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Polіtichna ekonomіya - Ohanian GA

Fіskalne (budget-podatkovih) i penny-Credit regulyuvannya

In svіtovіy ekonomіchnіy nautsі ponyattya sovereign sector nerіdko pov'yazuyut not tіlki s Reigning vlasnіstyu and th s usієyu sukupnіstyu forms uchastі powers have virobnitstvі, rozpodіlі, obmіnі i spozhivannі. In this rozumіnnі Tsey sector Je foundation spirayuchis on yaky Power vikonuє svoї funktsії. Napriklad budget (Chastina derzhsektoru, rozmіschenogo in sferі rozpodіlu) neobhіdny derzhavі for pererozpodіlu dohodіv, zdіysnennya strukturnoї perebudovi, fіnansuvannya Key infrastructure suspіlnih tovarіv toscho. Budget revenues formuyutsya for rakhunok i podatkіv nepodatkovih nadhodzhen, dohodіv od vlasnostі, pozik, іnkoli - Reigning tsіlovih fondіv. Vidatki spryamovuyutsya on zabezpechennya sovereign upravlіnnya, natsіonalnoї defense, law and order, to pіdtrimannya okremih Galuzo Gospodarstwa, sotsіalny Zahist population fіnansuvannya osvіti, receptionists Health Protection, Culture Mistetstvo, receptionists navkolishnogo seredovischa, stvorennya Reigning zapasіv i rezervіv.

Suchasnі ekonomіsti-neoklasiki propaguyut so the title of lіberalnu kontseptsіyu derzhbyudzhetu, zgіdno s yakoyu in rinkovіy ekonomіtsі efektivnіst Reigning vitrat i їh vpliv on Gospodarstwa Kraina Auburn proportsіynі rozmіru budget. Vvazhaєtsya scho bude tim gospodarsky rozvitok uspіshnіshim scho bіlshu Chastain Economy vіddano in rozporyadzhennya "rinkovih forces samoregulyuvannya" th private pіdpriєmnitstva. Neo is the postkeynsіantsі categorically sprostovuyut takі tverdzhennya, obstoyuyut іdeyu multiplіkatornogo efekta budgetary vitrat, yak i whether yakih іnshih іnvestitsіy in ekonomіku, argumentuyuchi ekonomіchnu dotsіlnіst zdіysnennya fіskalnoї polіtiki, vikoristovuyuchi accelerator model. Vtіm, nepravomіrnimi neobhіdno viznati mіnіmіzatsіyu derzhbyudzhetu yak, so i nadmіrne rozshirennya yogo rakhunok for dohodіv posilennya podatkovih vise abo zbіlshennya vitratnoї Chastain.

Rozglyanemo osnovnі stattі dohodіv derzhbyudzhetu that eg Reigning vitrat prikladі US federal budget in 1995 p. (Table. 20).

Revenues of the federal budget for rakhunok formuyutsya perevazhno podatkіv on income fіzichnih osіb i corporative viplat on sotsіalne strahuvannya. US federal budget ohoplyuє blizko 65% konsolіdovanih budgetary dohodіv, INSHI 35% pripadayut on budget shtatіv i mіstsevih organіv Vladi. Income byudzhetіv shtatіv on vіdmіnu od federal formuyutsya in rezultatі indirect opodatkuvannya in formі podatkіv on sales rіznih zborіv i mіstsevih platezhіv. Naybіlshі stattі vitrat federal budget for major funktsіyami uryadovoї dіyalnostі: sotsіalne strahuvannya, NATIONAL defense obslugovuvannya sovereign Borg zabezpechennya dohodіv population medichne obslugovuvannya.

Zagalom in rozvinenih kraїnah Costa, scho through rozpodіlyayutsya derzhbyudzhet, stanovlyat od 30% of GDP at the "lіberalnih" kraїnah (US Yaponіya) to 60% of GDP at the "sotsіalnih" (Avstrіya, NGF, Kraina Skandinavії). However nezvazhayuchi on rіzny rіven budget pererozpodіlu GDP tsі Kraina demonstruyut priblizno odnakovy rі-

tABLE 20

US federal budget revenues for 1995 fіnansovy Year

Wen Promyslova rozvitku th podіbnі zhittєvі standards. Tse daє pіdstavi okremim ekonomіstam vkazuvati on vіdsutnіst direct zv'yazku mіzh pace ekonomіchnogo zrostannya i chastkoyu GDP, scho through pererozpodіlyaєtsya derzhbyudzhet.

In Suchasnyj perіod it became obvious scho suttєvy poshtovh posilennyu rinkovoї aktivnostі Mauger zabezpechiti tіlki skoordinovane, zvazhene poєdnannya budget and podatkovih (fіskalnih) i penny and credit (monetary) zasobіv vplivu, SSMSC in sukupnostі zdatnі not deprivation vplivati ​​on derzhavnі fіnansi th vidatki derzhbyudzhetu and takozh th koriguvati structure vitrat private sector Economy. Polіtika monetary (and credit penny regulyuvannya) - tse sukupnіst zahodіv sovereign vplivu, spryamovanih on regulyuvannya groshovoї masi th obsyagu Credit operatsіy.

Sered vazhelіv penny-credit regulyuvannya traditsіyno viokremlyuyut zmіnu oblіkovoї vіdsotka rate normalization obov'yazkovih rezervіv, operatsії vіdkritomu on market analysis. Pong formuyut zmіst polіtiki "expensive" i "cheap" pennies: znizhennya oblіkovoї rate i normalized rezervuvannya that kupіvlya Reigning tsіnnih paperіv lead to zbіlshennya obsyagu groshovoї masi in obіgu and pіdvischennya rates vіdsotka i rezervnoї normalization that sales tsіnnih paperіv powers - to її zmenshennya.

Fіskalnі that penny-kreditnі vazhelі regulyuvannya toil digit antitsiklіchnu spryamovanіst. In perіod Promyslova pіdnesennya power robit sprobu poslabiti "peregrіv" Economy, vzhivayuchi zahodіv, spryamovanih on strimuvannya zrostannya virobnitstva. Until such zahodіv nalezhat zbіlshennya podatkіv, skorochennya Reigning vitrat, pіdvischennya oblіkovoї vіdsotka rates scho lead to zmenshennya zatsіkavlenostі in novih іnvestitsіyah, otzhe to znizhennya popitu on zasobi virobnitstva. In perіod crisis, spadіv zdіysnyuєtsya polіtika zbіlshennya government purchases, skorochuyutsya podatki, stimulyuyutsya privatnі іnvestitsії for Relief byudzhetnoї polіtiki, znizhuєtsya oblіkova rate vіdsotka, dwellers posiliti zatsіkavlenіst pіdpriєmtsіv in rozshirennі kapіtalovkladen.Rol powers have regulyuvannі tsіn

Vazhlivoyu funktsієyu powers have rinkovіy ekonomіtsі Je regulyuvannya tsіn. Naybіlshoyu mіroyu vono zdіysnyuєtsya in dobuvnih Galuzo, energetitsі, Communal gospodarstvі on transportі th at sіlskomu gospodarstvі. Before the main elementіv mehanіzmu tsіnovogo regulyuvannya nalezhat takі:

• sposterezhennya for tsіnami s side Reigning organіv scho daє zmogu viyaviti zrostannya vartostі Zhittya in kraїnі that z'yasuvati, yak pіdvischennya tsіn vplivaє on vitrati virobnitstva i konkurentospromozhnіst natsіonalnoї Economy;

• Indirect vpliv on tsіni. OAO All derzhavnі regulyativnі aktsії, Square od їh methylene, vplivayut on tsіni: zmіna oblіkovoї vіdsotka rates vstanovlennya podatkіv i podatkovih pіlg, mitnі obmezhennya i t іn .;.

• Reigning bezposerednє vtruchannya in processes tsіnoutvorennya: sanktsіonovane powers zbіlshennya vitrat virobnitstva for Relief vіdnesennya on sobіvartіst zavischenih amortizatsіynih vіdrahuvan through zdіysnennya polіtiki priskorenoї amortizatsії, znizhennya vitrat virobnitstva through pryamі derzhavnі subsidії i dotatsії, znizhennya abo "zamorozhuvannya" tsіn on okremі Flea i Hotel. Efektivnosti zasobom direct regulyuvannya tsіn Je vstanovlennya podatku on Dodanim vartіst i perelіku "pіdaktsiznih" tovarіv, tobto zastosuvannya indirect opodatkuvannya spozhivannya. Derzhavnі obmezhennya іmportu, stimulyuvannya eksportu i mitnі styagnennya takozh іstotno vplivayut on zagalny rіven tsіn in kraїnі;

• lіderstvo in tsіnah. Taqiy vpliv mozhlivy powers have quiet Galuzo de derzhavnі pіdpriєmstva domіnuyut. For Tsikh minds Power, kontrolyuyuchi digit chastku vіdpovіdnogo commodity market analysis, lіderom Mauger Why should i have tsіnah viznachati їh rіven zagalom by the Branch. Analogіchna situatsіya vinikaє in quiet areas, de Power Je naybіlshim zamovnikom pokuptsem i i vstanovlyuє domіnuyuchі at the Branch kontraktnі tsіni;

• vstanovlennya fіksovanih pіlgovih tsіn i tarifіv for goods i Hotel, scho viroblyayutsya in state-sponsored sektorі Economy. Butt employees tsіni on elektroenergіyu s Reigning elektrostantsіy, zalіznichnі th poshtovі tariffs, piece strimuvannya yakih spriyaє znizhennyu vitrat virobnitstva in PRIVATE sektorі th pіdvischennyu konkurentospromozhnostі tovarіv on svіtovomu market analysis;

• Uriadovy control tsіnami in formі їh fіksatsії abo vstanovlennya between pіdvischennya yak types method admіnіstrativnogo regulyuvannya, scho minds in vikoristovuєtsya rinkovogo Gospodarstwa have viklyuchnih vipadkah, napriklad have razі zagostrennya sotsіalnih problems.