nyurnberzі. Krakіvskі kuptsі, mavshi privіleї, eksportuvali up Ukraine in bagato rіznogo old virobіv. Pershe Location nalezhalo cloth s Flyandrії, Anglії, Іtalії, deshevshe - s Nіmechchini, Moravії. Mali cloth wide zbut, bo, krіm nobility wore suknyany odyag mіschani i clergy. Bagato dovozili s web Flyandrії, Nіmechchini, Chehії, rіznoї galyanterії - panchіh, mittens, hats, chobіt. Іz Sunset dovozili wine Zukor, beer, kolonіyalnі goods, Papir, books, brocade. Polsky Uryadov staravsya zmonopolіzuvati zakordonnu torgіvlyu hands polyakіv i spryamuvati її on Krakіv, Lublin, INSHI Mista. In 1354 rotsі Kazіmіr Nadab krakіvskim merchants, yaky zabezpechuvav їm monopoly on the commodity, i addition shlonskі, vrotslavskі that nіmetskі kuptsі musіli kupuvati Kravarov tіlki through polskih kuptsіv. Todі nіmetskі that vrotslavskі kuptsі znayshli Way through litovskі zemlі: s Torun on that Volodymyr Lviv. Roku 1390 prusku of the residual closed. Tse hard vіdbilosya on Volinі that Galichinі. Lachey pіslya іntegratsії flattered Zahіdnoї Prusії p. 1466 Mista pruskі torgіvlі s Ugorschinoyu, Rousseau, Moravієyu, Shlonskom, Avstrієyu, Saksonієyu that Voloschinoyu. Ale tsіlkom napraviti Well nemozhlivo: torgovelnі znosini Russia s pruskimi mіst rozіrvanі. Lіpshe was right іz Shlonskom. Vrotslavskі kuptsі, obminayuchi Krakіv not pripinyali stosunkіv s With Ukraine - Lutsk is the Lviv, Lviv, yaky Otavi bunt torgovelnim oseredkom Russia, vtrativshi zahіdnyu torgіvlyu, namagavsya trimati in svoїh skhіdnyu hands. Pіslya dovgoї Borotba vіn dіstav monopolnі rights torgіvlyu s pіvdnem that gathering. Tnіpі Mista Somalia right kupuvati Ti Flea tіlki s hands vivs'ki kuptsіv. Competitor in Lviv pіvdennіy torgіvlі CCB Kamianets, yaky to the XVI century. zberіgav values ​​transit oseredku tion; caravans yshli on Moskovschina through Kiev to Lutsk, on the one Voloschinu Turechchinu.

On Volinі Volodymyr vtrachaє psrіpenstvo in torgіvlі, yak s XV century to move to Lutsk, yak th viznanoї stolyci. Lutsk becoming bunt oseredkom pіvdennoї torgіvlі, pіdtrimuє zv'yavki bіloruskimі s fields s baltitskim Pomor'yam .. Ale vіn not spromіgsya skontse vati Roads Ahead bilja itself, yak Lviv, and the head - no zdobuv mono tion rights torguvati zakordonnimi goods that yak Krakіv Lviv. Tsіkave porshnyannya mita, scho yogo paid uradovі Mista de rock; Birch bark - kіp 1100, Kiev - 950 kіp, Volodymyr - 150 kіp. naprikіntsі .: XV century Kiev - 750, Lutsk - 500 Birch bark - 430 Volodymyr - 60; on the cob XVI century ,; Lutsk - 800, Kyiv - 700 Birch bark - 500 Volodymyr - 6D. H hour zrostav іmport s Moskovії. Zvіdti bunt rank vivozili dorogotsіnnі hutra sobolіv, gornostaїv, marten, dark brown that srіbnih lisіv "ribіy tooth" (morzhevі іkla) vichinenі shkіri toscho. OAO All tsі rechі transportovano to Zahid, de CCB great popit, zokrema on sobolіv, gornostaїv, SSMSC vvazhali course to acquaint themselves odyagu volodarіv ( "mantії" on weasels). Vnaslіdok usyakogo old pereshkod, Visoko Mita uskladnen transport torgіvlya zanepadaє Ukraine, and for rakhunok її zrostaє tandem torgіvlya Venetsії that vzagalі Іtalії, yak opanovuє pіvnіchny rinok, sprovadzhuyuchi tudi skhіdnі goods, scho mali Iti through up Ukraine. Odnochasno zanepadaє transit Maskovskiy tovarіv, if the stench znahodyat Simple Way through Arm Nevi. V., Vodnochase іz zrostannyam vizisku selyanskoї pratsі that poshirennyam shlyahetskih fіlvarkіv in the XVI century, the center carried crowbars eksportu s transit tovarіv on products mіstsevogo Gospodarstwa, head lіsovih tovarіv that zbіzhzhya; in one hour yak eksport thinness, shkіri, wax yde in napryamku at Lublin-Shlonsk, eksport zbіzhzhya that lіsu - in napryamku ґdanska alloys Vistula.

Vnutrіshnya torgіvlya Ukraine, perevazhno products rіlnitstva that remіsnichimi virobami, vіdbuvalasya on postіynih trades in villages that mіstechkah in nedіlі and іnodі th Sered tizhnya. "Targovishte", yak i ranіshe, mіstsem boule de ogoloshuvano rіznogo old Notification, toscho mandates. Krіm torgіv on yakih vіdbuvalisya kupіvlya sales in pevnі dnі that Godin in mіstah postіynі kramnitsі boule de torguvali materієyu, hlіbom, yuvelіrnimi speeches, utensils, locks, etc. i grebіntsyami - Takozh i gorіlkoyu wine. In seredinі XVI century. Krem'yantsі in Bulo 70 kramnits in Lutsk - 40, at Holmі - 20. Vnutrіshnya torgіvlya, yak i zovnіshnya, Bula obmezhena any kind reglyamentatsіyami that zaboronami, SSMSC galmuvali її rozvitok. Tsі obmezhennya yshli on korist fіska, powers, and takozh uprivіleyovanih mіst that mіstechok. Napriklad, sіl іz naybagatshih hydrochloric kopalen in Kolomiї vіlno prodavatsya Bulo deprivation in addition mіstі, i then tіlki kolomiyskim mіschanam. Sіl dwellers buy a warehouse in Belzі chi Krem'yantsі, kuptsі scho їzdili on sіl, musіli prodavatsya there svoї goods. Taku monopolіyu zdobuv i Pinsk. Podіbnі monopolії boules in the Great Knyazіvstvі Litovskomu on lіsovі goods. For Volinі that Pobuzhzhya boule warehouse in Berestі. Reigning Krіm mit, vlasniki maєtkіv through SSMSC took place) and Roads, styagali Mita in its korist. So rank, torgovelnі rolls primushenі boule shukati illegally shlyahіv, dwellers uniknuti "drachіv". Shlyahtichі koristalisya, krіm order right bezmitnoї torgіvlі Yakscho could bring, scho carry goods for sale, and for Vlasnyi vzhitku. In 1545 rotsі translated revіzіyu i viyavleno 40 punktіv de styagalosya nezakonnі mita. Tsіkavy butt s korolіvskih lyustratsіy-revіzіy in Syanіtskіy zemlі 1564 roku: "... great is the power to shlyahtichіv uv'yazalisya great kupetstva pid raincoat domovoї require i, kupuyuchi in velikіm chislі thinness th horses pereganyayut їh across the border, and figure out mita not hochut ". Deyakі s bіlshih mіst zvіlneno od sovereign Mita: Lviv, Kyiv, Lutsk, Mezhibozh, Ternopil.

Great significance in Mali ekonomіtsі fairs, scho їh on pіdstavі privіleїv vlashtovuvano on mіstah bіlshih mіstechkah that time, and the second on kіlka razіv Year. Zdebіlshogo fair vіdbuvalisya on velikі holy - to Rіzdvo on Vodohrischі on Zelenі saint, St. Nicholas, St. Mikhailov, Perche, friend saved on immaculate, Usіgіnnya Bogoroditsі chi narodzhennya ії toscho. Buvaev fair tridennі, tizhnevі and deyakі sider navіt on kіlka tizhnіv. Naybіlshі Fair Zahіdnіy Ukraїnі boule in Yaroslavі. Pong vіdbuvalisya to run on that Usіgіnnya on Andrіya i styagali kuptsіv od Baltitskih to Chornomorskih beregіv. Naprikіntsі XVI i pershіy polovinі in the XVII century. bіskup P'yasetsky Dear їh naybіlshimi in Evropі, pіslya yarmarkіv in Frankfurtі on Main. Pid hour Pozhezhi zaginulo 1625 rock on one s such yarmarkіv product mіlyonіv 10 zlotys. Up Jaroslav priїzdili kuptsі nіmetskі, cheskі, polskі, turetskі, vіrmenskі. Priganyali 40 volіv tisyach 20 tisyach horses. Horses i thinness priganyali to fairs to іnshih mіst takozh s Ugorschini. Velikі fair Buvaev in Ryashevі, Peremishlі, Korosnі, Syanoku. Tudi priїzdili kuptsі s Ugorschini, Shlonsku. Dali to Zahid velikі fair Buvaev in Lvovі, Snyatinі, Lutsk, Kam'yantsі. On vivs'ki fairs - two on the Year - priїzdili kuptsі nіmetskі, ugorskі, gratskі, voloskі, vіrmenskі, tatarskі, turetskі. Tsі postachali fair for all flattered shovkovі materії, vіsk, honey is the wine.