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Polіtichna ekonomіya - Ohanian GA

Zasobi regulyuvannya zovnіshnoї torgіvlі

Zasobi regulyuvannya zovnіshnoї torgіvlі takі:

• protektsіonіzm;

• mitnі tariffs;

• eksportnі premії;

• vstanovlennya nizkogo rate natsіonalnoї currency;

• polіtika vіlnoї torgіvlі.

Polіtika protektsіonіzmu oznachaє vіdverty Zahist vіtchiznyanogo market analysis, natsіonalnoї promislovostі i sіlskogo Gospodarstwa od іnozemnoї konkurentsії, іnozemnih tovarіv for Relief zdіysnennya mitnoї polіtiki, vprovadzhennya Mitnija tarifіv. Mitnija tariff - tse sistematizovane Institution Mitnija zborіv rates for goods, scho Kraina provozyat through the cordon. Takі Flea ob'єdnuyut have groupies for Find our pohodzhennya (roslinnі, tvarinnі, promislovі toscho) i for stage obrobki product. For skin product vkazuєtsya rozmіr Mita Yakima obkladaєtsya goods. Mito - podatok Tse, yaky in styaguєtsya zv'yazku іz іnozemnogo imported product in kraїnu, yogo zbirayut mitnitsі. Ekonomichna meta mita polyagaє in fact scho vono zbіlshuє tsіnu іnozemnogo product, scho imported into kraїnu, i in Taqiy sposіb stvoryuє perevagu, іnodі viznachalnu, vіtchiznyanomu product.

Eksportnі premії oznachayut zaohochennya vіtchiznyanih virobnikіv for sales svoїh tovarіv behind a cordon, Aje at tsomu razі vіdbuvaєtsya sailed іnozemnoї currency. Іnodі іnozemtsyam, SSMSC kupuvali goods from kraїnі at peretinannі cordon nadayut "premіyu" for Relief tsogo zmenshennya vvіznoї tsіni product. Hoch yak Tse wonderfully, nizky course natsіonalnoї currency is not tіlki not zavazhaє and second, navpaki, spriyaє rozshirennyu eksportu. Rіch in fact, at scho tsomu razі goods deshevshaє, vikoristovuyutsya nizkі zarobіtna board that INSHI skladovі vitrat virobnitstva.

Zahischayuchi svіy rinok od konkurentsії s side іnozemnih tovarovirobnikіv, cutaneous Krajina zustrіchaєtsya s podіbnimi dіyami susіdіv. Aje zgіdno s law support materіalіv cutaneous exposure The porodzhuє protidіyu. Tom zamіst protektsіonіzmu, yak usually nabagato dotsіlnіshe zdіysnyuvati polіtiku vіlnoї torgіvlі - "vіdkritih doors" for іmportu іnozemnih tovarіv, Yakscho maєmo so needless to vіdchinenі dverі eksportu svoїh tovarіv. Mova yde not about the guy kategorіyu "monopolіya - torgіvlya Vilna", and about the guy kategorіyu "protektsіonіzm - Vilna torgіvlya". Until then, krіm Turbota about vіtchiznyanogo virobnika Je slit th pіkluvannya about vіtchiznyanogo spozhivacha, yaky kupuє іnozemnі rechі not through vіdsutnіst patrіotizmu and through defіtsit pennies for kupіvlі vіtchiznyanih tovarіv, if the stench dorozhchі, anіzh zakordonnі.

Mіzhnarodny ruh kapіtalіv

Krіm tovarіv through the cordon peremіschuyutsya kapіtali. In chomu Well polyagayut osoblivostі Ruhu kapіtalіv across the border? In razі selling goods across the border zmіnyuєtsya deprivation form vartostі, vіdbuvaєtsya obmіn goods. When vivozі Well kapіtalu vіdbuvaєtsya odnobіchne peremіschennya across the border from vartostі tovarnіy abo groshovіy formі metoyu s obsession income. Rozrіznyayut eksport pіdpriєmnitskogo kapіtalu (obsession for pributku) i eksport pozichkovogo kapіtalu (for obsession percent). Eksport pіdpriєmnitskogo kapіtalu zdіysnyuєtsya in viglyadі іnvestitsіy, stvorennya spіlnih behind a cordon of companies, dochіrnіh kompanіy abo fіlіy. Yakscho eksporter Je Povny vlasnikom pіdpriєmstva abo aktsіy controlling stake, the tse pryamі іnvestitsії; Yakscho Well Povny eksportera control over іnozemnim pіdpriєmstvom vіdsutnіy then takі іnvestitsії nazivayutsya portfolio.

For zaluchennya іnozemnogo kapіtalu Nadzvychaina sytuatsia vazhlivy spriyatlivy іnvestitsіyny klіmat in kraїnі, yaky peredbachaє:

• polіtichnu stabіlnіst;

• vіdpovіdny character zakonodavstva schodo іnozemnih іnvestitsіy have to chislі s power dіyalnostі spіlnih of companies and takozh Zahist garantіy Povernennya themselves іnvestitsіy i pributku (mozhlivіst vivezennya pributkіv h of cordon nazivaєtsya preparatsієyu);

• dostatnіst zapasіv prirodnoї sirovini;

• nayavnіst kvalіfіkovanoї robochoї Seeley;

• nalezhny stupіn rozvitku virobnichoї іnfrastrukturi, zokrema Transport i zasobіv zv'yazku;

• energetichnu zabezpechenіst national Gospodarstwa, nayavnіst energetichnih rezervіv;

• mіstkіst mіstsevogo market analysis, a temple stupіn platospromozhnostі popitu for goods i Hotel;

• vіdpovіdny character vnutrіshnogo gospodarskogo mehanіzmu, mozhlivіst vіlnih ekonomіchnih vіdnosin s mіstsevimi tovarovirobnikami;

• konvertovanіst natsіonalnoї currency.

UKRAINE Koncha potrebuє іnozemnih іnvestitsіy scho zumovleno nasampered digit znoshennyam obladnannya, cars, mehanіzmіv, verstatіv, priladіv in vsіh Galuzo national Gospodarstwa i nagalnoyu require їh do updates. At sorry іnvestitsіyny klіmat in kraїnі nespriyatlivy. Same CIM poyasnyuєtsya, chomu so vazhko ydut syudi іnvestitsії. Zovnіshnіy perevischuє Borg Ukraine 14 billion dollars. During 1991-1999 pp. kraїnu nadіyshlo at $ 3 billion. іnvestitsіy s of the cordon, the Same stіlki oderzhuє Polscha for the Year. UKRAINE posіdaє odne s ostannіh mіsts Sered 14 kraїn Central skhіdnoї Єvropi for іnozemnimi іnvestitsіyami in rozrahunku per capita. In 1998 the. Tsey pokaznik dorіvnyuvav $ 50. For porіvnyannya: per rumuna pripadat 106 latisha - 240 estontsya - 533, a Czech - 796, Slovenes - 950 ugortsya - 1667 dollars. In Єgiptі that Іzraїlі per capita pripadaє on kіlka tisyach dolarіv іnozemnih іnvestitsіy.

Mіzhnarodnі loans can rozglyadati i klasifіkuvati for rіznimi Find our (tab. 22).

Zv'yazanі loans toil Sotho tsіlovy character: komertsіynі loans nadayutsya іnshim kraїnam pid zakupіvlyu Pevnyi tovarіv fіrm, SSMSC viznachaє lender; іnvestitsіynі loans - nadayutsya for budіvnitstva Pevnyi ob'єktіv abo rozshirennya dіyuchih. Fіnansovі loans do not toil chіtkogo tsіlovogo priznachennya, pozichalnik Mauger vikoristati їh to repay zovnіshnoї zaborgovanostі; zakupіvlyu zasobіv virobnitstva, іnshih tovarіv; zdіysnennya whether yakih fіnansovih operatsіy. Tovarnі loans nadayutsya in formі tovarіv i materіalnih tsіnnostey, valyutnі loans nadayutsya in vіlnokonvertovanіy valyutі that have formі Monetary tsіnnostey. Korotkostrokovі mіzhnarodnі loans zazvichay nadayutsya row 1 for rock zakupіvlі sirovini

tABLE 22

Klasifіkatsіya mіzhnarodnih kreditіv

that materіalіv, serednostrokovі - on termіn od 1 to 5 rokіv for pridbannya verstatіv, obladnannya, cars, dovgostrokovі - on termіn Ponad 5 rokіv for budіvnitstva vessels, mostіv, іnshih sporud. For tsієї methylene decals vikoristovuyut oblіgatsіynі poziki - For zaluchennya koshtіv s mіzhnarodnih rinkіv kapіtalіv.